mm: Rename arch pte_mkwrite()'s to pte_mkwrite_novma()

The x86 Shadow stack feature includes a new type of memory called shadow
stack. This shadow stack memory has some unusual properties, which req

mm: Rename arch pte_mkwrite()'s to pte_mkwrite_novma()

The x86 Shadow stack feature includes a new type of memory called shadow
stack. This shadow stack memory has some unusual properties, which requires
some core mm changes to function properly.

One of these unusual properties is that shadow stack memory is writable,
but only in limited ways. These limits are applied via a specific PTE
bit combination. Nevertheless, the memory is writable, and core mm code
will need to apply the writable permissions in the typical paths that
call pte_mkwrite(). The goal is to make pte_mkwrite() take a VMA, so
that the x86 implementation of it can know whether to create regular
writable or shadow stack mappings.

But there are a couple of challenges to this. Modifying the signatures of
each arch pte_mkwrite() implementation would be error prone because some
are generated with macros and would need to be re-implemented. Also, some
pte_mkwrite() callers operate on kernel memory without a VMA.

So this can be done in a three step process. First pte_mkwrite() can be
renamed to pte_mkwrite_novma() in each arch, with a generic pte_mkwrite()
added that just calls pte_mkwrite_novma(). Next callers without a VMA can
be moved to pte_mkwrite_novma(). And lastly, pte_mkwrite() and all callers
can be changed to take/pass a VMA.

Start the process by renaming pte_mkwrite() to pte_mkwrite_novma() and
adding the pte_mkwrite() wrapper in linux/pgtable.h. Apply the same
pattern for pmd_mkwrite(). Since not all archs have a pmd_mkwrite_novma(),
create a new arch config HAS_HUGE_PAGE that can be used to tell if
pmd_mkwrite() should be defined. Otherwise in the !HAS_HUGE_PAGE cases the
compiler would not be able to find pmd_mkwrite_novma().

No functional change.

Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Rick Edgecombe <rick.p.edgecombe@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport (IBM) <rppt@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wiZjSu7c9sFYZb3q04108stgHff2wfbokGCCgW7riz+8Q@mail.gmail.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230613001108.3040476-2-rick.p.edgecombe%40intel.com

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arm/mm: support __HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SWP_EXCLUSIVE

Let's support __HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SWP_EXCLUSIVE by stealing one bit from the
offset. This reduces the maximum swap space per file to 64 GiB (was 128
GiB).

arm/mm: support __HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SWP_EXCLUSIVE

Let's support __HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SWP_EXCLUSIVE by stealing one bit from the
offset. This reduces the maximum swap space per file to 64 GiB (was 128
GiB).

While at it drop the PTE_TYPE_FAULT from __swp_entry_to_pte() which is
defined to be 0 and is rather confusing because we should be dealing with
"Linux PTEs" not "hardware PTEs". Also, properly mask the type in
__swp_entry().

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20230113171026.582290-5-david@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Russell King (Oracle) <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

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mm: rename pud_page_vaddr to pud_pgtable and make it return pmd_t *

No functional change in this patch.

[aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com: fix]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/87wnqtnb60.fsf@linux.ibm.

mm: rename pud_page_vaddr to pud_pgtable and make it return pmd_t *

No functional change in this patch.

[aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com: fix]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/87wnqtnb60.fsf@linux.ibm.com
[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: another fix]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210619134410.89559-1-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210615110859.320299-1-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linuxppc-dev/CAHk-=wi+J+iodze9FtjM3Zi4j4OeS+qqbKxME9QN4roxPEXH9Q@mail.gmail.com/
Signed-off-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Joel Fernandes <joel@joelfernandes.org>
Cc: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

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ARM: mm: add missing pud_page define to 2-level page tables

Patch series "huge vmalloc mappings", v13.

The kernel virtual mapping layer grew support for mapping memory with >
PAGE_SIZE ptes with co

ARM: mm: add missing pud_page define to 2-level page tables

Patch series "huge vmalloc mappings", v13.

The kernel virtual mapping layer grew support for mapping memory with >
PAGE_SIZE ptes with commit 0ddab1d2ed66 ("lib/ioremap.c: add huge I/O
map capability interfaces"), and implemented support for using those
huge page mappings with ioremap.

According to the submission, the use-case is mapping very large
non-volatile memory devices, which could be GB or TB:

https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1425404664-19675-1-git-send-email-toshi.kani@hp.com/

The benefit is said to be in the overhead of maintaining the mapping,
perhaps both in memory overhead and setup / teardown time. Memory
overhead for the mapping with a 4kB page and 8 byte page table is 2GB
per TB of mapping, down to 4MB / TB with 2MB pages.

The same huge page vmap infrastructure can be quite easily adapted and
used for mapping vmalloc memory pages without more complexity for arch
or core vmap code. However unlike ioremap, vmalloc page table overhead
is not a real problem, so the advantage to justify this is performance.

Several of the most structures in the kernel (e.g., vfs and network hash
tables) are allocated with vmalloc on NUMA machines, in order to
distribute access bandwidth over the machine. Mapping these with larger
pages can improve TLB usage significantly, for example this reduces TLB
misses by nearly 30x on a `git diff` workload on a 2-node POWER9 (59,800
-> 2,100) and reduces CPU cycles by 0.54%, due to vfs hashes being
allocated with 2MB pages.

[ Other numbers?
- The difference is even larger in a guest due to more costly TLB
misses.
- Eric Dumazet was keen on the network hash performance possibilities.
- Other archs? Ding was doing x86 testing. ]

The kernel module allocator also uses vmalloc to map module images even on
non-NUMA, which can result in high iTLB pressure on highly modular distro
type of kernels. This series does not implement huge mappings for modules
yet, but it's a step along the way. Rick Edgecombe was looking at that
IIRC.

The per-cpu allocator similarly might be able to take advantage of this.
Also on the todo list.

The disadvantages of this I can see are:
* Memory fragmentation can waste some physical memory because it will
attempt to allocate larger pages to fit the required size, rounding up
(once the requested size is >= 2MB).
- I don't see it being a big problem in practice unless some user
crops up that allocates thousands of 2.5MB ranges. We can tewak
heuristics a bit there if needed to reduce peak waste.
* Less granular mappings can make the NUMA distribution less balanced.
- Similar to the above.
- Could also allocate all major system hashes with one allocation
up-front and spread them all across the one block, which should help
overall NUMA distribution and reduce fragmentation waste.
* Callers might expect something about the underlying allocated pages.
- Tried to keep the apperance of base PAGE_SIZE pages throughout the
APIs and exposed data structures.
- Added a VM_NO_HUGE_VMAP flag to hammer troublesome cases with.

- Finally, added a nohugevmalloc boot option to turn it off (independent
of nohugeiomap).

This patch (of 14):

ARM uses its own PMD folding scheme which is missing pud_page which should
just pass through to pmd_page. Move this from the 3-level page table to
common header.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210317062402.533919-2-npiggin@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Ding Tianhong <dingtianhong@huawei.com>
Cc: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

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arch: pgtable: define MAX_POSSIBLE_PHYSMEM_BITS where needed

Stefan Agner reported a bug when using zsram on 32-bit Arm machines
with RAM above the 4GB address boundary:

Unable to handle kernel N

arch: pgtable: define MAX_POSSIBLE_PHYSMEM_BITS where needed

Stefan Agner reported a bug when using zsram on 32-bit Arm machines
with RAM above the 4GB address boundary:

Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000000
pgd = a27bd01c
[00000000] *pgd=236a0003, *pmd=1ffa64003
Internal error: Oops: 207 [#1] SMP ARM
Modules linked in: mdio_bcm_unimac(+) brcmfmac cfg80211 brcmutil raspberrypi_hwmon hci_uart crc32_arm_ce bcm2711_thermal phy_generic genet
CPU: 0 PID: 123 Comm: mkfs.ext4 Not tainted 5.9.6 #1
Hardware name: BCM2711
PC is at zs_map_object+0x94/0x338
LR is at zram_bvec_rw.constprop.0+0x330/0xa64
pc : [<c0602b38>] lr : [<c0bda6a0>] psr: 60000013
sp : e376bbe0 ip : 00000000 fp : c1e2921c
r10: 00000002 r9 : c1dda730 r8 : 00000000
r7 : e8ff7a00 r6 : 00000000 r5 : 02f9ffa0 r4 : e3710000
r3 : 000fdffe r2 : c1e0ce80 r1 : ebf979a0 r0 : 00000000
Flags: nZCv IRQs on FIQs on Mode SVC_32 ISA ARM Segment user
Control: 30c5383d Table: 235c2a80 DAC: fffffffd
Process mkfs.ext4 (pid: 123, stack limit = 0x495a22e6)
Stack: (0xe376bbe0 to 0xe376c000)

As it turns out, zsram needs to know the maximum memory size, which
is defined in MAX_PHYSMEM_BITS when CONFIG_SPARSEMEM is set, or in
MAX_POSSIBLE_PHYSMEM_BITS on the x86 architecture.

The same problem will be hit on all 32-bit architectures that have a
physical address space larger than 4GB and happen to not enable sparsemem
and include asm/sparsemem.h from asm/pgtable.h.

After the initial discussion, I suggested just always defining
MAX_POSSIBLE_PHYSMEM_BITS whenever CONFIG_PHYS_ADDR_T_64BIT is
set, or provoking a build error otherwise. This addresses all
configurations that can currently have this runtime bug, but
leaves all other configurations unchanged.

I looked up the possible number of bits in source code and
datasheets, here is what I found:

- on ARC, CONFIG_ARC_HAS_PAE40 controls whether 32 or 40 bits are used
- on ARM, CONFIG_LPAE enables 40 bit addressing, without it we never
support more than 32 bits, even though supersections in theory allow
up to 40 bits as well.
- on MIPS, some MIPS32r1 or later chips support 36 bits, and MIPS32r5
XPA supports up to 60 bits in theory, but 40 bits are more than
anyone will ever ship
- On PowerPC, there are three different implementations of 36 bit
addressing, but 32-bit is used without CONFIG_PTE_64BIT
- On RISC-V, the normal page table format can support 34 bit
addressing. There is no highmem support on RISC-V, so anything
above 2GB is unused, but it might be useful to eventually support
CONFIG_ZRAM for high pages.

Fixes: 61989a80fb3a ("staging: zsmalloc: zsmalloc memory allocation library")
Fixes: 02390b87a945 ("mm/zsmalloc: Prepare to variable MAX_PHYSMEM_BITS")
Acked-by: Thomas Bogendoerfer <tsbogend@alpha.franken.de>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Agner <stefan@agner.ch>
Tested-by: Stefan Agner <stefan@agner.ch>
Acked-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/bdfa44bf1c570b05d6c70898e2bbb0acf234ecdf.1604762181.git.stefan@agner.ch/
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>

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mm: consolidate pte_index() and pte_offset_*() definitions

All architectures define pte_index() as

(address >> PAGE_SHIFT) & (PTRS_PER_PTE - 1)

and all architectures define pte_offset_kernel() as

mm: consolidate pte_index() and pte_offset_*() definitions

All architectures define pte_index() as

(address >> PAGE_SHIFT) & (PTRS_PER_PTE - 1)

and all architectures define pte_offset_kernel() as an entry in the array
of PTEs indexed by the pte_index().

For the most architectures the pte_offset_kernel() implementation relies
on the availability of pmd_page_vaddr() that converts a PMD entry value to
the virtual address of the page containing PTEs array.

Let's move x86 definitions of the PTE accessors to the generic place in
<linux/pgtable.h> and then simply drop the respective definitions from the
other architectures.

The architectures that didn't provide pmd_page_vaddr() are updated to have
that defined.

The generic implementation of pte_offset_kernel() can be overridden by an
architecture and alpha makes use of this because it has special ordering
requirements for its version of pte_offset_kernel().

[rppt@linux.ibm.com: v2]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200514170327.31389-11-rppt@kernel.org
[rppt@linux.ibm.com: update]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200514170327.31389-12-rppt@kernel.org
[rppt@linux.ibm.com: update]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200514170327.31389-13-rppt@kernel.org
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix x86 warning]
[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: fix powerpc build]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200607153443.GB738695@linux.ibm.com

Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brian Cain <bcain@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Greentime Hu <green.hu@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gerg@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Guan Xuetao <gxt@pku.edu.cn>
Cc: Guo Ren <guoren@kernel.org>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Ley Foon Tan <ley.foon.tan@intel.com>
Cc: Mark Salter <msalter@redhat.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Cc: Nick Hu <nickhu@andestech.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Rich Felker <dalias@libc.org>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Stafford Horne <shorne@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Bogendoerfer <tsbogend@alpha.franken.de>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Vincent Chen <deanbo422@gmail.com>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200514170327.31389-10-rppt@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

mm/thp: rename pmd_mknotpresent() as pmd_mkinvalid()

pmd_present() is expected to test positive after pmdp_mknotpresent() as
the PMD entry still points to a valid huge page in memory.
pmdp_mknotpres

mm/thp: rename pmd_mknotpresent() as pmd_mkinvalid()

pmd_present() is expected to test positive after pmdp_mknotpresent() as
the PMD entry still points to a valid huge page in memory.
pmdp_mknotpresent() implies that given PMD entry is just invalidated from
MMU perspective while still holding on to pmd_page() referred valid huge
page thus also clearing pmd_present() test. This creates the following
situation which is counter intuitive.

[pmd_present(pmd_mknotpresent(pmd)) = true]

This renames pmd_mknotpresent() as pmd_mkinvalid() reflecting the helper's
functionality more accurately while changing the above mentioned situation
as follows. This does not create any functional change.

[pmd_present(pmd_mkinvalid(pmd)) = true]

This is not applicable for platforms that define own pmdp_invalidate() via
__HAVE_ARCH_PMDP_INVALIDATE. Suggestion for renaming came during a
previous discussion here.

https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/11019637/

[anshuman.khandual@arm.com: change pmd_mknotvalid() to pmd_mkinvalid() per Will]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1587520326-10099-3-git-send-email-anshuman.khandual@arm.com
Suggested-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Thomas Bogendoerfer <tsbogend@alpha.franken.de>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1584680057-13753-3-git-send-email-anshuman.khandual@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

arm: Remove HYP/Stage-2 page-table support

Remove all traces of Stage-2 and HYP page table support.

Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net>
Acked-by:

arm: Remove HYP/Stage-2 page-table support

Remove all traces of Stage-2 and HYP page table support.

Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Vladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com>
Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Acked-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Christoffer Dall <christoffer.dall@arm.com>

show more ...

arm: mm: add p?d_leaf() definitions

walk_page_range() is going to be allowed to walk page tables other than
those of user space. For this it needs to know when it has reached a
'leaf' entry in the

arm: mm: add p?d_leaf() definitions

walk_page_range() is going to be allowed to walk page tables other than
those of user space. For this it needs to know when it has reached a
'leaf' entry in the page tables. This information is provided by the
p?d_leaf() functions/macros.

For arm pmd_large() already exists and does what we want. So simply
provide the generic pmd_leaf() name.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191218162402.45610-4-steven.price@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Steven Price <steven.price@arm.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Alexandre Ghiti <alex@ghiti.fr>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org>
Cc: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: "Liang, Kan" <kan.liang@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: Zong Li <zong.li@sifive.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

treewide: Replace GPLv2 boilerplate/reference with SPDX - rule 333

Based on 1 normalized pattern(s):

this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
it under the terms of th

treewide: Replace GPLv2 boilerplate/reference with SPDX - rule 333

Based on 1 normalized pattern(s):

this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
it under the terms of the gnu general public license version 2 as
published by the free software foundation this program is
distributed in the hope that it will be useful but without any
warranty without even the implied warranty of merchantability or
fitness for a particular purpose see the gnu general public license
for more details you should have received a copy of the gnu general
public license along with this program if not write to the free
software foundation inc 59 temple place suite 330 boston ma 02111
1307 usa

extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier

GPL-2.0-only

has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 136 file(s).

Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Alexios Zavras <alexios.zavras@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net>
Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190530000436.384967451@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

show more ...

mm: introduce ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL

Currently the PTE special supports is turned on in per architecture
header files. Most of the time, it is defined in
arch/*/include/asm/pgtable.h depending or not

mm: introduce ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL

Currently the PTE special supports is turned on in per architecture
header files. Most of the time, it is defined in
arch/*/include/asm/pgtable.h depending or not on some other per
architecture static definition.

This patch introduce a new configuration variable to manage this
directly in the Kconfig files. It would later replace
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL.

Here notes for some architecture where the definition of
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL is not obvious:

arm
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL which is currently defined in
arch/arm/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h which is included by
arch/arm/include/asm/pgtable.h when CONFIG_ARM_LPAE is set.
So select ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL if ARM_LPAE.

powerpc
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL is defined in 2 files:
- arch/powerpc/include/asm/book3s/64/pgtable.h
- arch/powerpc/include/asm/pte-common.h
The first one is included if (PPC_BOOK3S & PPC64) while the second is
included in all the other cases.
So select ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL all the time.

sparc:
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL is defined if defined(__sparc__) &&
defined(__arch64__) which are defined through the compiler in
sparc/Makefile if !SPARC32 which I assume to be if SPARC64.
So select ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL if SPARC64

There is no functional change introduced by this patch.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1523433816-14460-2-git-send-email-ldufour@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Laurent Dufour <ldufour@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Suggested-by: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: "Aneesh Kumar K . V" <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Cc: Rich Felker <dalias@libc.org>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <albert@sifive.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Robin Murphy <robin.murphy@arm.com>
Cc: Christophe LEROY <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

arm/mm: provide pmdp_establish() helper

ARM LPAE doesn't have hardware dirty/accessed bits.

generic_pmdp_establish() is the right implementation of pmdp_establish
for this case.

Link: http://lkml.

arm/mm: provide pmdp_establish() helper

ARM LPAE doesn't have hardware dirty/accessed bits.

generic_pmdp_establish() is the right implementation of pmdp_establish
for this case.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171213105756.69879-4-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

mm: switch to 'define pmd_write' instead of __HAVE_ARCH_PMD_WRITE

In response to compile breakage introduced by a series that added the
pud_write helper to x86, Stephen notes:

did you consider

mm: switch to 'define pmd_write' instead of __HAVE_ARCH_PMD_WRITE

In response to compile breakage introduced by a series that added the
pud_write helper to x86, Stephen notes:

did you consider using the other paradigm:

In arch include files:
#define pud_write pud_write
static inline int pud_write(pud_t pud)
.....

Then in include/asm-generic/pgtable.h:

#ifndef pud_write
tatic inline int pud_write(pud_t pud)
{
....
}
#endif

If you had, then the powerpc code would have worked ... ;-) and many
of the other interfaces in include/asm-generic/pgtable.h are
protected that way ...

Given that some architecture already define pmd_write() as a macro, it's
a net reduction to drop the definition of __HAVE_ARCH_PMD_WRITE.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/151129126721.37405.13339850900081557813.stgit@dwillia2-desk3.amr.corp.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Suggested-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: "Aneesh Kumar K.V" <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Oliver OHalloran <oliveroh@au1.ibm.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@mellanox.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

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ARM: 8579/1: mm: Fix definition of pmd_mknotpresent

Currently pmd_mknotpresent will use a zero entry to respresent an
invalidated pmd.

Unfortunately this definition clashes with pmd_none, thus it i

ARM: 8579/1: mm: Fix definition of pmd_mknotpresent

Currently pmd_mknotpresent will use a zero entry to respresent an
invalidated pmd.

Unfortunately this definition clashes with pmd_none, thus it is
possible for a race condition to occur if zap_pmd_range sees pmd_none
whilst __split_huge_pmd_locked is running too with pmdp_invalidate
just called.

This patch fixes the race condition by modifying pmd_mknotpresent to
create non-zero faulting entries (as is done in other architectures),
removing the ambiguity with pmd_none.

[catalin.marinas@arm.com: using L_PMD_SECT_VALID instead of PMD_TYPE_SECT]

Fixes: 8d9625070073 ("ARM: mm: Transparent huge page support for LPAE systems.")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.11+
Reported-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

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ARM: 8578/1: mm: ensure pmd_present only checks the valid bit

In a subsequent patch, pmd_mknotpresent will clear the valid bit of the
pmd entry, resulting in a not-present entry from the hardware's

ARM: 8578/1: mm: ensure pmd_present only checks the valid bit

In a subsequent patch, pmd_mknotpresent will clear the valid bit of the
pmd entry, resulting in a not-present entry from the hardware's
perspective. Unfortunately, pmd_present simply checks for a non-zero pmd
value and will therefore continue to return true even after a
pmd_mknotpresent operation. Since pmd_mknotpresent is only used for
managing huge entries, this is only an issue for the 3-level case.

This patch fixes the 3-level pmd_present implementation to take into
account the valid bit. For bisectability, the change is made before the
fix to pmd_mknotpresent.

[catalin.marinas@arm.com: comment update regarding pmd_mknotpresent patch]

Fixes: 8d9625070073 ("ARM: mm: Transparent huge page support for LPAE systems.")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.11+
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Steve Capper <Steve.Capper@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

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arch: fix has_transparent_hugepage()

I've just discovered that the useful-sounding has_transparent_hugepage()
is actually an architecture-dependent minefield: on some arches it only
builds if CONFIG

arch: fix has_transparent_hugepage()

I've just discovered that the useful-sounding has_transparent_hugepage()
is actually an architecture-dependent minefield: on some arches it only
builds if CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE=y, on others it's also there when
not, but on some of those (arm and arm64) it then gives the wrong
answer; and on mips alone it's marked __init, which would crash if
called later (but so far it has not been called later).

Straighten this out: make it available to all configs, with a sensible
default in asm-generic/pgtable.h, removing its definitions from those
arches (arc, arm, arm64, sparc, tile) which are served by the default,
adding #define has_transparent_hugepage has_transparent_hugepage to
those (mips, powerpc, s390, x86) which need to override the default at
runtime, and removing the __init from mips (but maybe that kind of code
should be avoided after init: set a static variable the first time it's
called).

Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Andres Lagar-Cavilla <andreslc@google.com>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linaro.org>
Cc: Ning Qu <quning@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com> [arch/arc]
Acked-by: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com> [arch/s390]
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

arch/arm/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h: add pmd_mkclean for THP

MADV_FREE needs pmd_dirty and pmd_mkclean for detecting recent overwrite
of the contents since MADV_FREE syscall is called for THP page

arch/arm/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h: add pmd_mkclean for THP

MADV_FREE needs pmd_dirty and pmd_mkclean for detecting recent overwrite
of the contents since MADV_FREE syscall is called for THP page.

This patch adds pmd_mkclean for THP page MADV_FREE support.

Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: <yalin.wang2010@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Chen Gang <gang.chen.5i5j@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: Daniel Micay <danielmicay@gmail.com>
Cc: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Jason Evans <je@fb.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Mika Penttil <mika.penttila@nextfour.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Roland Dreier <roland@kernel.org>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

arm, thp: remove infrastructure for handling splitting PMDs

With new refcounting we don't need to mark PMDs splitting. Let's drop
code to handle this.

pmdp_splitting_flush() is not needed too: on

arm, thp: remove infrastructure for handling splitting PMDs

With new refcounting we don't need to mark PMDs splitting. Let's drop
code to handle this.

pmdp_splitting_flush() is not needed too: on splitting PMD we will do
pmdp_clear_flush() + set_pte_at(). pmdp_clear_flush() will do IPI as
needed for fast_gup.

[arnd@arndb.de: fix unterminated ifdef in header file]
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

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mm: convert p[te|md]_mknonnuma and remaining page table manipulations

With PROT_NONE, the traditional page table manipulation functions are
sufficient.

[andre.przywara@arm.com: fix compiler warning

mm: convert p[te|md]_mknonnuma and remaining page table manipulations

With PROT_NONE, the traditional page table manipulation functions are
sufficient.

[andre.przywara@arm.com: fix compiler warning in pmdp_invalidate()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build with STRICT_MM_TYPECHECKS]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Kirill Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

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arm: drop L_PTE_FILE and pte_file()-related helpers

We've replaced remap_file_pages(2) implementation with emulation. Nobody
creates non-linear mapping anymore.

This patch also adjust __SWP_TYPE_S

arm: drop L_PTE_FILE and pte_file()-related helpers

We've replaced remap_file_pages(2) implementation with emulation. Nobody
creates non-linear mapping anymore.

This patch also adjust __SWP_TYPE_SHIFT, effectively increase size of
possible swap file to 128G.

Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

KVM: arm: Add initial dirty page locking support

Add support for initial write protection of VM memslots. This patch
series assumes that huge PUDs will not be used in 2nd stage tables, which is
alwa

KVM: arm: Add initial dirty page locking support

Add support for initial write protection of VM memslots. This patch
series assumes that huge PUDs will not be used in 2nd stage tables, which is
always valid on ARMv7

Acked-by: Christoffer Dall <christoffer.dall@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Mario Smarduch <m.smarduch@samsung.com>

show more ...

arm: mm: enable RCU fast_gup

Activate the RCU fast_gup for ARM. We also need to force THP splits to
broadcast an IPI s.t. we block in the fast_gup page walker. As THP
splits are comparatively rar

arm: mm: enable RCU fast_gup

Activate the RCU fast_gup for ARM. We also need to force THP splits to
broadcast an IPI s.t. we block in the fast_gup page walker. As THP
splits are comparatively rare, this should not lead to a noticeable
performance degradation.

Some pre-requisite functions pud_write and pud_page are also added.

Signed-off-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dann Frazier <dann.frazier@canonical.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Christoffer Dall <christoffer.dall@linaro.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

show more ...

arm: mm: introduce special ptes for LPAE

We need a mechanism to tag ptes as being special, this indicates that no
attempt should be made to access the underlying struct page * associated
with the pt

arm: mm: introduce special ptes for LPAE

We need a mechanism to tag ptes as being special, this indicates that no
attempt should be made to access the underlying struct page * associated
with the pte. This is used by the fast_gup when operating on ptes as it
has no means to access VMAs (that also contain this information)
locklessly.

The L_PTE_SPECIAL bit is already allocated for LPAE, this patch modifies
pte_special and pte_mkspecial to make use of it, and defines
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL.

This patch also excludes special ptes from the icache/dcache sync logic.

Signed-off-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dann Frazier <dann.frazier@canonical.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Christoffer Dall <christoffer.dall@linaro.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

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ARM: 8109/1: mm: Modify pte_write and pmd_write logic for LPAE

For LPAE, we have the following means for encoding writable or dirty
ptes:
L_PTE_DIRTY L_PTE_RDONLY

ARM: 8109/1: mm: Modify pte_write and pmd_write logic for LPAE

For LPAE, we have the following means for encoding writable or dirty
ptes:
L_PTE_DIRTY L_PTE_RDONLY
!pte_dirty && !pte_write 0 1
!pte_dirty && pte_write 0 1
pte_dirty && !pte_write 1 1
pte_dirty && pte_write 1 0

So we can't distinguish between writeable clean ptes and read only
ptes. This can cause problems with ptes being incorrectly flagged as
read only when they are writeable but not dirty.

This patch renumbers L_PTE_RDONLY from AP[2] to a software bit #58,
and adds additional logic to set AP[2] whenever the pte is read only
or not dirty. That way we can distinguish between clean writeable ptes
and read only ptes.

HugeTLB pages will use this new logic automatically.

We need to add some logic to Transparent HugePages to ensure that they
correctly interpret the revised pgprot permissions (L_PTE_RDONLY has
moved and no longer matches PMD_SECT_AP2). In the process of revising
THP, the names of the PMD software bits have been prefixed with L_ to
make them easier to distinguish from their hardware bit counterparts.

Signed-off-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

show more ...

ARM: 8108/1: mm: Introduce {pte,pmd}_isset and {pte,pmd}_isclear

Long descriptors on ARM are 64 bits, and some pte functions such as
pte_dirty return a bitwise-and of a flag with the pte value. If t

ARM: 8108/1: mm: Introduce {pte,pmd}_isset and {pte,pmd}_isclear

Long descriptors on ARM are 64 bits, and some pte functions such as
pte_dirty return a bitwise-and of a flag with the pte value. If the
flag to be tested resides in the upper 32 bits of the pte, then we run
into the danger of the result being dropped if downcast.

For example:
gather_stats(page, md, pte_dirty(*pte), 1);
where pte_dirty(*pte) is downcast to an int.

This patch introduces a new macro pte_isset which performs the bitwise
and, then performs a double logical invert (where needed) to ensure
predictable downcasting. The logical inverse pte_isclear is also
introduced.

Equivalent pmd functions for Transparent HugePages have also been
added.

Signed-off-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

show more ...