xen-blkback: Apply 'feature_persistent' parameter when connect

In some use cases[1], the backend is created while the frontend doesn't
support the persistent grants feature, but later the frontend c

xen-blkback: Apply 'feature_persistent' parameter when connect

In some use cases[1], the backend is created while the frontend doesn't
support the persistent grants feature, but later the frontend can be
changed to support the feature and reconnect. In the past, 'blkback'
enabled the persistent grants feature since it unconditionally checked
if frontend supports the persistent grants feature for every connect
('connect_ring()') and decided whether it should use persistent grans or
not.

However, commit aac8a70db24b ("xen-blkback: add a parameter for
disabling of persistent grants") has mistakenly changed the behavior.
It made the frontend feature support check to not be repeated once it
shown the 'feature_persistent' as 'false', or the frontend doesn't
support persistent grants.

This commit changes the behavior of the parameter to make effect for
every connect, so that the previous workflow can work again as expected.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/xen-devel/CAJwUmVB6H3iTs-C+U=v-pwJB7-_ZRHPxHzKRJZ22xEPW7z8a=g@mail.gmail.com/

Reported-by: Andrii Chepurnyi <andrii.chepurnyi82@gmail.com>
Fixes: aac8a70db24b ("xen-blkback: add a parameter for disabling of persistent grants")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 5.10.x
Signed-off-by: Maximilian Heyne <mheyne@amazon.de>
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Maximilian Heyne <mheyne@amazon.de>
Reviewed-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220715225108.193398-3-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>

show more ...

xen-blk{back,front}: Update contact points for buffer_squeeze_duration_ms and feature_persistent

SeongJae is currently listed as a contact point for some blk{back,front}
features, but he will not wo

xen-blk{back,front}: Update contact points for buffer_squeeze_duration_ms and feature_persistent

SeongJae is currently listed as a contact point for some blk{back,front}
features, but he will not work for XEN for a while. This commit
therefore updates the contact point to his colleague, Maximilian, who is
understanding the context and actively working with the features now.

Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Maximilian Heyne <mheyne@amazon.de>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220420072734.1692-1-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>

show more ...

Documentation: Update SeongJae's email address

This commit updates SeongJae's email addresses in documents to his
preferred one.

Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kern

Documentation: Update SeongJae's email address

This commit updates SeongJae's email addresses in documents to his
preferred one.

Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210917122222.3109-1-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>

show more ...

xen-blkback: Apply 'feature_persistent' parameter when connect

commit e94c6101e151b019b8babc518ac2a6ada644a5a1 upstream.

In some use cases[1], the backend is created while the frontend doesn't
supp

xen-blkback: Apply 'feature_persistent' parameter when connect

commit e94c6101e151b019b8babc518ac2a6ada644a5a1 upstream.

In some use cases[1], the backend is created while the frontend doesn't
support the persistent grants feature, but later the frontend can be
changed to support the feature and reconnect. In the past, 'blkback'
enabled the persistent grants feature since it unconditionally checked
if frontend supports the persistent grants feature for every connect
('connect_ring()') and decided whether it should use persistent grans or
not.

However, commit aac8a70db24b ("xen-blkback: add a parameter for
disabling of persistent grants") has mistakenly changed the behavior.
It made the frontend feature support check to not be repeated once it
shown the 'feature_persistent' as 'false', or the frontend doesn't
support persistent grants.

This commit changes the behavior of the parameter to make effect for
every connect, so that the previous workflow can work again as expected.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/xen-devel/CAJwUmVB6H3iTs-C+U=v-pwJB7-_ZRHPxHzKRJZ22xEPW7z8a=g@mail.gmail.com/

Reported-by: Andrii Chepurnyi <andrii.chepurnyi82@gmail.com>
Fixes: aac8a70db24b ("xen-blkback: add a parameter for disabling of persistent grants")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 5.10.x
Signed-off-by: Maximilian Heyne <mheyne@amazon.de>
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Maximilian Heyne <mheyne@amazon.de>
Reviewed-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220715225108.193398-3-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

show more ...

xen-blkback: add a parameter for disabling of persistent grants

Persistent grants feature provides high scalability. On some small
systems, however, it could incur data copy overheads[1] and thus i

xen-blkback: add a parameter for disabling of persistent grants

Persistent grants feature provides high scalability. On some small
systems, however, it could incur data copy overheads[1] and thus it is
required to be disabled. But, there is no option to disable it. For
the reason, this commit adds a module parameter for disabling of the
feature.

[1] https://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Xen_4.3_Block_Protocol_Scalability

Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@amazon.com>
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de>
Reviewed-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200923061841.20531-2-sjpark@amazon.com
Signed-off-by: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>

show more ...

xen/blkback: Squeeze page pools if a memory pressure is detected

Each `blkif` has a free pages pool for the grant mapping. The size of
the pool starts from zero and is increased on demand while pro

xen/blkback: Squeeze page pools if a memory pressure is detected

Each `blkif` has a free pages pool for the grant mapping. The size of
the pool starts from zero and is increased on demand while processing
the I/O requests. If current I/O requests handling is finished or 100
milliseconds has passed since last I/O requests handling, it checks and
shrinks the pool to not exceed the size limit, `max_buffer_pages`.

Therefore, host administrators can cause memory pressure in blkback by
attaching a large number of block devices and inducing I/O. Such
problematic situations can be avoided by limiting the maximum number of
devices that can be attached, but finding the optimal limit is not so
easy. Improper set of the limit can results in memory pressure or a
resource underutilization. This commit avoids such problematic
situations by squeezing the pools (returns every free page in the pool
to the system) for a while (users can set this duration via a module
parameter) if memory pressure is detected.

Discussions
===========

The `blkback`'s original shrinking mechanism returns only pages in the
pool which are not currently be used by `blkback` to the system. In
other words, the pages that are not mapped with granted pages. Because
this commit is changing only the shrink limit but still uses the same
freeing mechanism it does not touch pages which are currently mapping
grants.

Once memory pressure is detected, this commit keeps the squeezing limit
for a user-specified time duration. The duration should be neither too
long nor too short. If it is too long, the squeezing incurring overhead
can reduce the I/O performance. If it is too short, `blkback` will not
free enough pages to reduce the memory pressure. This commit sets the
value as `10 milliseconds` by default because it is a short time in
terms of I/O while it is a long time in terms of memory operations.
Also, as the original shrinking mechanism works for at least every 100
milliseconds, this could be a somewhat reasonable choice. I also tested
other durations (refer to the below section for more details) and
confirmed that 10 milliseconds is the one that works best with the test.
That said, the proper duration depends on actual configurations and
workloads. That's why this commit allows users to set the duration as a
module parameter.

Memory Pressure Test
====================

To show how this commit fixes the memory pressure situation well, I
configured a test environment on a xen-running virtualization system.
On the `blkfront` running guest instances, I attach a large number of
network-backed volume devices and induce I/O to those. Meanwhile, I
measure the number of pages that swapped in (pswpin) and out (pswpout)
on the `blkback` running guest. The test ran twice, once for the
`blkback` before this commit and once for that after this commit. As
shown below, this commit has dramatically reduced the memory pressure:

pswpin pswpout
before 76,672 185,799
after 867 3,967

Optimal Aggressive Shrinking Duration
-------------------------------------

To find a best squeezing duration, I repeated the test with three
different durations (1ms, 10ms, and 100ms). The results are as below:

duration pswpin pswpout
1 707 5,095
10 867 3,967
100 362 3,348

As expected, the memory pressure decreases as the duration increases,
but the reduction become slow from the `10ms`. Based on this results, I
chose the default duration as 10ms.

Performance Overhead Test
=========================

This commit could incur I/O performance degradation under severe memory
pressure because the squeezing will require more page allocations per
I/O. To show the overhead, I artificially made a worst-case squeezing
situation and measured the I/O performance of a `blkfront` running
guest.

For the artificial squeezing, I set the `blkback.max_buffer_pages` using
the `/sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages` file. In this
test, I set the value to `1024` and `0`. The `1024` is the default
value. Setting the value as `0` is same to a situation doing the
squeezing always (worst-case).

If the underlying block device is slow enough, the squeezing overhead
could be hidden. For the reason, I use a fast block device, namely the
rbd[1]:

# xl block-attach guest phy:/dev/ram0 xvdb w

For the I/O performance measurement, I run a simple `dd` command 5 times
directly to the device as below and collect the 'MB/s' results.

$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/xvdb \
bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done

The results are as below. 'max_pgs' represents the value of the
`blkback.max_buffer_pages` parameter.

max_pgs Min Max Median Avg Stddev
0 417 423 420 419.4 2.5099801
1024 414 425 416 417.8 4.4384682
No difference proven at 95.0% confidence

In short, even worst case squeezing on ramdisk based fast block device
makes no visible performance degradation. Please note that this is just
a very simple and minimal test. On systems using super-fast block
devices and a special I/O workload, the results might be different. If
you have any doubt, test on your machine with your workload to find the
optimal squeezing duration for you.

[1] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/blockdev/ramdisk.html

Reviewed-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de>
Signed-off-by: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>

show more ...

xen/blkback: don't keep persistent grants too long

Persistent grants are allocated until a threshold per ring is being
reached. Those grants won't be freed until the ring is being destroyed
meaning

xen/blkback: don't keep persistent grants too long

Persistent grants are allocated until a threshold per ring is being
reached. Those grants won't be freed until the ring is being destroyed
meaning there will be resources kept busy which might no longer be
used.

Instead of freeing only persistent grants until the threshold is
reached add a timestamp and remove all persistent grants not having
been in use for a minute.

Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>

show more ...

xen-blkback/sysfs: Move the parameters for the persistent grant features

to a testing subdirectory (as this value should not be baked
for the life-time) and also in an appropiate file.

Also modifie

xen-blkback/sysfs: Move the parameters for the persistent grant features

to a testing subdirectory (as this value should not be baked
for the life-time) and also in an appropiate file.

Also modified the introduction Linux version from 3.10 to 3.11.
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>

show more ...

xen-blkback: add a parameter for disabling of persistent grants

Persistent grants feature provides high scalability. On some small
systems, however, it could incur data copy overheads[1

xen-blkback: add a parameter for disabling of persistent grants

Persistent grants feature provides high scalability. On some small
systems, however, it could incur data copy overheads[1] and thus it is
required to be disabled. But, there is no option to disable it. For
the reason, this commit adds a module parameter for disabling of the
feature.

[1] https://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Xen_4.3_Block_Protocol_Scalability

Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@amazon.com>
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de>
Reviewed-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200923061841.20531-2-sjpark@amazon.com
Signed-off-by: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>

show more ...

xen/blkback: Squeeze page pools if a memory pressure is detected

Each `blkif` has a free pages pool for the grant mapping. The size of
the pool starts from zero and is increased on dema

xen/blkback: Squeeze page pools if a memory pressure is detected

Each `blkif` has a free pages pool for the grant mapping. The size of
the pool starts from zero and is increased on demand while processing
the I/O requests. If current I/O requests handling is finished or 100
milliseconds has passed since last I/O requests handling, it checks and
shrinks the pool to not exceed the size limit, `max_buffer_pages`.

Therefore, host administrators can cause memory pressure in blkback by
attaching a large number of block devices and inducing I/O. Such
problematic situations can be avoided by limiting the maximum number of
devices that can be attached, but finding the optimal limit is not so
easy. Improper set of the limit can results in memory pressure or a
resource underutilization. This commit avoids such problematic
situations by squeezing the pools (returns every free page in the pool
to the system) for a while (users can set this duration via a module
parameter) if memory pressure is detected.

Discussions
===========

The `blkback`'s original shrinking mechanism returns only pages in the
pool which are not currently be used by `blkback` to the system. In
other words, the pages that are not mapped with granted pages. Because
this commit is changing only the shrink limit but still uses the same
freeing mechanism it does not touch pages which are currently mapping
grants.

Once memory pressure is detected, this commit keeps the squeezing limit
for a user-specified time duration. The duration should be neither too
long nor too short. If it is too long, the squeezing incurring overhead
can reduce the I/O performance. If it is too short, `blkback` will not
free enough pages to reduce the memory pressure. This commit sets the
value as `10 milliseconds` by default because it is a short time in
terms of I/O while it is a long time in terms of memory operations.
Also, as the original shrinking mechanism works for at least every 100
milliseconds, this could be a somewhat reasonable choice. I also tested
other durations (refer to the below section for more details) and
confirmed that 10 milliseconds is the one that works best with the test.
That said, the proper duration depends on actual configurations and
workloads. That's why this commit allows users to set the duration as a
module parameter.

Memory Pressure Test
====================

To show how this commit fixes the memory pressure situation well, I
configured a test environment on a xen-running virtualization system.
On the `blkfront` running guest instances, I attach a large number of
network-backed volume devices and induce I/O to those. Meanwhile, I
measure the number of pages that swapped in (pswpin) and out (pswpout)
on the `blkback` running guest. The test ran twice, once for the
`blkback` before this commit and once for that after this commit. As
shown below, this commit has dramatically reduced the memory pressure:

pswpin pswpout
before 76,672 185,799
after 867 3,967

Optimal Aggressive Shrinking Duration
-------------------------------------

To find a best squeezing duration, I repeated the test with three
different durations (1ms, 10ms, and 100ms). The results are as below:

duration pswpin pswpout
1 707 5,095
10 867 3,967
100 362 3,348

As expected, the memory pressure decreases as the duration increases,
but the reduction become slow from the `10ms`. Based on this results, I
chose the default duration as 10ms.

Performance Overhead Test
=========================

This commit could incur I/O performance degradation under severe memory
pressure because the squeezing will require more page allocations per
I/O. To show the overhead, I artificially made a worst-case squeezing
situation and measured the I/O performance of a `blkfront` running
guest.

For the artificial squeezing, I set the `blkback.max_buffer_pages` using
the `/sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages` file. In this
test, I set the value to `1024` and `0`. The `1024` is the default
value. Setting the value as `0` is same to a situation doing the
squeezing always (worst-case).

If the underlying block device is slow enough, the squeezing overhead
could be hidden. For the reason, I use a fast block device, namely the
rbd[1]:

# xl block-attach guest phy:/dev/ram0 xvdb w

For the I/O performance measurement, I run a simple `dd` command 5 times
directly to the device as below and collect the 'MB/s' results.

$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/xvdb \
bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done

The results are as below. 'max_pgs' represents the value of the
`blkback.max_buffer_pages` parameter.

max_pgs Min Max Median Avg Stddev
0 417 423 420 419.4 2.5099801
1024 414 425 416 417.8 4.4384682
No difference proven at 95.0% confidence

In short, even worst case squeezing on ramdisk based fast block device
makes no visible performance degradation. Please note that this is just
a very simple and minimal test. On systems using super-fast block
devices and a special I/O workload, the results might be different. If
you have any doubt, test on your machine with your workload to find the
optimal squeezing duration for you.

[1] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/blockdev/ramdisk.html

Reviewed-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de>
Signed-off-by: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>

show more ...

xen/blkback: don't keep persistent grants too long

Persistent grants are allocated until a threshold per ring is being
reached. Those grants won't be freed until the ring is being destro

xen/blkback: don't keep persistent grants too long

Persistent grants are allocated until a threshold per ring is being
reached. Those grants won't be freed until the ring is being destroyed
meaning there will be resources kept busy which might no longer be
used.

Instead of freeing only persistent grants until the threshold is
reached add a timestamp and remove all persistent grants not having
been in use for a minute.

Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>

show more ...

xen-blkback/sysfs: Move the parameters for the persistent grant features

to a testing subdirectory (as this value should not be baked
for the life-time) and also in an appropiate file.

xen-blkback/sysfs: Move the parameters for the persistent grant features

to a testing subdirectory (as this value should not be baked
for the life-time) and also in an appropiate file.

Also modified the introduction Linux version from 3.10 to 3.11.
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>

show more ...