xref: /openbmc/u-boot/tools/mkimage.c (revision b8a6d677) 
1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
2 /*
3  * (C) Copyright 2008 Semihalf
4  *
5  * (C) Copyright 2000-2009
6  * DENX Software Engineering
7  * Wolfgang Denk, wd@denx.de
8  */
9 
10 #include "mkimage.h"
11 #include "imximage.h"
12 #include <image.h>
13 #include <version.h>
14 
15 static void copy_file(int, const char *, int);
16 
17 /* parameters initialized by core will be used by the image type code */
18 static struct image_tool_params params = {
19 	.os = IH_OS_LINUX,
20 	.arch = IH_ARCH_PPC,
21 	.type = IH_TYPE_KERNEL,
22 	.comp = IH_COMP_GZIP,
23 	.dtc = MKIMAGE_DEFAULT_DTC_OPTIONS,
24 	.imagename = "",
25 	.imagename2 = "",
26 };
27 
28 static enum ih_category cur_category;
29 
30 static int h_compare_category_name(const void *vtype1, const void *vtype2)
31 {
32 	const int *type1 = vtype1;
33 	const int *type2 = vtype2;
34 	const char *name1 = genimg_get_cat_short_name(cur_category, *type1);
35 	const char *name2 = genimg_get_cat_short_name(cur_category, *type2);
36 
37 	return strcmp(name1, name2);
38 }
39 
40 static int show_valid_options(enum ih_category category)
41 {
42 	int *order;
43 	int count;
44 	int item;
45 	int i;
46 
47 	count = genimg_get_cat_count(category);
48 	order = calloc(count, sizeof(*order));
49 	if (!order)
50 		return -ENOMEM;
51 
52 	/* Sort the names in order of short name for easier reading */
53 	for (item = 0; item < count; item++)
54 		order[item] = item;
55 	cur_category = category;
56 	qsort(order, count, sizeof(int), h_compare_category_name);
57 
58 	fprintf(stderr, "\nInvalid %s, supported are:\n",
59 		genimg_get_cat_desc(category));
60 	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
61 		item = order[i];
62 		fprintf(stderr, "\t%-15s  %s\n",
63 			genimg_get_cat_short_name(category, item),
64 			genimg_get_cat_name(category, item));
65 	}
66 	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
67 	free(order);
68 
69 	return 0;
70 }
71 
72 static void usage(const char *msg)
73 {
74 	fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", msg);
75 	fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s -l image\n"
76 			 "          -l ==> list image header information\n",
77 		params.cmdname);
78 	fprintf(stderr,
79 		"       %s [-x] -A arch -O os -T type -C comp -a addr -e ep -n name -d data_file[:data_file...] image\n"
80 		"          -A ==> set architecture to 'arch'\n"
81 		"          -O ==> set operating system to 'os'\n"
82 		"          -T ==> set image type to 'type'\n"
83 		"          -C ==> set compression type 'comp'\n"
84 		"          -a ==> set load address to 'addr' (hex)\n"
85 		"          -e ==> set entry point to 'ep' (hex)\n"
86 		"          -n ==> set image name to 'name'\n"
87 		"          -d ==> use image data from 'datafile'\n"
88 		"          -x ==> set XIP (execute in place)\n",
89 		params.cmdname);
90 	fprintf(stderr,
91 		"       %s [-D dtc_options] [-f fit-image.its|-f auto|-F] [-b <dtb> [-b <dtb>]] [-i <ramdisk.cpio.gz>] fit-image\n"
92 		"           <dtb> file is used with -f auto, it may occur multiple times.\n",
93 		params.cmdname);
94 	fprintf(stderr,
95 		"          -D => set all options for device tree compiler\n"
96 		"          -f => input filename for FIT source\n"
97 		"          -i => input filename for ramdisk file\n");
98 #ifdef CONFIG_FIT_SIGNATURE
99 	fprintf(stderr,
100 		"Signing / verified boot options: [-E] [-k keydir] [-K dtb] [ -c <comment>] [-p addr] [-r] [-N engine]\n"
101 		"          -E => place data outside of the FIT structure\n"
102 		"          -k => set directory containing private keys\n"
103 		"          -K => write public keys to this .dtb file\n"
104 		"          -c => add comment in signature node\n"
105 		"          -F => re-sign existing FIT image\n"
106 		"          -p => place external data at a static position\n"
107 		"          -r => mark keys used as 'required' in dtb\n"
108 		"          -N => engine to use for signing (pkcs11)\n");
109 #else
110 	fprintf(stderr,
111 		"Signing / verified boot not supported (CONFIG_FIT_SIGNATURE undefined)\n");
112 #endif
113 	fprintf(stderr, "       %s -V ==> print version information and exit\n",
114 		params.cmdname);
115 	fprintf(stderr, "Use '-T list' to see a list of available image types\n");
116 
117 	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
118 }
119 
120 static int add_content(int type, const char *fname)
121 {
122 	struct content_info *cont;
123 
124 	cont = calloc(1, sizeof(*cont));
125 	if (!cont)
126 		return -1;
127 	cont->type = type;
128 	cont->fname = fname;
129 	if (params.content_tail)
130 		params.content_tail->next = cont;
131 	else
132 		params.content_head = cont;
133 	params.content_tail = cont;
134 
135 	return 0;
136 }
137 
138 static void process_args(int argc, char **argv)
139 {
140 	char *ptr;
141 	int type = IH_TYPE_INVALID;
142 	char *datafile = NULL;
143 	int opt;
144 
145 	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv,
146 			     "a:A:b:c:C:d:D:e:Ef:Fk:i:K:ln:N:p:O:rR:qsT:vVx")) != -1) {
147 		switch (opt) {
148 		case 'a':
149 			params.addr = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
150 			if (*ptr) {
151 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid load address %s\n",
152 					params.cmdname, optarg);
153 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
154 			}
155 			break;
156 		case 'A':
157 			params.arch = genimg_get_arch_id(optarg);
158 			if (params.arch < 0) {
159 				show_valid_options(IH_ARCH);
160 				usage("Invalid architecture");
161 			}
162 			break;
163 		case 'b':
164 			if (add_content(IH_TYPE_FLATDT, optarg)) {
165 				fprintf(stderr,
166 					"%s: Out of memory adding content '%s'",
167 					params.cmdname, optarg);
168 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
169 			}
170 			break;
171 		case 'c':
172 			params.comment = optarg;
173 			break;
174 		case 'C':
175 			params.comp = genimg_get_comp_id(optarg);
176 			if (params.comp < 0) {
177 				show_valid_options(IH_COMP);
178 				usage("Invalid compression type");
179 			}
180 			break;
181 		case 'd':
182 			params.datafile = optarg;
183 			params.dflag = 1;
184 			break;
185 		case 'D':
186 			params.dtc = optarg;
187 			break;
188 		case 'e':
189 			params.ep = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
190 			if (*ptr) {
191 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid entry point %s\n",
192 					params.cmdname, optarg);
193 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
194 			}
195 			params.eflag = 1;
196 			break;
197 		case 'E':
198 			params.external_data = true;
199 			break;
200 		case 'f':
201 			datafile = optarg;
202 			params.auto_its = !strcmp(datafile, "auto");
203 			/* no break */
204 		case 'F':
205 			/*
206 			 * The flattened image tree (FIT) format
207 			 * requires a flattened device tree image type
208 			 */
209 			params.type = IH_TYPE_FLATDT;
210 			params.fflag = 1;
211 			break;
212 		case 'i':
213 			params.fit_ramdisk = optarg;
214 			break;
215 		case 'k':
216 			params.keydir = optarg;
217 			break;
218 		case 'K':
219 			params.keydest = optarg;
220 			break;
221 		case 'l':
222 			params.lflag = 1;
223 			break;
224 		case 'n':
225 			params.imagename = optarg;
226 			break;
227 		case 'N':
228 			params.engine_id = optarg;
229 			break;
230 		case 'O':
231 			params.os = genimg_get_os_id(optarg);
232 			if (params.os < 0) {
233 				show_valid_options(IH_OS);
234 				usage("Invalid operating system");
235 			}
236 			break;
237 		case 'p':
238 			params.external_offset = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
239 			if (*ptr) {
240 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid offset size %s\n",
241 					params.cmdname, optarg);
242 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
243 			}
244 			break;
245 		case 'q':
246 			params.quiet = 1;
247 			break;
248 		case 'r':
249 			params.require_keys = 1;
250 			break;
251 		case 'R':
252 			/*
253 			 * This entry is for the second configuration
254 			 * file, if only one is not enough.
255 			 */
256 			params.imagename2 = optarg;
257 			break;
258 		case 's':
259 			params.skipcpy = 1;
260 			break;
261 		case 'T':
262 			if (strcmp(optarg, "list") == 0) {
263 				show_valid_options(IH_TYPE);
264 				exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
265 			}
266 			type = genimg_get_type_id(optarg);
267 			if (type < 0) {
268 				show_valid_options(IH_TYPE);
269 				usage("Invalid image type");
270 			}
271 			break;
272 		case 'v':
273 			params.vflag++;
274 			break;
275 		case 'V':
276 			printf("mkimage version %s\n", PLAIN_VERSION);
277 			exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
278 		case 'x':
279 			params.xflag++;
280 			break;
281 		default:
282 			usage("Invalid option");
283 		}
284 	}
285 
286 	/* The last parameter is expected to be the imagefile */
287 	if (optind < argc)
288 		params.imagefile = argv[optind];
289 
290 	/*
291 	 * For auto-generated FIT images we need to know the image type to put
292 	 * in the FIT, which is separate from the file's image type (which
293 	 * will always be IH_TYPE_FLATDT in this case).
294 	 */
295 	if (params.type == IH_TYPE_FLATDT) {
296 		params.fit_image_type = type ? type : IH_TYPE_KERNEL;
297 		/* For auto_its, datafile is always 'auto' */
298 		if (!params.auto_its)
299 			params.datafile = datafile;
300 		else if (!params.datafile)
301 			usage("Missing data file for auto-FIT (use -d)");
302 	} else if (type != IH_TYPE_INVALID) {
303 		if (type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT && !params.datafile)
304 			usage("Missing data file for script (use -d)");
305 		params.type = type;
306 	}
307 
308 	if (!params.imagefile)
309 		usage("Missing output filename");
310 }
311 
312 int main(int argc, char **argv)
313 {
314 	int ifd = -1;
315 	struct stat sbuf;
316 	char *ptr;
317 	int retval = 0;
318 	struct image_type_params *tparams = NULL;
319 	int pad_len = 0;
320 	int dfd;
321 
322 	params.cmdname = *argv;
323 	params.addr = 0;
324 	params.ep = 0;
325 
326 	process_args(argc, argv);
327 
328 	/* set tparams as per input type_id */
329 	tparams = imagetool_get_type(params.type);
330 	if (tparams == NULL) {
331 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: unsupported type %s\n",
332 			params.cmdname, genimg_get_type_name(params.type));
333 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
334 	}
335 
336 	/*
337 	 * check the passed arguments parameters meets the requirements
338 	 * as per image type to be generated/listed
339 	 */
340 	if (tparams->check_params)
341 		if (tparams->check_params (&params))
342 			usage("Bad parameters for image type");
343 
344 	if (!params.eflag) {
345 		params.ep = params.addr;
346 		/* If XIP, entry point must be after the U-Boot header */
347 		if (params.xflag)
348 			params.ep += tparams->header_size;
349 	}
350 
351 	if (params.fflag){
352 		if (tparams->fflag_handle)
353 			/*
354 			 * in some cases, some additional processing needs
355 			 * to be done if fflag is defined
356 			 *
357 			 * For ex. fit_handle_file for Fit file support
358 			 */
359 			retval = tparams->fflag_handle(&params);
360 
361 		if (retval != EXIT_SUCCESS)
362 			exit (retval);
363 	}
364 
365 	if (params.lflag || params.fflag) {
366 		ifd = open (params.imagefile, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY);
367 	} else {
368 		ifd = open (params.imagefile,
369 			O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY, 0666);
370 	}
371 
372 	if (ifd < 0) {
373 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
374 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
375 			strerror(errno));
376 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
377 	}
378 
379 	if (params.lflag || params.fflag) {
380 		/*
381 		 * list header information of existing image
382 		 */
383 		if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
384 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
385 				params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
386 				strerror(errno));
387 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
388 		}
389 
390 		if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < tparams->header_size) {
391 			fprintf (stderr,
392 				"%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is not valid image\n",
393 				params.cmdname, params.imagefile);
394 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
395 		}
396 
397 		ptr = mmap(0, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
398 		if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
399 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
400 				params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
401 				strerror(errno));
402 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
403 		}
404 
405 		/*
406 		 * scan through mkimage registry for all supported image types
407 		 * and verify the input image file header for match
408 		 * Print the image information for matched image type
409 		 * Returns the error code if not matched
410 		 */
411 		retval = imagetool_verify_print_header(ptr, &sbuf,
412 				tparams, &params);
413 
414 		(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
415 		(void) close (ifd);
416 
417 		exit (retval);
418 	}
419 
420 	if ((params.type != IH_TYPE_MULTI) && (params.type != IH_TYPE_SCRIPT)) {
421 		dfd = open(params.datafile, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
422 		if (dfd < 0) {
423 			fprintf(stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
424 				params.cmdname, params.datafile,
425 				strerror(errno));
426 			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
427 		}
428 
429 		if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
430 			fprintf(stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
431 				params.cmdname, params.datafile,
432 				strerror(errno));
433 			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
434 		}
435 
436 		params.file_size = sbuf.st_size + tparams->header_size;
437 		close(dfd);
438 	}
439 
440 	/*
441 	 * In case there an header with a variable
442 	 * length will be added, the corresponding
443 	 * function is called. This is responsible to
444 	 * allocate memory for the header itself.
445 	 */
446 	if (tparams->vrec_header)
447 		pad_len = tparams->vrec_header(&params, tparams);
448 	else
449 		memset(tparams->hdr, 0, tparams->header_size);
450 
451 	if (write(ifd, tparams->hdr, tparams->header_size)
452 					!= tparams->header_size) {
453 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
454 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
455 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
456 	}
457 
458 	if (!params.skipcpy) {
459 		if (params.type == IH_TYPE_MULTI ||
460 		    params.type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
461 			char *file = params.datafile;
462 			uint32_t size;
463 
464 			for (;;) {
465 				char *sep = NULL;
466 
467 				if (file) {
468 					if ((sep = strchr(file, ':')) != NULL) {
469 						*sep = '\0';
470 					}
471 
472 					if (stat (file, &sbuf) < 0) {
473 						fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
474 							 params.cmdname, file, strerror(errno));
475 						exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
476 					}
477 					size = cpu_to_uimage (sbuf.st_size);
478 				} else {
479 					size = 0;
480 				}
481 
482 				if (write(ifd, (char *)&size, sizeof(size)) != sizeof(size)) {
483 					fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
484 						 params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
485 						 strerror(errno));
486 					exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
487 				}
488 
489 				if (!file) {
490 					break;
491 				}
492 
493 				if (sep) {
494 					*sep = ':';
495 					file = sep + 1;
496 				} else {
497 					file = NULL;
498 				}
499 			}
500 
501 			file = params.datafile;
502 
503 			for (;;) {
504 				char *sep = strchr(file, ':');
505 				if (sep) {
506 					*sep = '\0';
507 					copy_file (ifd, file, 1);
508 					*sep++ = ':';
509 					file = sep;
510 				} else {
511 					copy_file (ifd, file, 0);
512 					break;
513 				}
514 			}
515 		} else if (params.type == IH_TYPE_PBLIMAGE) {
516 			/* PBL has special Image format, implements its' own */
517 			pbl_load_uboot(ifd, &params);
518 		} else if (params.type == IH_TYPE_ZYNQMPBIF) {
519 			/* Image file is meta, walk through actual targets */
520 			int ret;
521 
522 			ret = zynqmpbif_copy_image(ifd, &params);
523 			if (ret)
524 				return ret;
525 		} else {
526 			copy_file(ifd, params.datafile, pad_len);
527 		}
528 		if (params.type == IH_TYPE_FIRMWARE_IVT) {
529 			/* Add alignment and IVT */
530 			uint32_t aligned_filesize = (params.file_size + 0x1000
531 					- 1) & ~(0x1000 - 1);
532 			flash_header_v2_t ivt_header = { { 0xd1, 0x2000, 0x40 },
533 					params.addr, 0, 0, 0, params.addr
534 							+ aligned_filesize
535 							- tparams->header_size,
536 					params.addr + aligned_filesize
537 							- tparams->header_size
538 							+ 0x20, 0 };
539 			int i = params.file_size;
540 			for (; i < aligned_filesize; i++) {
541 				if (write(ifd, (char *) &i, 1) != 1) {
542 					fprintf(stderr,
543 							"%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
544 							params.cmdname,
545 							params.imagefile,
546 							strerror(errno));
547 					exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
548 				}
549 			}
550 			if (write(ifd, &ivt_header, sizeof(flash_header_v2_t))
551 					!= sizeof(flash_header_v2_t)) {
552 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
553 						params.cmdname,
554 						params.imagefile,
555 						strerror(errno));
556 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
557 			}
558 		}
559 	}
560 
561 	/* We're a bit of paranoid */
562 #if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && \
563    !defined(__sun__) && \
564    !defined(__FreeBSD__) && \
565    !defined(__OpenBSD__) && \
566    !defined(__APPLE__)
567 	(void) fdatasync (ifd);
568 #else
569 	(void) fsync (ifd);
570 #endif
571 
572 	if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
573 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
574 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
575 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
576 	}
577 	params.file_size = sbuf.st_size;
578 
579 	ptr = mmap(0, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
580 	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
581 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't map %s: %s\n",
582 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
583 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
584 	}
585 
586 	/* Setup the image header as per input image type*/
587 	if (tparams->set_header)
588 		tparams->set_header (ptr, &sbuf, ifd, &params);
589 	else {
590 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't set header for %s: %s\n",
591 			params.cmdname, tparams->name, strerror(errno));
592 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
593 	}
594 
595 	/* Print the image information by processing image header */
596 	if (tparams->print_header)
597 		tparams->print_header (ptr);
598 	else {
599 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't print header for %s\n",
600 			params.cmdname, tparams->name);
601 	}
602 
603 	(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
604 
605 	/* We're a bit of paranoid */
606 #if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && \
607    !defined(__sun__) && \
608    !defined(__FreeBSD__) && \
609    !defined(__OpenBSD__) && \
610    !defined(__APPLE__)
611 	(void) fdatasync (ifd);
612 #else
613 	(void) fsync (ifd);
614 #endif
615 
616 	if (close(ifd)) {
617 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
618 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
619 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
620 	}
621 
622 	exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
623 }
624 
625 static void
626 copy_file (int ifd, const char *datafile, int pad)
627 {
628 	int dfd;
629 	struct stat sbuf;
630 	unsigned char *ptr;
631 	int tail;
632 	int zero = 0;
633 	uint8_t zeros[4096];
634 	int offset = 0;
635 	int size;
636 	struct image_type_params *tparams = imagetool_get_type(params.type);
637 
638 	memset(zeros, 0, sizeof(zeros));
639 
640 	if (params.vflag) {
641 		fprintf (stderr, "Adding Image %s\n", datafile);
642 	}
643 
644 	if ((dfd = open(datafile, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY)) < 0) {
645 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
646 			params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
647 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
648 	}
649 
650 	if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
651 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
652 			params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
653 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
654 	}
655 
656 	ptr = mmap(0, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, dfd, 0);
657 	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
658 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
659 			params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
660 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
661 	}
662 
663 	if (params.xflag) {
664 		unsigned char *p = NULL;
665 		/*
666 		 * XIP: do not append the image_header_t at the
667 		 * beginning of the file, but consume the space
668 		 * reserved for it.
669 		 */
670 
671 		if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < tparams->header_size) {
672 			fprintf (stderr,
673 				"%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is too small for XIP\n",
674 				params.cmdname, datafile);
675 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
676 		}
677 
678 		for (p = ptr; p < ptr + tparams->header_size; p++) {
679 			if ( *p != 0xff ) {
680 				fprintf (stderr,
681 					"%s: Bad file: \"%s\" has invalid buffer for XIP\n",
682 					params.cmdname, datafile);
683 				exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
684 			}
685 		}
686 
687 		offset = tparams->header_size;
688 	}
689 
690 	size = sbuf.st_size - offset;
691 	if (write(ifd, ptr + offset, size) != size) {
692 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
693 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
694 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
695 	}
696 
697 	tail = size % 4;
698 	if ((pad == 1) && (tail != 0)) {
699 
700 		if (write(ifd, (char *)&zero, 4-tail) != 4-tail) {
701 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
702 				params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
703 				strerror(errno));
704 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
705 		}
706 	} else if (pad > 1) {
707 		while (pad > 0) {
708 			int todo = sizeof(zeros);
709 
710 			if (todo > pad)
711 				todo = pad;
712 			if (write(ifd, (char *)&zeros, todo) != todo) {
713 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
714 					params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
715 					strerror(errno));
716 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
717 			}
718 			pad -= todo;
719 		}
720 	}
721 
722 	(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
723 	(void) close (dfd);
724 }
725