1HXCOMM Use DEFHEADING() to define headings in both help text and texi 2HXCOMM Text between STEXI and ETEXI are copied to texi version and 3HXCOMM discarded from C version 4HXCOMM DEF(option, HAS_ARG/0, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask) is used to 5HXCOMM construct option structures, enums and help message for specified 6HXCOMM architectures. 7HXCOMM HXCOMM can be used for comments, discarded from both texi and C 8 9DEFHEADING(Standard options:) 10STEXI 11@table @option 12ETEXI 13 14DEF("help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h, 15 "-h or -help display this help and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 16STEXI 17@item -h 18@findex -h 19Display help and exit 20ETEXI 21 22DEF("version", 0, QEMU_OPTION_version, 23 "-version display version information and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 24STEXI 25@item -version 26@findex -version 27Display version information and exit 28ETEXI 29 30DEF("machine", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_machine, \ 31 "-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]\n" 32 " selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)\n" 33 " property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator\n" 34 " supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg (default: tcg)\n" 35 " kernel_irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=off)\n" 36 " vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)\n" 37 " kvm_shadow_mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes\n" 38 " dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)\n" 39 " mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)\n" 40 " igd-passthru=on|off controls IGD GFX passthrough support (default=off)\n" 41 " aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)\n" 42 " dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)\n" 43 " suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)\n" 44 " nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)\n" 45 " enforce-config-section=on|off enforce configuration section migration (default=off)\n" 46 " s390-squash-mcss=on|off (deprecated) controls support for squashing into default css (default=off)\n", 47 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 48STEXI 49@item -machine [type=]@var{name}[,prop=@var{value}[,...]] 50@findex -machine 51Select the emulated machine by @var{name}. Use @code{-machine help} to list 52available machines. 53 54For architectures which aim to support live migration compatibility 55across releases, each release will introduce a new versioned machine 56type. For example, the 2.8.0 release introduced machine types 57``pc-i440fx-2.8'' and ``pc-q35-2.8'' for the x86_64/i686 architectures. 58 59To allow live migration of guests from QEMU version 2.8.0, to QEMU 60version 2.9.0, the 2.9.0 version must support the ``pc-i440fx-2.8'' 61and ``pc-q35-2.8'' machines too. To allow users live migrating VMs 62to skip multiple intermediate releases when upgrading, new releases 63of QEMU will support machine types from many previous versions. 64 65Supported machine properties are: 66@table @option 67@item accel=@var{accels1}[:@var{accels2}[:...]] 68This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target architecture, 69kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is used. If there is 70more than one accelerator specified, the next one is used if the previous one 71fails to initialize. 72@item kernel_irqchip=on|off 73Controls in-kernel irqchip support for the chosen accelerator when available. 74@item gfx_passthru=on|off 75Enables IGD GFX passthrough support for the chosen machine when available. 76@item vmport=on|off|auto 77Enables emulation of VMWare IO port, for vmmouse etc. auto says to select the 78value based on accel. For accel=xen the default is off otherwise the default 79is on. 80@item kvm_shadow_mem=size 81Defines the size of the KVM shadow MMU. 82@item dump-guest-core=on|off 83Include guest memory in a core dump. The default is on. 84@item mem-merge=on|off 85Enables or disables memory merge support. This feature, when supported by 86the host, de-duplicates identical memory pages among VMs instances 87(enabled by default). 88@item aes-key-wrap=on|off 89Enables or disables AES key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts. This feature 90controls whether AES wrapping keys will be created to allow 91execution of AES cryptographic functions. The default is on. 92@item dea-key-wrap=on|off 93Enables or disables DEA key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts. This feature 94controls whether DEA wrapping keys will be created to allow 95execution of DEA cryptographic functions. The default is on. 96@item nvdimm=on|off 97Enables or disables NVDIMM support. The default is off. 98@item s390-squash-mcss=on|off 99Enables or disables squashing subchannels into the default css. 100The default is off. 101NOTE: This property is deprecated and will be removed in future releases. 102The ``s390-squash-mcss=on`` property has been obsoleted by allowing the 103cssid to be chosen freely. Instead of squashing subchannels into the 104default channel subsystem image for guests that do not support multiple 105channel subsystems, all devices can be put into the default channel 106subsystem image. 107@item enforce-config-section=on|off 108If @option{enforce-config-section} is set to @var{on}, force migration 109code to send configuration section even if the machine-type sets the 110@option{migration.send-configuration} property to @var{off}. 111NOTE: this parameter is deprecated. Please use @option{-global} 112@option{migration.send-configuration}=@var{on|off} instead. 113@end table 114ETEXI 115 116HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine 117DEF("M", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_M, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 118 119DEF("cpu", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cpu, 120 "-cpu cpu select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 121STEXI 122@item -cpu @var{model} 123@findex -cpu 124Select CPU model (@code{-cpu help} for list and additional feature selection) 125ETEXI 126 127DEF("accel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_accel, 128 "-accel [accel=]accelerator[,thread=single|multi]\n" 129 " select accelerator (kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg; use 'help' for a list)\n" 130 " thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 131STEXI 132@item -accel @var{name}[,prop=@var{value}[,...]] 133@findex -accel 134This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target architecture, 135kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is used. If there is 136more than one accelerator specified, the next one is used if the previous one 137fails to initialize. 138@table @option 139@item thread=single|multi 140Controls number of TCG threads. When the TCG is multi-threaded there will be one 141thread per vCPU therefor taking advantage of additional host cores. The default 142is to enable multi-threading where both the back-end and front-ends support it and 143no incompatible TCG features have been enabled (e.g. icount/replay). 144@end table 145ETEXI 146 147DEF("smp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smp, 148 "-smp [cpus=]n[,maxcpus=cpus][,cores=cores][,threads=threads][,sockets=sockets]\n" 149 " set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]\n" 150 " maxcpus= maximum number of total cpus, including\n" 151 " offline CPUs for hotplug, etc\n" 152 " cores= number of CPU cores on one socket\n" 153 " threads= number of threads on one CPU core\n" 154 " sockets= number of discrete sockets in the system\n", 155 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 156STEXI 157@item -smp [cpus=]@var{n}[,cores=@var{cores}][,threads=@var{threads}][,sockets=@var{sockets}][,maxcpus=@var{maxcpus}] 158@findex -smp 159Simulate an SMP system with @var{n} CPUs. On the PC target, up to 255 160CPUs are supported. On Sparc32 target, Linux limits the number of usable CPUs 161to 4. 162For the PC target, the number of @var{cores} per socket, the number 163of @var{threads} per cores and the total number of @var{sockets} can be 164specified. Missing values will be computed. If any on the three values is 165given, the total number of CPUs @var{n} can be omitted. @var{maxcpus} 166specifies the maximum number of hotpluggable CPUs. 167ETEXI 168 169DEF("numa", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_numa, 170 "-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node]\n" 171 "-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node]\n" 172 "-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance\n" 173 "-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]\n", 174 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 175STEXI 176@item -numa node[,mem=@var{size}][,cpus=@var{firstcpu}[-@var{lastcpu}]][,nodeid=@var{node}] 177@itemx -numa node[,memdev=@var{id}][,cpus=@var{firstcpu}[-@var{lastcpu}]][,nodeid=@var{node}] 178@itemx -numa dist,src=@var{source},dst=@var{destination},val=@var{distance} 179@itemx -numa cpu,node-id=@var{node}[,socket-id=@var{x}][,core-id=@var{y}][,thread-id=@var{z}] 180@findex -numa 181Define a NUMA node and assign RAM and VCPUs to it. 182Set the NUMA distance from a source node to a destination node. 183 184Legacy VCPU assignment uses @samp{cpus} option where 185@var{firstcpu} and @var{lastcpu} are CPU indexes. Each 186@samp{cpus} option represent a contiguous range of CPU indexes 187(or a single VCPU if @var{lastcpu} is omitted). A non-contiguous 188set of VCPUs can be represented by providing multiple @samp{cpus} 189options. If @samp{cpus} is omitted on all nodes, VCPUs are automatically 190split between them. 191 192For example, the following option assigns VCPUs 0, 1, 2 and 5 to 193a NUMA node: 194@example 195-numa node,cpus=0-2,cpus=5 196@end example 197 198@samp{cpu} option is a new alternative to @samp{cpus} option 199which uses @samp{socket-id|core-id|thread-id} properties to assign 200CPU objects to a @var{node} using topology layout properties of CPU. 201The set of properties is machine specific, and depends on used 202machine type/@samp{smp} options. It could be queried with 203@samp{hotpluggable-cpus} monitor command. 204@samp{node-id} property specifies @var{node} to which CPU object 205will be assigned, it's required for @var{node} to be declared 206with @samp{node} option before it's used with @samp{cpu} option. 207 208For example: 209@example 210-M pc \ 211-smp 1,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \ 212-numa node,nodeid=0 -numa node,nodeid=1 \ 213-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 -numa cpu,node-id=1,socket-id=1 214@end example 215 216@samp{mem} assigns a given RAM amount to a node. @samp{memdev} 217assigns RAM from a given memory backend device to a node. If 218@samp{mem} and @samp{memdev} are omitted in all nodes, RAM is 219split equally between them. 220 221@samp{mem} and @samp{memdev} are mutually exclusive. Furthermore, 222if one node uses @samp{memdev}, all of them have to use it. 223 224@var{source} and @var{destination} are NUMA node IDs. 225@var{distance} is the NUMA distance from @var{source} to @var{destination}. 226The distance from a node to itself is always 10. If any pair of nodes is 227given a distance, then all pairs must be given distances. Although, when 228distances are only given in one direction for each pair of nodes, then 229the distances in the opposite directions are assumed to be the same. If, 230however, an asymmetrical pair of distances is given for even one node 231pair, then all node pairs must be provided distance values for both 232directions, even when they are symmetrical. When a node is unreachable 233from another node, set the pair's distance to 255. 234 235Note that the -@option{numa} option doesn't allocate any of the 236specified resources, it just assigns existing resources to NUMA 237nodes. This means that one still has to use the @option{-m}, 238@option{-smp} options to allocate RAM and VCPUs respectively. 239 240ETEXI 241 242DEF("add-fd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_add_fd, 243 "-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]\n" 244 " Add 'fd' to fd 'set'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 245STEXI 246@item -add-fd fd=@var{fd},set=@var{set}[,opaque=@var{opaque}] 247@findex -add-fd 248 249Add a file descriptor to an fd set. Valid options are: 250 251@table @option 252@item fd=@var{fd} 253This option defines the file descriptor of which a duplicate is added to fd set. 254The file descriptor cannot be stdin, stdout, or stderr. 255@item set=@var{set} 256This option defines the ID of the fd set to add the file descriptor to. 257@item opaque=@var{opaque} 258This option defines a free-form string that can be used to describe @var{fd}. 259@end table 260 261You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set: 262@example 263qemu-system-i386 264-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" 265-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" 266-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk 267@end example 268ETEXI 269 270DEF("set", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_set, 271 "-set group.id.arg=value\n" 272 " set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>\n" 273 " i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 274STEXI 275@item -set @var{group}.@var{id}.@var{arg}=@var{value} 276@findex -set 277Set parameter @var{arg} for item @var{id} of type @var{group} 278ETEXI 279 280DEF("global", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_global, 281 "-global driver.property=value\n" 282 "-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value\n" 283 " set a global default for a driver property\n", 284 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 285STEXI 286@item -global @var{driver}.@var{prop}=@var{value} 287@itemx -global driver=@var{driver},property=@var{property},value=@var{value} 288@findex -global 289Set default value of @var{driver}'s property @var{prop} to @var{value}, e.g.: 290 291@example 292qemu-system-i386 -global ide-hd.physical_block_size=4096 disk-image.img 293@end example 294 295In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices which are 296created automatically by the machine model. To create a device which is not 297created automatically and set properties on it, use -@option{device}. 298 299-global @var{driver}.@var{prop}=@var{value} is shorthand for -global 300driver=@var{driver},property=@var{prop},value=@var{value}. The 301longhand syntax works even when @var{driver} contains a dot. 302ETEXI 303 304DEF("boot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_boot, 305 "-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]\n" 306 " [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]\n" 307 " 'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)\n" 308 " 'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on\n" 309 " 'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms\n" 310 " 'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms\n", 311 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 312STEXI 313@item -boot [order=@var{drives}][,once=@var{drives}][,menu=on|off][,splash=@var{sp_name}][,splash-time=@var{sp_time}][,reboot-timeout=@var{rb_timeout}][,strict=on|off] 314@findex -boot 315Specify boot order @var{drives} as a string of drive letters. Valid 316drive letters depend on the target architecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b 317(floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM), n-p (Etherboot 318from network adapter 1-4), hard disk boot is the default. To apply a 319particular boot order only on the first startup, specify it via 320@option{once}. Note that the @option{order} or @option{once} parameter 321should not be used together with the @option{bootindex} property of 322devices, since the firmware implementations normally do not support both 323at the same time. 324 325Interactive boot menus/prompts can be enabled via @option{menu=on} as far 326as firmware/BIOS supports them. The default is non-interactive boot. 327 328A splash picture could be passed to bios, enabling user to show it as logo, 329when option splash=@var{sp_name} is given and menu=on, If firmware/BIOS 330supports them. Currently Seabios for X86 system support it. 331limitation: The splash file could be a jpeg file or a BMP file in 24 BPP 332format(true color). The resolution should be supported by the SVGA mode, so 333the recommended is 320x240, 640x480, 800x640. 334 335A timeout could be passed to bios, guest will pause for @var{rb_timeout} ms 336when boot failed, then reboot. If @var{rb_timeout} is '-1', guest will not 337reboot, qemu passes '-1' to bios by default. Currently Seabios for X86 338system support it. 339 340Do strict boot via @option{strict=on} as far as firmware/BIOS 341supports it. This only effects when boot priority is changed by 342bootindex options. The default is non-strict boot. 343 344@example 345# try to boot from network first, then from hard disk 346qemu-system-i386 -boot order=nc 347# boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot 348qemu-system-i386 -boot once=d 349# boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds. 350qemu-system-i386 -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000 351@end example 352 353Note: The legacy format '-boot @var{drives}' is still supported but its 354use is discouraged as it may be removed from future versions. 355ETEXI 356 357DEF("m", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_m, 358 "-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]\n" 359 " configure guest RAM\n" 360 " size: initial amount of guest memory\n" 361 " slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)\n" 362 " maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)\n" 363 "NOTE: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity\n", 364 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 365STEXI 366@item -m [size=]@var{megs}[,slots=n,maxmem=size] 367@findex -m 368Sets guest startup RAM size to @var{megs} megabytes. Default is 128 MiB. 369Optionally, a suffix of ``M'' or ``G'' can be used to signify a value in 370megabytes or gigabytes respectively. Optional pair @var{slots}, @var{maxmem} 371could be used to set amount of hotpluggable memory slots and maximum amount of 372memory. Note that @var{maxmem} must be aligned to the page size. 373 374For example, the following command-line sets the guest startup RAM size to 3751GB, creates 3 slots to hotplug additional memory and sets the maximum 376memory the guest can reach to 4GB: 377 378@example 379qemu-system-x86_64 -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G 380@end example 381 382If @var{slots} and @var{maxmem} are not specified, memory hotplug won't 383be enabled and the guest startup RAM will never increase. 384ETEXI 385 386DEF("mem-path", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mempath, 387 "-mem-path FILE provide backing storage for guest RAM\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 388STEXI 389@item -mem-path @var{path} 390@findex -mem-path 391Allocate guest RAM from a temporarily created file in @var{path}. 392ETEXI 393 394DEF("mem-prealloc", 0, QEMU_OPTION_mem_prealloc, 395 "-mem-prealloc preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)\n", 396 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 397STEXI 398@item -mem-prealloc 399@findex -mem-prealloc 400Preallocate memory when using -mem-path. 401ETEXI 402 403DEF("k", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_k, 404 "-k language use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)\n", 405 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 406STEXI 407@item -k @var{language} 408@findex -k 409Use keyboard layout @var{language} (for example @code{fr} for 410French). This option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC 411keycodes (e.g. on Macs, with some X11 servers or with a VNC or curses 412display). You don't normally need to use it on PC/Linux or PC/Windows 413hosts. 414 415The available layouts are: 416@example 417ar de-ch es fo fr-ca hu ja mk no pt-br sv 418da en-gb et fr fr-ch is lt nl pl ru th 419de en-us fi fr-be hr it lv nl-be pt sl tr 420@end example 421 422The default is @code{en-us}. 423ETEXI 424 425 426DEF("audio-help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_audio_help, 427 "-audio-help print list of audio drivers and their options\n", 428 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 429STEXI 430@item -audio-help 431@findex -audio-help 432Will show the audio subsystem help: list of drivers, tunable 433parameters. 434ETEXI 435 436DEF("soundhw", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_soundhw, 437 "-soundhw c1,... enable audio support\n" 438 " and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)\n" 439 " use '-soundhw help' to get the list of supported cards\n" 440 " use '-soundhw all' to enable all of them\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 441STEXI 442@item -soundhw @var{card1}[,@var{card2},...] or -soundhw all 443@findex -soundhw 444Enable audio and selected sound hardware. Use 'help' to print all 445available sound hardware. 446 447@example 448qemu-system-i386 -soundhw sb16,adlib disk.img 449qemu-system-i386 -soundhw es1370 disk.img 450qemu-system-i386 -soundhw ac97 disk.img 451qemu-system-i386 -soundhw hda disk.img 452qemu-system-i386 -soundhw all disk.img 453qemu-system-i386 -soundhw help 454@end example 455 456Note that Linux's i810_audio OSS kernel (for AC97) module might 457require manually specifying clocking. 458 459@example 460modprobe i810_audio clocking=48000 461@end example 462ETEXI 463 464DEF("balloon", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_balloon, 465 "-balloon none disable balloon device\n" 466 "-balloon virtio[,addr=str]\n" 467 " enable virtio balloon device (default)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 468STEXI 469@item -balloon none 470@findex -balloon 471Disable balloon device. 472@item -balloon virtio[,addr=@var{addr}] 473Enable virtio balloon device (default), optionally with PCI address 474@var{addr}. 475ETEXI 476 477DEF("device", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_device, 478 "-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]\n" 479 " add device (based on driver)\n" 480 " prop=value,... sets driver properties\n" 481 " use '-device help' to print all possible drivers\n" 482 " use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties\n", 483 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 484STEXI 485@item -device @var{driver}[,@var{prop}[=@var{value}][,...]] 486@findex -device 487Add device @var{driver}. @var{prop}=@var{value} sets driver 488properties. Valid properties depend on the driver. To get help on 489possible drivers and properties, use @code{-device help} and 490@code{-device @var{driver},help}. 491 492Some drivers are: 493@item -device ipmi-bmc-sim,id=@var{id}[,slave_addr=@var{val}][,sdrfile=@var{file}][,furareasize=@var{val}][,furdatafile=@var{file}] 494 495Add an IPMI BMC. This is a simulation of a hardware management 496interface processor that normally sits on a system. It provides 497a watchdog and the ability to reset and power control the system. 498You need to connect this to an IPMI interface to make it useful 499 500The IPMI slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20. 501This address is the BMC's address on the I2C network of management 502controllers. If you don't know what this means, it is safe to ignore 503it. 504 505@table @option 506@item bmc=@var{id} 507The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern above. 508@item slave_addr=@var{val} 509Define slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20. 510@item sdrfile=@var{file} 511file containing raw Sensor Data Records (SDR) data. The default is none. 512@item fruareasize=@var{val} 513size of a Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) area. The default is 1024. 514@item frudatafile=@var{file} 515file containing raw Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) inventory data. The default is none. 516@end table 517 518@item -device ipmi-bmc-extern,id=@var{id},chardev=@var{id}[,slave_addr=@var{val}] 519 520Add a connection to an external IPMI BMC simulator. Instead of 521locally emulating the BMC like the above item, instead connect 522to an external entity that provides the IPMI services. 523 524A connection is made to an external BMC simulator. If you do this, it 525is strongly recommended that you use the "reconnect=" chardev option 526to reconnect to the simulator if the connection is lost. Note that if 527this is not used carefully, it can be a security issue, as the 528interface has the ability to send resets, NMIs, and power off the VM. 529It's best if QEMU makes a connection to an external simulator running 530on a secure port on localhost, so neither the simulator nor QEMU is 531exposed to any outside network. 532 533See the "lanserv/README.vm" file in the OpenIPMI library for more 534details on the external interface. 535 536@item -device isa-ipmi-kcs,bmc=@var{id}[,ioport=@var{val}][,irq=@var{val}] 537 538Add a KCS IPMI interafce on the ISA bus. This also adds a 539corresponding ACPI and SMBIOS entries, if appropriate. 540 541@table @option 542@item bmc=@var{id} 543The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern above. 544@item ioport=@var{val} 545Define the I/O address of the interface. The default is 0xca0 for KCS. 546@item irq=@var{val} 547Define the interrupt to use. The default is 5. To disable interrupts, 548set this to 0. 549@end table 550 551@item -device isa-ipmi-bt,bmc=@var{id}[,ioport=@var{val}][,irq=@var{val}] 552 553Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface. The default port is 5540xe4 and the default interrupt is 5. 555 556ETEXI 557 558DEF("name", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_name, 559 "-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]\n" 560 " set the name of the guest\n" 561 " string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name (on Linux)\n" 562 " When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name (on Linux)\n" 563 " NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.\n", 564 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 565STEXI 566@item -name @var{name} 567@findex -name 568Sets the @var{name} of the guest. 569This name will be displayed in the SDL window caption. 570The @var{name} will also be used for the VNC server. 571Also optionally set the top visible process name in Linux. 572Naming of individual threads can also be enabled on Linux to aid debugging. 573ETEXI 574 575DEF("uuid", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_uuid, 576 "-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x\n" 577 " specify machine UUID\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 578STEXI 579@item -uuid @var{uuid} 580@findex -uuid 581Set system UUID. 582ETEXI 583 584STEXI 585@end table 586ETEXI 587DEFHEADING() 588 589DEFHEADING(Block device options:) 590STEXI 591@table @option 592ETEXI 593 594DEF("fda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fda, 595 "-fda/-fdb file use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 596DEF("fdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 597STEXI 598@item -fda @var{file} 599@itemx -fdb @var{file} 600@findex -fda 601@findex -fdb 602Use @var{file} as floppy disk 0/1 image (@pxref{disk_images}). 603ETEXI 604 605DEF("hda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hda, 606 "-hda/-hdb file use 'file' as IDE hard disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 607DEF("hdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 608DEF("hdc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdc, 609 "-hdc/-hdd file use 'file' as IDE hard disk 2/3 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 610DEF("hdd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdd, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 611STEXI 612@item -hda @var{file} 613@itemx -hdb @var{file} 614@itemx -hdc @var{file} 615@itemx -hdd @var{file} 616@findex -hda 617@findex -hdb 618@findex -hdc 619@findex -hdd 620Use @var{file} as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (@pxref{disk_images}). 621ETEXI 622 623DEF("cdrom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cdrom, 624 "-cdrom file use 'file' as IDE cdrom image (cdrom is ide1 master)\n", 625 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 626STEXI 627@item -cdrom @var{file} 628@findex -cdrom 629Use @var{file} as CD-ROM image (you cannot use @option{-hdc} and 630@option{-cdrom} at the same time). You can use the host CD-ROM by 631using @file{/dev/cdrom} as filename (@pxref{host_drives}). 632ETEXI 633 634DEF("blockdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_blockdev, 635 "-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]\n" 636 " [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]\n" 637 " [,read-only=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]\n" 638 " [,driver specific parameters...]\n" 639 " configure a block backend\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 640STEXI 641@item -blockdev @var{option}[,@var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]]] 642@findex -blockdev 643 644Define a new block driver node. Some of the options apply to all block drivers, 645other options are only accepted for a specific block driver. See below for a 646list of generic options and options for the most common block drivers. 647 648Options that expect a reference to another node (e.g. @code{file}) can be 649given in two ways. Either you specify the node name of an already existing node 650(file=@var{node-name}), or you define a new node inline, adding options 651for the referenced node after a dot (file.filename=@var{path},file.aio=native). 652 653A block driver node created with @option{-blockdev} can be used for a guest 654device by specifying its node name for the @code{drive} property in a 655@option{-device} argument that defines a block device. 656 657@table @option 658@item Valid options for any block driver node: 659 660@table @code 661@item driver 662Specifies the block driver to use for the given node. 663@item node-name 664This defines the name of the block driver node by which it will be referenced 665later. The name must be unique, i.e. it must not match the name of a different 666block driver node, or (if you use @option{-drive} as well) the ID of a drive. 667 668If no node name is specified, it is automatically generated. The generated node 669name is not intended to be predictable and changes between QEMU invocations. 670For the top level, an explicit node name must be specified. 671@item read-only 672Open the node read-only. Guest write attempts will fail. 673@item cache.direct 674The host page cache can be avoided with @option{cache.direct=on}. This will 675attempt to do disk IO directly to the guest's memory. QEMU may still perform an 676internal copy of the data. 677@item cache.no-flush 678In case you don't care about data integrity over host failures, you can use 679@option{cache.no-flush=on}. This option tells QEMU that it never needs to write 680any data to the disk but can instead keep things in cache. If anything goes 681wrong, like your host losing power, the disk storage getting disconnected 682accidentally, etc. your image will most probably be rendered unusable. 683@item discard=@var{discard} 684@var{discard} is one of "ignore" (or "off") or "unmap" (or "on") and controls 685whether @code{discard} (also known as @code{trim} or @code{unmap}) requests are 686ignored or passed to the filesystem. Some machine types may not support 687discard requests. 688@item detect-zeroes=@var{detect-zeroes} 689@var{detect-zeroes} is "off", "on" or "unmap" and enables the automatic 690conversion of plain zero writes by the OS to driver specific optimized 691zero write commands. You may even choose "unmap" if @var{discard} is set 692to "unmap" to allow a zero write to be converted to an @code{unmap} operation. 693@end table 694 695@item Driver-specific options for @code{file} 696 697This is the protocol-level block driver for accessing regular files. 698 699@table @code 700@item filename 701The path to the image file in the local filesystem 702@item aio 703Specifies the AIO backend (threads/native, default: threads) 704@item locking 705Specifies whether the image file is protected with Linux OFD / POSIX locks. The 706default is to use the Linux Open File Descriptor API if available, otherwise no 707lock is applied. (auto/on/off, default: auto) 708@end table 709Example: 710@example 711-blockdev driver=file,node-name=disk,filename=disk.img 712@end example 713 714@item Driver-specific options for @code{raw} 715 716This is the image format block driver for raw images. It is usually 717stacked on top of a protocol level block driver such as @code{file}. 718 719@table @code 720@item file 721Reference to or definition of the data source block driver node 722(e.g. a @code{file} driver node) 723@end table 724Example 1: 725@example 726-blockdev driver=file,node-name=disk_file,filename=disk.img 727-blockdev driver=raw,node-name=disk,file=disk_file 728@end example 729Example 2: 730@example 731-blockdev driver=raw,node-name=disk,file.driver=file,file.filename=disk.img 732@end example 733 734@item Driver-specific options for @code{qcow2} 735 736This is the image format block driver for qcow2 images. It is usually 737stacked on top of a protocol level block driver such as @code{file}. 738 739@table @code 740@item file 741Reference to or definition of the data source block driver node 742(e.g. a @code{file} driver node) 743 744@item backing 745Reference to or definition of the backing file block device (default is taken 746from the image file). It is allowed to pass an empty string here in order to 747disable the default backing file. 748 749@item lazy-refcounts 750Whether to enable the lazy refcounts feature (on/off; default is taken from the 751image file) 752 753@item cache-size 754The maximum total size of the L2 table and refcount block caches in bytes 755(default: 1048576 bytes or 8 clusters, whichever is larger) 756 757@item l2-cache-size 758The maximum size of the L2 table cache in bytes 759(default: 4/5 of the total cache size) 760 761@item refcount-cache-size 762The maximum size of the refcount block cache in bytes 763(default: 1/5 of the total cache size) 764 765@item cache-clean-interval 766Clean unused entries in the L2 and refcount caches. The interval is in seconds. 767The default value is 0 and it disables this feature. 768 769@item pass-discard-request 770Whether discard requests to the qcow2 device should be forwarded to the data 771source (on/off; default: on if discard=unmap is specified, off otherwise) 772 773@item pass-discard-snapshot 774Whether discard requests for the data source should be issued when a snapshot 775operation (e.g. deleting a snapshot) frees clusters in the qcow2 file (on/off; 776default: on) 777 778@item pass-discard-other 779Whether discard requests for the data source should be issued on other 780occasions where a cluster gets freed (on/off; default: off) 781 782@item overlap-check 783Which overlap checks to perform for writes to the image 784(none/constant/cached/all; default: cached). For details or finer 785granularity control refer to the QAPI documentation of @code{blockdev-add}. 786@end table 787 788Example 1: 789@example 790-blockdev driver=file,node-name=my_file,filename=/tmp/disk.qcow2 791-blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=hda,file=my_file,overlap-check=none,cache-size=16777216 792@end example 793Example 2: 794@example 795-blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=disk,file.driver=http,file.filename=http://example.com/image.qcow2 796@end example 797 798@item Driver-specific options for other drivers 799Please refer to the QAPI documentation of the @code{blockdev-add} QMP command. 800 801@end table 802 803ETEXI 804 805DEF("drive", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_drive, 806 "-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]\n" 807 " [,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s[,trans=t]][,snapshot=on|off]\n" 808 " [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]\n" 809 " [,serial=s][,addr=A][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]\n" 810 " [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name][,aio=threads|native]\n" 811 " [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]\n" 812 " [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]\n" 813 " [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]\n" 814 " [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]\n" 815 " [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]\n" 816 " [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]\n" 817 " [[,iops_size=is]]\n" 818 " [[,group=g]]\n" 819 " use 'file' as a drive image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 820STEXI 821@item -drive @var{option}[,@var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]]] 822@findex -drive 823 824Define a new drive. This includes creating a block driver node (the backend) as 825well as a guest device, and is mostly a shortcut for defining the corresponding 826@option{-blockdev} and @option{-device} options. 827 828@option{-drive} accepts all options that are accepted by @option{-blockdev}. In 829addition, it knows the following options: 830 831@table @option 832@item file=@var{file} 833This option defines which disk image (@pxref{disk_images}) to use with 834this drive. If the filename contains comma, you must double it 835(for instance, "file=my,,file" to use file "my,file"). 836 837Special files such as iSCSI devices can be specified using protocol 838specific URLs. See the section for "Device URL Syntax" for more information. 839@item if=@var{interface} 840This option defines on which type on interface the drive is connected. 841Available types are: ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy, pflash, virtio, none. 842@item bus=@var{bus},unit=@var{unit} 843These options define where is connected the drive by defining the bus number and 844the unit id. 845@item index=@var{index} 846This option defines where is connected the drive by using an index in the list 847of available connectors of a given interface type. 848@item media=@var{media} 849This option defines the type of the media: disk or cdrom. 850@item cyls=@var{c},heads=@var{h},secs=@var{s}[,trans=@var{t}] 851Force disk physical geometry and the optional BIOS translation (trans=none or 852lba). These parameters are deprecated, use the corresponding parameters 853of @code{-device} instead. 854@item snapshot=@var{snapshot} 855@var{snapshot} is "on" or "off" and controls snapshot mode for the given drive 856(see @option{-snapshot}). 857@item cache=@var{cache} 858@var{cache} is "none", "writeback", "unsafe", "directsync" or "writethrough" 859and controls how the host cache is used to access block data. This is a 860shortcut that sets the @option{cache.direct} and @option{cache.no-flush} 861options (as in @option{-blockdev}), and additionally @option{cache.writeback}, 862which provides a default for the @option{write-cache} option of block guest 863devices (as in @option{-device}). The modes correspond to the following 864settings: 865 866@c Our texi2pod.pl script doesn't support @multitable, so fall back to using 867@c plain ASCII art (well, UTF-8 art really). This looks okay both in the manpage 868@c and the HTML output. 869@example 870@ │ cache.writeback cache.direct cache.no-flush 871─────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────── 872writeback │ on off off 873none │ on on off 874writethrough │ off off off 875directsync │ off on off 876unsafe │ on off on 877@end example 878 879The default mode is @option{cache=writeback}. 880 881@item aio=@var{aio} 882@var{aio} is "threads", or "native" and selects between pthread based disk I/O and native Linux AIO. 883@item format=@var{format} 884Specify which disk @var{format} will be used rather than detecting 885the format. Can be used to specify format=raw to avoid interpreting 886an untrusted format header. 887@item serial=@var{serial} 888This option specifies the serial number to assign to the device. This 889parameter is deprecated, use the corresponding parameter of @code{-device} 890instead. 891@item addr=@var{addr} 892Specify the controller's PCI address (if=virtio only). This parameter is 893deprecated, use the corresponding parameter of @code{-device} instead. 894@item werror=@var{action},rerror=@var{action} 895Specify which @var{action} to take on write and read errors. Valid actions are: 896"ignore" (ignore the error and try to continue), "stop" (pause QEMU), 897"report" (report the error to the guest), "enospc" (pause QEMU only if the 898host disk is full; report the error to the guest otherwise). 899The default setting is @option{werror=enospc} and @option{rerror=report}. 900@item copy-on-read=@var{copy-on-read} 901@var{copy-on-read} is "on" or "off" and enables whether to copy read backing 902file sectors into the image file. 903@item bps=@var{b},bps_rd=@var{r},bps_wr=@var{w} 904Specify bandwidth throttling limits in bytes per second, either for all request 905types or for reads or writes only. Small values can lead to timeouts or hangs 906inside the guest. A safe minimum for disks is 2 MB/s. 907@item bps_max=@var{bm},bps_rd_max=@var{rm},bps_wr_max=@var{wm} 908Specify bursts in bytes per second, either for all request types or for reads 909or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike above the limit 910temporarily. 911@item iops=@var{i},iops_rd=@var{r},iops_wr=@var{w} 912Specify request rate limits in requests per second, either for all request 913types or for reads or writes only. 914@item iops_max=@var{bm},iops_rd_max=@var{rm},iops_wr_max=@var{wm} 915Specify bursts in requests per second, either for all request types or for reads 916or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike above the limit 917temporarily. 918@item iops_size=@var{is} 919Let every @var{is} bytes of a request count as a new request for iops 920throttling purposes. Use this option to prevent guests from circumventing iops 921limits by sending fewer but larger requests. 922@item group=@var{g} 923Join a throttling quota group with given name @var{g}. All drives that are 924members of the same group are accounted for together. Use this option to 925prevent guests from circumventing throttling limits by using many small disks 926instead of a single larger disk. 927@end table 928 929By default, the @option{cache.writeback=on} mode is used. It will report data 930writes as completed as soon as the data is present in the host page cache. 931This is safe as long as your guest OS makes sure to correctly flush disk caches 932where needed. If your guest OS does not handle volatile disk write caches 933correctly and your host crashes or loses power, then the guest may experience 934data corruption. 935 936For such guests, you should consider using @option{cache.writeback=off}. This 937means that the host page cache will be used to read and write data, but write 938notification will be sent to the guest only after QEMU has made sure to flush 939each write to the disk. Be aware that this has a major impact on performance. 940 941When using the @option{-snapshot} option, unsafe caching is always used. 942 943Copy-on-read avoids accessing the same backing file sectors repeatedly and is 944useful when the backing file is over a slow network. By default copy-on-read 945is off. 946 947Instead of @option{-cdrom} you can use: 948@example 949qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom 950@end example 951 952Instead of @option{-hda}, @option{-hdb}, @option{-hdc}, @option{-hdd}, you can 953use: 954@example 955qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk 956qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk 957qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk 958qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk 959@end example 960 961You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set: 962@example 963qemu-system-i386 964-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" 965-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" 966-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk 967@end example 968 969You can connect a CDROM to the slave of ide0: 970@example 971qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom 972@end example 973 974If you don't specify the "file=" argument, you define an empty drive: 975@example 976qemu-system-i386 -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom 977@end example 978 979Instead of @option{-fda}, @option{-fdb}, you can use: 980@example 981qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy 982qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy 983@end example 984 985By default, @var{interface} is "ide" and @var{index} is automatically 986incremented: 987@example 988qemu-system-i386 -drive file=a -drive file=b" 989@end example 990is interpreted like: 991@example 992qemu-system-i386 -hda a -hdb b 993@end example 994ETEXI 995 996DEF("mtdblock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock, 997 "-mtdblock file use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image\n", 998 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 999STEXI 1000@item -mtdblock @var{file} 1001@findex -mtdblock 1002Use @var{file} as on-board Flash memory image. 1003ETEXI 1004 1005DEF("sd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_sd, 1006 "-sd file use 'file' as SecureDigital card image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1007STEXI 1008@item -sd @var{file} 1009@findex -sd 1010Use @var{file} as SecureDigital card image. 1011ETEXI 1012 1013DEF("pflash", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pflash, 1014 "-pflash file use 'file' as a parallel flash image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1015STEXI 1016@item -pflash @var{file} 1017@findex -pflash 1018Use @var{file} as a parallel flash image. 1019ETEXI 1020 1021DEF("snapshot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_snapshot, 1022 "-snapshot write to temporary files instead of disk image files\n", 1023 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1024STEXI 1025@item -snapshot 1026@findex -snapshot 1027Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case, 1028the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however force 1029the write back by pressing @key{C-a s} (@pxref{disk_images}). 1030ETEXI 1031 1032DEF("fsdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fsdev, 1033 "-fsdev fsdriver,id=id[,path=path,][security_model={mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none}]\n" 1034 " [,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]\n" 1035 " [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]\n" 1036 " [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]\n" 1037 " [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]\n" 1038 " [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]\n" 1039 " [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]\n", 1040 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1041 1042STEXI 1043 1044@item -fsdev @var{fsdriver},id=@var{id},path=@var{path},[security_model=@var{security_model}][,writeout=@var{writeout}][,readonly][,socket=@var{socket}|sock_fd=@var{sock_fd}][,fmode=@var{fmode}][,dmode=@var{dmode}] 1045@findex -fsdev 1046Define a new file system device. Valid options are: 1047@table @option 1048@item @var{fsdriver} 1049This option specifies the fs driver backend to use. 1050Currently "local", "handle" and "proxy" file system drivers are supported. 1051@item id=@var{id} 1052Specifies identifier for this device 1053@item path=@var{path} 1054Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under 1055this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest. 1056@item security_model=@var{security_model} 1057Specifies the security model to be used for this export path. 1058Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr", "mapped-file" and "none". 1059In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same 1060credentials as they are created on the guest. This requires QEMU 1061to run as root. In "mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file 1062attributes like uid, gid, mode bits and link target are stored as 1063file attributes. For "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the 1064hidden .virtfs_metadata directory. Directories exported by this security model cannot 1065interact with other unix tools. "none" security model is same as 1066passthrough except the sever won't report failures if it fails to 1067set file attributes like ownership. Security model is mandatory 1068only for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like handle, proxy) don't take 1069security model as a parameter. 1070@item writeout=@var{writeout} 1071This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate". 1072This means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but 1073write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been 1074reported as written by the storage subsystem. 1075@item readonly 1076Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default 1077read-write access is given. 1078@item socket=@var{socket} 1079Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for communicating 1080with virtfs-proxy-helper 1081@item sock_fd=@var{sock_fd} 1082Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket descriptor for 1083communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper. Usually a helper like libvirt 1084will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd 1085@item fmode=@var{fmode} 1086Specifies the default mode for newly created files on the host. Works only 1087with security models "mapped-xattr" and "mapped-file". 1088@item dmode=@var{dmode} 1089Specifies the default mode for newly created directories on the host. Works 1090only with security models "mapped-xattr" and "mapped-file". 1091@end table 1092 1093-fsdev option is used along with -device driver "virtio-9p-pci". 1094@item -device virtio-9p-pci,fsdev=@var{id},mount_tag=@var{mount_tag} 1095Options for virtio-9p-pci driver are: 1096@table @option 1097@item fsdev=@var{id} 1098Specifies the id value specified along with -fsdev option 1099@item mount_tag=@var{mount_tag} 1100Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this export point 1101@end table 1102 1103ETEXI 1104 1105DEF("virtfs", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_virtfs, 1106 "-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=[mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none]\n" 1107 " [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]\n", 1108 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1109 1110STEXI 1111 1112@item -virtfs @var{fsdriver}[,path=@var{path}],mount_tag=@var{mount_tag}[,security_model=@var{security_model}][,writeout=@var{writeout}][,readonly][,socket=@var{socket}|sock_fd=@var{sock_fd}][,fmode=@var{fmode}][,dmode=@var{dmode}] 1113@findex -virtfs 1114 1115The general form of a Virtual File system pass-through options are: 1116@table @option 1117@item @var{fsdriver} 1118This option specifies the fs driver backend to use. 1119Currently "local", "handle" and "proxy" file system drivers are supported. 1120@item id=@var{id} 1121Specifies identifier for this device 1122@item path=@var{path} 1123Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under 1124this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest. 1125@item security_model=@var{security_model} 1126Specifies the security model to be used for this export path. 1127Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr", "mapped-file" and "none". 1128In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same 1129credentials as they are created on the guest. This requires QEMU 1130to run as root. In "mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file 1131attributes like uid, gid, mode bits and link target are stored as 1132file attributes. For "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the 1133hidden .virtfs_metadata directory. Directories exported by this security model cannot 1134interact with other unix tools. "none" security model is same as 1135passthrough except the sever won't report failures if it fails to 1136set file attributes like ownership. Security model is mandatory only 1137for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like handle, proxy) don't take security 1138model as a parameter. 1139@item writeout=@var{writeout} 1140This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate". 1141This means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but 1142write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been 1143reported as written by the storage subsystem. 1144@item readonly 1145Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default 1146read-write access is given. 1147@item socket=@var{socket} 1148Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for 1149communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper. Usually a helper like libvirt 1150will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd 1151@item sock_fd 1152Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed 'sock_fd' as the socket 1153descriptor for interfacing with virtfs-proxy-helper 1154@item fmode=@var{fmode} 1155Specifies the default mode for newly created files on the host. Works only 1156with security models "mapped-xattr" and "mapped-file". 1157@item dmode=@var{dmode} 1158Specifies the default mode for newly created directories on the host. Works 1159only with security models "mapped-xattr" and "mapped-file". 1160@end table 1161ETEXI 1162 1163DEF("virtfs_synth", 0, QEMU_OPTION_virtfs_synth, 1164 "-virtfs_synth Create synthetic file system image\n", 1165 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1166STEXI 1167@item -virtfs_synth 1168@findex -virtfs_synth 1169Create synthetic file system image 1170ETEXI 1171 1172DEF("iscsi", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_iscsi, 1173 "-iscsi [user=user][,password=password]\n" 1174 " [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE\n" 1175 " [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]\n" 1176 " [,timeout=timeout]\n" 1177 " iSCSI session parameters\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1178 1179STEXI 1180@item -iscsi 1181@findex -iscsi 1182Configure iSCSI session parameters. 1183ETEXI 1184 1185STEXI 1186@end table 1187ETEXI 1188DEFHEADING() 1189 1190DEFHEADING(USB options:) 1191STEXI 1192@table @option 1193ETEXI 1194 1195DEF("usb", 0, QEMU_OPTION_usb, 1196 "-usb enable the USB driver (if it is not used by default yet)\n", 1197 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1198STEXI 1199@item -usb 1200@findex -usb 1201Enable the USB driver (if it is not used by default yet). 1202ETEXI 1203 1204DEF("usbdevice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice, 1205 "-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'\n", 1206 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1207STEXI 1208 1209@item -usbdevice @var{devname} 1210@findex -usbdevice 1211Add the USB device @var{devname}. Note that this option is deprecated, 1212please use @code{-device usb-...} instead. @xref{usb_devices}. 1213 1214@table @option 1215 1216@item mouse 1217Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated. 1218 1219@item tablet 1220Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a touchscreen). This 1221means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without having to grab the 1222mouse. Also overrides the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated. 1223 1224@item braille 1225Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real 1226or fake device. 1227 1228@end table 1229ETEXI 1230 1231STEXI 1232@end table 1233ETEXI 1234DEFHEADING() 1235 1236DEFHEADING(Display options:) 1237STEXI 1238@table @option 1239ETEXI 1240 1241DEF("display", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_display, 1242 "-display sdl[,frame=on|off][,alt_grab=on|off][,ctrl_grab=on|off]\n" 1243 " [,window_close=on|off][,gl=on|off]\n" 1244 "-display gtk[,grab_on_hover=on|off][,gl=on|off]|\n" 1245 "-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]\n" 1246 "-display curses\n" 1247 "-display none" 1248 " select display type\n" 1249 "The default display is equivalent to\n" 1250#if defined(CONFIG_GTK) 1251 "\t\"-display gtk\"\n" 1252#elif defined(CONFIG_SDL) 1253 "\t\"-display sdl\"\n" 1254#elif defined(CONFIG_COCOA) 1255 "\t\"-display cocoa\"\n" 1256#elif defined(CONFIG_VNC) 1257 "\t\"-vnc localhost:0,to=99,id=default\"\n" 1258#else 1259 "\t\"-display none\"\n" 1260#endif 1261 , QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1262STEXI 1263@item -display @var{type} 1264@findex -display 1265Select type of display to use. This option is a replacement for the 1266old style -sdl/-curses/... options. Valid values for @var{type} are 1267@table @option 1268@item sdl 1269Display video output via SDL (usually in a separate graphics 1270window; see the SDL documentation for other possibilities). 1271@item curses 1272Display video output via curses. For graphics device models which 1273support a text mode, QEMU can display this output using a 1274curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed when the graphics 1275device is in graphical mode or if the graphics device does not support 1276a text mode. Generally only the VGA device models support text mode. 1277@item none 1278Do not display video output. The guest will still see an emulated 1279graphics card, but its output will not be displayed to the QEMU 1280user. This option differs from the -nographic option in that it 1281only affects what is done with video output; -nographic also changes 1282the destination of the serial and parallel port data. 1283@item gtk 1284Display video output in a GTK window. This interface provides drop-down 1285menus and other UI elements to configure and control the VM during 1286runtime. 1287@item vnc 1288Start a VNC server on display <arg> 1289@end table 1290ETEXI 1291 1292DEF("nographic", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nographic, 1293 "-nographic disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console\n", 1294 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1295STEXI 1296@item -nographic 1297@findex -nographic 1298Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it displays 1299output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU monitor in a 1300window. With this option, you can totally disable graphical output so 1301that QEMU is a simple command line application. The emulated serial port 1302is redirected on the console and muxed with the monitor (unless 1303redirected elsewhere explicitly). Therefore, you can still use QEMU to 1304debug a Linux kernel with a serial console. Use @key{C-a h} for help on 1305switching between the console and monitor. 1306ETEXI 1307 1308DEF("curses", 0, QEMU_OPTION_curses, 1309 "-curses shorthand for -display curses\n", 1310 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1311STEXI 1312@item -curses 1313@findex -curses 1314Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it displays 1315output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU monitor in a 1316window. With this option, QEMU can display the VGA output when in text 1317mode using a curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed in graphical 1318mode. 1319ETEXI 1320 1321DEF("no-frame", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_frame, 1322 "-no-frame open SDL window without a frame and window decorations\n", 1323 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1324STEXI 1325@item -no-frame 1326@findex -no-frame 1327Do not use decorations for SDL windows and start them using the whole 1328available screen space. This makes the using QEMU in a dedicated desktop 1329workspace more convenient. 1330ETEXI 1331 1332DEF("alt-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_alt_grab, 1333 "-alt-grab use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n", 1334 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1335STEXI 1336@item -alt-grab 1337@findex -alt-grab 1338Use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this also 1339affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode switching, etc). 1340ETEXI 1341 1342DEF("ctrl-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_ctrl_grab, 1343 "-ctrl-grab use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n", 1344 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1345STEXI 1346@item -ctrl-grab 1347@findex -ctrl-grab 1348Use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this also 1349affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode switching, etc). 1350ETEXI 1351 1352DEF("no-quit", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_quit, 1353 "-no-quit disable SDL window close capability\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1354STEXI 1355@item -no-quit 1356@findex -no-quit 1357Disable SDL window close capability. 1358ETEXI 1359 1360DEF("sdl", 0, QEMU_OPTION_sdl, 1361 "-sdl shorthand for -display sdl\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1362STEXI 1363@item -sdl 1364@findex -sdl 1365Enable SDL. 1366ETEXI 1367 1368DEF("spice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_spice, 1369 "-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]\n" 1370 " [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]\n" 1371 " [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]\n" 1372 " [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr][,ipv4|ipv6|unix]\n" 1373 " [,tls-ciphers=<list>]\n" 1374 " [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]\n" 1375 " [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]\n" 1376 " [,sasl][,password=<secret>][,disable-ticketing]\n" 1377 " [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]\n" 1378 " [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]\n" 1379 " [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]\n" 1380 " [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste]\n" 1381 " [,disable-agent-file-xfer][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]\n" 1382 " [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]\n" 1383 " [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]\n" 1384 " enable spice\n" 1385 " at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory\n", 1386 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1387STEXI 1388@item -spice @var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]] 1389@findex -spice 1390Enable the spice remote desktop protocol. Valid options are 1391 1392@table @option 1393 1394@item port=<nr> 1395Set the TCP port spice is listening on for plaintext channels. 1396 1397@item addr=<addr> 1398Set the IP address spice is listening on. Default is any address. 1399 1400@item ipv4 1401@itemx ipv6 1402@itemx unix 1403Force using the specified IP version. 1404 1405@item password=<secret> 1406Set the password you need to authenticate. 1407 1408@item sasl 1409Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the spice. 1410The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled from the 1411system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This 1412is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an 1413unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used 1414to make it search alternate locations for the service config. 1415While some SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), 1416it is recommended that SASL always be combined with the 'tls' and 1417'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This 1418ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of authentication 1419credentials. 1420 1421@item disable-ticketing 1422Allow client connects without authentication. 1423 1424@item disable-copy-paste 1425Disable copy paste between the client and the guest. 1426 1427@item disable-agent-file-xfer 1428Disable spice-vdagent based file-xfer between the client and the guest. 1429 1430@item tls-port=<nr> 1431Set the TCP port spice is listening on for encrypted channels. 1432 1433@item x509-dir=<dir> 1434Set the x509 file directory. Expects same filenames as -vnc $display,x509=$dir 1435 1436@item x509-key-file=<file> 1437@itemx x509-key-password=<file> 1438@itemx x509-cert-file=<file> 1439@itemx x509-cacert-file=<file> 1440@itemx x509-dh-key-file=<file> 1441The x509 file names can also be configured individually. 1442 1443@item tls-ciphers=<list> 1444Specify which ciphers to use. 1445 1446@item tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback] 1447@itemx plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback] 1448Force specific channel to be used with or without TLS encryption. The 1449options can be specified multiple times to configure multiple 1450channels. The special name "default" can be used to set the default 1451mode. For channels which are not explicitly forced into one mode the 1452spice client is allowed to pick tls/plaintext as he pleases. 1453 1454@item image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off] 1455Configure image compression (lossless). 1456Default is auto_glz. 1457 1458@item jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always] 1459@itemx zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always] 1460Configure wan image compression (lossy for slow links). 1461Default is auto. 1462 1463@item streaming-video=[off|all|filter] 1464Configure video stream detection. Default is off. 1465 1466@item agent-mouse=[on|off] 1467Enable/disable passing mouse events via vdagent. Default is on. 1468 1469@item playback-compression=[on|off] 1470Enable/disable audio stream compression (using celt 0.5.1). Default is on. 1471 1472@item seamless-migration=[on|off] 1473Enable/disable spice seamless migration. Default is off. 1474 1475@item gl=[on|off] 1476Enable/disable OpenGL context. Default is off. 1477 1478@item rendernode=<file> 1479DRM render node for OpenGL rendering. If not specified, it will pick 1480the first available. (Since 2.9) 1481 1482@end table 1483ETEXI 1484 1485DEF("portrait", 0, QEMU_OPTION_portrait, 1486 "-portrait rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD)\n", 1487 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1488STEXI 1489@item -portrait 1490@findex -portrait 1491Rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD). 1492ETEXI 1493 1494DEF("rotate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_rotate, 1495 "-rotate <deg> rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD)\n", 1496 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1497STEXI 1498@item -rotate @var{deg} 1499@findex -rotate 1500Rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD). 1501ETEXI 1502 1503DEF("vga", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vga, 1504 "-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]\n" 1505 " select video card type\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1506STEXI 1507@item -vga @var{type} 1508@findex -vga 1509Select type of VGA card to emulate. Valid values for @var{type} are 1510@table @option 1511@item cirrus 1512Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting from 1513Windows 95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For optimal 1514performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and the host OS. 1515(This card was the default before QEMU 2.2) 1516@item std 1517Standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions. If your guest OS 1518supports the VESA 2.0 VBE extensions (e.g. Windows XP) and if you want 1519to use high resolution modes (>= 1280x1024x16) then you should use 1520this option. (This card is the default since QEMU 2.2) 1521@item vmware 1522VMWare SVGA-II compatible adapter. Use it if you have sufficiently 1523recent XFree86/XOrg server or Windows guest with a driver for this 1524card. 1525@item qxl 1526QXL paravirtual graphic card. It is VGA compatible (including VESA 15272.0 VBE support). Works best with qxl guest drivers installed though. 1528Recommended choice when using the spice protocol. 1529@item tcx 1530(sun4m only) Sun TCX framebuffer. This is the default framebuffer for 1531sun4m machines and offers both 8-bit and 24-bit colour depths at a 1532fixed resolution of 1024x768. 1533@item cg3 1534(sun4m only) Sun cgthree framebuffer. This is a simple 8-bit framebuffer 1535for sun4m machines available in both 1024x768 (OpenBIOS) and 1152x900 (OBP) 1536resolutions aimed at people wishing to run older Solaris versions. 1537@item virtio 1538Virtio VGA card. 1539@item none 1540Disable VGA card. 1541@end table 1542ETEXI 1543 1544DEF("full-screen", 0, QEMU_OPTION_full_screen, 1545 "-full-screen start in full screen\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1546STEXI 1547@item -full-screen 1548@findex -full-screen 1549Start in full screen. 1550ETEXI 1551 1552DEF("g", 1, QEMU_OPTION_g , 1553 "-g WxH[xDEPTH] Set the initial graphical resolution and depth\n", 1554 QEMU_ARCH_PPC | QEMU_ARCH_SPARC) 1555STEXI 1556@item -g @var{width}x@var{height}[x@var{depth}] 1557@findex -g 1558Set the initial graphical resolution and depth (PPC, SPARC only). 1559ETEXI 1560 1561DEF("vnc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vnc , 1562 "-vnc <display> shorthand for -display vnc=<display>\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1563STEXI 1564@item -vnc @var{display}[,@var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]]] 1565@findex -vnc 1566Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it displays 1567output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU monitor in a 1568window. With this option, you can have QEMU listen on VNC display 1569@var{display} and redirect the VGA display over the VNC session. It is 1570very useful to enable the usb tablet device when using this option 1571(option @option{-device usb-tablet}). When using the VNC display, you 1572must use the @option{-k} parameter to set the keyboard layout if you are 1573not using en-us. Valid syntax for the @var{display} is 1574 1575@table @option 1576 1577@item to=@var{L} 1578 1579With this option, QEMU will try next available VNC @var{display}s, until the 1580number @var{L}, if the origianlly defined "-vnc @var{display}" is not 1581available, e.g. port 5900+@var{display} is already used by another 1582application. By default, to=0. 1583 1584@item @var{host}:@var{d} 1585 1586TCP connections will only be allowed from @var{host} on display @var{d}. 1587By convention the TCP port is 5900+@var{d}. Optionally, @var{host} can 1588be omitted in which case the server will accept connections from any host. 1589 1590@item unix:@var{path} 1591 1592Connections will be allowed over UNIX domain sockets where @var{path} is the 1593location of a unix socket to listen for connections on. 1594 1595@item none 1596 1597VNC is initialized but not started. The monitor @code{change} command 1598can be used to later start the VNC server. 1599 1600@end table 1601 1602Following the @var{display} value there may be one or more @var{option} flags 1603separated by commas. Valid options are 1604 1605@table @option 1606 1607@item reverse 1608 1609Connect to a listening VNC client via a ``reverse'' connection. The 1610client is specified by the @var{display}. For reverse network 1611connections (@var{host}:@var{d},@code{reverse}), the @var{d} argument 1612is a TCP port number, not a display number. 1613 1614@item websocket 1615 1616Opens an additional TCP listening port dedicated to VNC Websocket connections. 1617If a bare @var{websocket} option is given, the Websocket port is 16185700+@var{display}. An alternative port can be specified with the 1619syntax @code{websocket}=@var{port}. 1620 1621If @var{host} is specified connections will only be allowed from this host. 1622It is possible to control the websocket listen address independently, using 1623the syntax @code{websocket}=@var{host}:@var{port}. 1624 1625If no TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection runs in 1626unencrypted mode. If TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection 1627requires encrypted client connections. 1628 1629@item password 1630 1631Require that password based authentication is used for client connections. 1632 1633The password must be set separately using the @code{set_password} command in 1634the @ref{pcsys_monitor}. The syntax to change your password is: 1635@code{set_password <protocol> <password>} where <protocol> could be either 1636"vnc" or "spice". 1637 1638If you would like to change <protocol> password expiration, you should use 1639@code{expire_password <protocol> <expiration-time>} where expiration time could 1640be one of the following options: now, never, +seconds or UNIX time of 1641expiration, e.g. +60 to make password expire in 60 seconds, or 1335196800 1642to make password expire on "Mon Apr 23 12:00:00 EDT 2012" (UNIX time for this 1643date and time). 1644 1645You can also use keywords "now" or "never" for the expiration time to 1646allow <protocol> password to expire immediately or never expire. 1647 1648@item tls-creds=@var{ID} 1649 1650Provides the ID of a set of TLS credentials to use to secure the 1651VNC server. They will apply to both the normal VNC server socket 1652and the websocket socket (if enabled). Setting TLS credentials 1653will cause the VNC server socket to enable the VeNCrypt auth 1654mechanism. The credentials should have been previously created 1655using the @option{-object tls-creds} argument. 1656 1657The @option{tls-creds} parameter obsoletes the @option{tls}, 1658@option{x509}, and @option{x509verify} options, and as such 1659it is not permitted to set both new and old type options at 1660the same time. 1661 1662@item tls 1663 1664Require that client use TLS when communicating with the VNC server. This 1665uses anonymous TLS credentials so is susceptible to a man-in-the-middle 1666attack. It is recommended that this option be combined with either the 1667@option{x509} or @option{x509verify} options. 1668 1669This option is now deprecated in favor of using the @option{tls-creds} 1670argument. 1671 1672@item x509=@var{/path/to/certificate/dir} 1673 1674Valid if @option{tls} is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used 1675for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509 certificate 1676to the client. It is recommended that a password be set on the VNC server 1677to provide authentication of the client when this is used. The path following 1678this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to be loaded from. 1679See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on generating certificates. 1680 1681This option is now deprecated in favour of using the @option{tls-creds} 1682argument. 1683 1684@item x509verify=@var{/path/to/certificate/dir} 1685 1686Valid if @option{tls} is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used 1687for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509 certificate 1688to the client, and request that the client send its own x509 certificate. 1689The server will validate the client's certificate against the CA certificate, 1690and reject clients when validation fails. If the certificate authority is 1691trusted, this is a sufficient authentication mechanism. You may still wish 1692to set a password on the VNC server as a second authentication layer. The 1693path following this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to 1694be loaded from. See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on generating 1695certificates. 1696 1697This option is now deprecated in favour of using the @option{tls-creds} 1698argument. 1699 1700@item sasl 1701 1702Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the VNC server. 1703The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled from the 1704system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This 1705is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an 1706unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used 1707to make it search alternate locations for the service config. 1708While some SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), 1709it is recommended that SASL always be combined with the 'tls' and 1710'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This 1711ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of authentication 1712credentials. See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on using 1713SASL authentication. 1714 1715@item acl 1716 1717Turn on access control lists for checking of the x509 client certificate 1718and SASL party. For x509 certs, the ACL check is made against the 1719certificate's distinguished name. This is something that looks like 1720@code{C=GB,O=ACME,L=Boston,CN=bob}. For SASL party, the ACL check is 1721made against the username, which depending on the SASL plugin, may 1722include a realm component, eg @code{bob} or @code{bob@@EXAMPLE.COM}. 1723When the @option{acl} flag is set, the initial access list will be 1724empty, with a @code{deny} policy. Thus no one will be allowed to 1725use the VNC server until the ACLs have been loaded. This can be 1726achieved using the @code{acl} monitor command. 1727 1728@item lossy 1729 1730Enable lossy compression methods (gradient, JPEG, ...). If this 1731option is set, VNC client may receive lossy framebuffer updates 1732depending on its encoding settings. Enabling this option can save 1733a lot of bandwidth at the expense of quality. 1734 1735@item non-adaptive 1736 1737Disable adaptive encodings. Adaptive encodings are enabled by default. 1738An adaptive encoding will try to detect frequently updated screen regions, 1739and send updates in these regions using a lossy encoding (like JPEG). 1740This can be really helpful to save bandwidth when playing videos. Disabling 1741adaptive encodings restores the original static behavior of encodings 1742like Tight. 1743 1744@item share=[allow-exclusive|force-shared|ignore] 1745 1746Set display sharing policy. 'allow-exclusive' allows clients to ask 1747for exclusive access. As suggested by the rfb spec this is 1748implemented by dropping other connections. Connecting multiple 1749clients in parallel requires all clients asking for a shared session 1750(vncviewer: -shared switch). This is the default. 'force-shared' 1751disables exclusive client access. Useful for shared desktop sessions, 1752where you don't want someone forgetting specify -shared disconnect 1753everybody else. 'ignore' completely ignores the shared flag and 1754allows everybody connect unconditionally. Doesn't conform to the rfb 1755spec but is traditional QEMU behavior. 1756 1757@item key-delay-ms 1758 1759Set keyboard delay, for key down and key up events, in milliseconds. 1760Default is 10. Keyboards are low-bandwidth devices, so this slowdown 1761can help the device and guest to keep up and not lose events in case 1762events are arriving in bulk. Possible causes for the latter are flaky 1763network connections, or scripts for automated testing. 1764 1765@end table 1766ETEXI 1767 1768STEXI 1769@end table 1770ETEXI 1771ARCHHEADING(, QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1772 1773ARCHHEADING(i386 target only:, QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1774STEXI 1775@table @option 1776ETEXI 1777 1778DEF("win2k-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack, 1779 "-win2k-hack use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug\n", 1780 QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1781STEXI 1782@item -win2k-hack 1783@findex -win2k-hack 1784Use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug. After 1785Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option (this option 1786slows down the IDE transfers). 1787ETEXI 1788 1789HXCOMM Deprecated by -rtc 1790DEF("rtc-td-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_rtc_td_hack, "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1791 1792DEF("no-fd-bootchk", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk, 1793 "-no-fd-bootchk disable boot signature checking for floppy disks\n", 1794 QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1795STEXI 1796@item -no-fd-bootchk 1797@findex -no-fd-bootchk 1798Disable boot signature checking for floppy disks in BIOS. May 1799be needed to boot from old floppy disks. 1800ETEXI 1801 1802DEF("no-acpi", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_acpi, 1803 "-no-acpi disable ACPI\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386 | QEMU_ARCH_ARM) 1804STEXI 1805@item -no-acpi 1806@findex -no-acpi 1807Disable ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) support. Use 1808it if your guest OS complains about ACPI problems (PC target machine 1809only). 1810ETEXI 1811 1812DEF("no-hpet", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_hpet, 1813 "-no-hpet disable HPET\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1814STEXI 1815@item -no-hpet 1816@findex -no-hpet 1817Disable HPET support. 1818ETEXI 1819 1820DEF("acpitable", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_acpitable, 1821 "-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n][,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,{data|file}=file1[:file2]...]\n" 1822 " ACPI table description\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1823STEXI 1824@item -acpitable [sig=@var{str}][,rev=@var{n}][,oem_id=@var{str}][,oem_table_id=@var{str}][,oem_rev=@var{n}] [,asl_compiler_id=@var{str}][,asl_compiler_rev=@var{n}][,data=@var{file1}[:@var{file2}]...] 1825@findex -acpitable 1826Add ACPI table with specified header fields and context from specified files. 1827For file=, take whole ACPI table from the specified files, including all 1828ACPI headers (possible overridden by other options). 1829For data=, only data 1830portion of the table is used, all header information is specified in the 1831command line. 1832If a SLIC table is supplied to QEMU, then the SLIC's oem_id and oem_table_id 1833fields will override the same in the RSDT and the FADT (a.k.a. FACP), in order 1834to ensure the field matches required by the Microsoft SLIC spec and the ACPI 1835spec. 1836ETEXI 1837 1838DEF("smbios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smbios, 1839 "-smbios file=binary\n" 1840 " load SMBIOS entry from binary file\n" 1841 "-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]\n" 1842 " [,uefi=on|off]\n" 1843 " specify SMBIOS type 0 fields\n" 1844 "-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n" 1845 " [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]\n" 1846 " specify SMBIOS type 1 fields\n" 1847 "-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n" 1848 " [,asset=str][,location=str]\n" 1849 " specify SMBIOS type 2 fields\n" 1850 "-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]\n" 1851 " [,sku=str]\n" 1852 " specify SMBIOS type 3 fields\n" 1853 "-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n" 1854 " [,asset=str][,part=str]\n" 1855 " specify SMBIOS type 4 fields\n" 1856 "-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]\n" 1857 " [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]\n" 1858 " specify SMBIOS type 17 fields\n", 1859 QEMU_ARCH_I386 | QEMU_ARCH_ARM) 1860STEXI 1861@item -smbios file=@var{binary} 1862@findex -smbios 1863Load SMBIOS entry from binary file. 1864 1865@item -smbios type=0[,vendor=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,date=@var{str}][,release=@var{%d.%d}][,uefi=on|off] 1866Specify SMBIOS type 0 fields 1867 1868@item -smbios type=1[,manufacturer=@var{str}][,product=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,uuid=@var{uuid}][,sku=@var{str}][,family=@var{str}] 1869Specify SMBIOS type 1 fields 1870 1871@item -smbios type=2[,manufacturer=@var{str}][,product=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,asset=@var{str}][,location=@var{str}][,family=@var{str}] 1872Specify SMBIOS type 2 fields 1873 1874@item -smbios type=3[,manufacturer=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,asset=@var{str}][,sku=@var{str}] 1875Specify SMBIOS type 3 fields 1876 1877@item -smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=@var{str}][,manufacturer=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,asset=@var{str}][,part=@var{str}] 1878Specify SMBIOS type 4 fields 1879 1880@item -smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=@var{str}][,bank=@var{str}][,manufacturer=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,asset=@var{str}][,part=@var{str}][,speed=@var{%d}] 1881Specify SMBIOS type 17 fields 1882ETEXI 1883 1884STEXI 1885@end table 1886ETEXI 1887DEFHEADING() 1888 1889DEFHEADING(Network options:) 1890STEXI 1891@table @option 1892ETEXI 1893 1894HXCOMM Legacy slirp options (now moved to -net user): 1895#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP 1896DEF("tftp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tftp, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1897DEF("bootp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bootp, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1898DEF("redir", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_redir, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1899#ifndef _WIN32 1900DEF("smb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1901#endif 1902#endif 1903 1904DEF("netdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_netdev, 1905#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP 1906 "-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4[=on|off]][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]\n" 1907 " [,ipv6[=on|off]][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]\n" 1908 " [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]\n" 1909 " [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,tftp=dir]\n" 1910 " [,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule]" 1911#ifndef _WIN32 1912 "[,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]\n" 1913#endif 1914 " configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',\n" 1915 " its DHCP server and optional services\n" 1916#endif 1917#ifdef _WIN32 1918 "-netdev tap,id=str,ifname=name\n" 1919 " configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'\n" 1920#else 1921 "-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]\n" 1922 " [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]\n" 1923 " [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]\n" 1924 " [,poll-us=n]\n" 1925 " configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'\n" 1926 " connected to a bridge (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ")\n" 1927 " use network scripts 'file' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT ")\n" 1928 " to configure it and 'dfile' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT ")\n" 1929 " to deconfigure it\n" 1930 " use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution\n" 1931 " use network helper 'helper' (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ") to\n" 1932 " configure it\n" 1933 " use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface\n" 1934 " use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces\n" 1935 " use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the\n" 1936 " default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')\n" 1937 " use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag\n" 1938 " use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition\n" 1939 " use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator\n" 1940 " (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)\n" 1941 " use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests\n" 1942 " use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device\n" 1943 " use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices\n" 1944 " use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP\n" 1945 " use 'poll-us=n' to speciy the maximum number of microseconds that could be\n" 1946 " spent on busy polling for vhost net\n" 1947 "-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]\n" 1948 " configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is\n" 1949 " connected to a bridge (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ")\n" 1950 " using the program 'helper (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ")\n" 1951#endif 1952#ifdef __linux__ 1953 "-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]\n" 1954 " [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on/off][,udp=on/off]\n" 1955 " [,cookie64=on/off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]\n" 1956 " [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]\n" 1957 " configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to\n" 1958 " an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.\n" 1959 " Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk\n" 1960 " L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,\n" 1961 " VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal\n" 1962 " standard (RFC3391). Note - this implementation uses static\n" 1963 " pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).\n" 1964 " use 'src=' to specify source address\n" 1965 " use 'dst=' to specify destination address\n" 1966 " use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation\n" 1967 " use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port\n" 1968 " use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port\n" 1969 " use 'ipv6=on' to force v6\n" 1970 " L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as\n" 1971 " well as a weak security measure\n" 1972 " use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie\n" 1973 " use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie\n" 1974 " use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32\n" 1975 " use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter\n" 1976 " use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer\n" 1977 " use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data\n" 1978#endif 1979 "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]\n" 1980 " configure a network backend to connect to another network\n" 1981 " using a socket connection\n" 1982 "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]\n" 1983 " configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port\n" 1984 " use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from\n" 1985 "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]\n" 1986 " configure a network backend to connect to another network\n" 1987 " using an UDP tunnel\n" 1988#ifdef CONFIG_VDE 1989 "-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]\n" 1990 " configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch\n" 1991 " running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.\n" 1992 " Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default\n" 1993 " ownership and permissions for communication port.\n" 1994#endif 1995#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP 1996 "-netdev netmap,id=str,ifname=name[,devname=nmname]\n" 1997 " attach to the existing netmap-enabled network interface 'name', or to a\n" 1998 " VALE port (created on the fly) called 'name' ('nmname' is name of the \n" 1999 " netmap device, defaults to '/dev/netmap')\n" 2000#endif 2001 "-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]\n" 2002 " configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'\n" 2003 "-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]\n" 2004 " configure a hub port on QEMU VLAN 'n'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2005DEF("net", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_net, 2006 "-net nic[,vlan=n][,netdev=nd][,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]\n" 2007 " configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and\n" 2008 " connect it either to VLAN 'n' or the netdev 'nd' (for pluggable\n" 2009 " NICs please use '-device devtype,netdev=nd' instead)\n" 2010 "-net dump[,vlan=n][,file=f][,len=n]\n" 2011 " dump traffic on vlan 'n' to file 'f' (max n bytes per packet)\n" 2012 "-net none use it alone to have zero network devices. If no -net option\n" 2013 " is provided, the default is '-net nic -net user'\n" 2014 "-net [" 2015#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP 2016 "user|" 2017#endif 2018 "tap|" 2019 "bridge|" 2020#ifdef CONFIG_VDE 2021 "vde|" 2022#endif 2023#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP 2024 "netmap|" 2025#endif 2026 "socket][,vlan=n][,option][,option][,...]\n" 2027 " old way to initialize a host network interface\n" 2028 " (use the -netdev option if possible instead)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2029STEXI 2030@item -net nic[,vlan=@var{n}][,netdev=@var{nd}][,macaddr=@var{mac}][,model=@var{type}] [,name=@var{name}][,addr=@var{addr}][,vectors=@var{v}] 2031@findex -net 2032Configure or create an on-board (or machine default) Network Interface Card 2033(NIC) and connect it either to VLAN @var{n} (@var{n} = 0 is the default), or 2034to the netdev @var{nd}. The NIC is an e1000 by default on the PC 2035target. Optionally, the MAC address can be changed to @var{mac}, the 2036device address set to @var{addr} (PCI cards only), 2037and a @var{name} can be assigned for use in monitor commands. 2038Optionally, for PCI cards, you can specify the number @var{v} of MSI-X vectors 2039that the card should have; this option currently only affects virtio cards; set 2040@var{v} = 0 to disable MSI-X. If no @option{-net} option is specified, a single 2041NIC is created. QEMU can emulate several different models of network card. 2042Valid values for @var{type} are 2043@code{virtio}, @code{i82551}, @code{i82557b}, @code{i82559er}, 2044@code{ne2k_pci}, @code{ne2k_isa}, @code{pcnet}, @code{rtl8139}, 2045@code{e1000}, @code{smc91c111}, @code{lance} and @code{mcf_fec}. 2046Not all devices are supported on all targets. Use @code{-net nic,model=help} 2047for a list of available devices for your target. 2048 2049@item -netdev user,id=@var{id}[,@var{option}][,@var{option}][,...] 2050@findex -netdev 2051@item -net user[,@var{option}][,@var{option}][,...] 2052Use the user mode network stack which requires no administrator 2053privilege to run. Valid options are: 2054 2055@table @option 2056@item vlan=@var{n} 2057Connect user mode stack to VLAN @var{n} (@var{n} = 0 is the default). 2058 2059@item id=@var{id} 2060@itemx name=@var{name} 2061Assign symbolic name for use in monitor commands. 2062 2063@option{ipv4} and @option{ipv6} specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must 2064be enabled. If neither is specified both protocols are enabled. 2065 2066@item net=@var{addr}[/@var{mask}] 2067Set IP network address the guest will see. Optionally specify the netmask, 2068either in the form a.b.c.d or as number of valid top-most bits. Default is 206910.0.2.0/24. 2070 2071@item host=@var{addr} 2072Specify the guest-visible address of the host. Default is the 2nd IP in the 2073guest network, i.e. x.x.x.2. 2074 2075@item ipv6-net=@var{addr}[/@var{int}] 2076Set IPv6 network address the guest will see (default is fec0::/64). The 2077network prefix is given in the usual hexadecimal IPv6 address 2078notation. The prefix size is optional, and is given as the number of 2079valid top-most bits (default is 64). 2080 2081@item ipv6-host=@var{addr} 2082Specify the guest-visible IPv6 address of the host. Default is the 2nd IPv6 in 2083the guest network, i.e. xxxx::2. 2084 2085@item restrict=on|off 2086If this option is enabled, the guest will be isolated, i.e. it will not be 2087able to contact the host and no guest IP packets will be routed over the host 2088to the outside. This option does not affect any explicitly set forwarding rules. 2089 2090@item hostname=@var{name} 2091Specifies the client hostname reported by the built-in DHCP server. 2092 2093@item dhcpstart=@var{addr} 2094Specify the first of the 16 IPs the built-in DHCP server can assign. Default 2095is the 15th to 31st IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.15 to x.x.x.31. 2096 2097@item dns=@var{addr} 2098Specify the guest-visible address of the virtual nameserver. The address must 2099be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in the guest network, 2100i.e. x.x.x.3. 2101 2102@item ipv6-dns=@var{addr} 2103Specify the guest-visible address of the IPv6 virtual nameserver. The address 2104must be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in the guest 2105network, i.e. xxxx::3. 2106 2107@item dnssearch=@var{domain} 2108Provides an entry for the domain-search list sent by the built-in 2109DHCP server. More than one domain suffix can be transmitted by specifying 2110this option multiple times. If supported, this will cause the guest to 2111automatically try to append the given domain suffix(es) in case a domain name 2112can not be resolved. 2113 2114Example: 2115@example 2116qemu -net user,dnssearch=mgmt.example.org,dnssearch=example.org [...] 2117@end example 2118 2119@item tftp=@var{dir} 2120When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP 2121server. The files in @var{dir} will be exposed as the root of a TFTP server. 2122The TFTP client on the guest must be configured in binary mode (use the command 2123@code{bin} of the Unix TFTP client). 2124 2125@item bootfile=@var{file} 2126When using the user mode network stack, broadcast @var{file} as the BOOTP 2127filename. In conjunction with @option{tftp}, this can be used to network boot 2128a guest from a local directory. 2129 2130Example (using pxelinux): 2131@example 2132qemu-system-i386 -hda linux.img -boot n -net user,tftp=/path/to/tftp/files,bootfile=/pxelinux.0 2133@end example 2134 2135@item smb=@var{dir}[,smbserver=@var{addr}] 2136When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in SMB 2137server so that Windows OSes can access to the host files in @file{@var{dir}} 2138transparently. The IP address of the SMB server can be set to @var{addr}. By 2139default the 4th IP in the guest network is used, i.e. x.x.x.4. 2140 2141In the guest Windows OS, the line: 2142@example 214310.0.2.4 smbserver 2144@end example 2145must be added in the file @file{C:\WINDOWS\LMHOSTS} (for windows 9x/Me) 2146or @file{C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC\LMHOSTS} (Windows NT/2000). 2147 2148Then @file{@var{dir}} can be accessed in @file{\\smbserver\qemu}. 2149 2150Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS. 2151QEMU was tested successfully with smbd versions from Red Hat 9, 2152Fedora Core 3 and OpenSUSE 11.x. 2153 2154@item hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[@var{hostaddr}]:@var{hostport}-[@var{guestaddr}]:@var{guestport} 2155Redirect incoming TCP or UDP connections to the host port @var{hostport} to 2156the guest IP address @var{guestaddr} on guest port @var{guestport}. If 2157@var{guestaddr} is not specified, its value is x.x.x.15 (default first address 2158given by the built-in DHCP server). By specifying @var{hostaddr}, the rule can 2159be bound to a specific host interface. If no connection type is set, TCP is 2160used. This option can be given multiple times. 2161 2162For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to guest 2163screen 0, use the following: 2164 2165@example 2166# on the host 2167qemu-system-i386 -net user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000 [...] 2168# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server 2169xterm -display :1 2170@end example 2171 2172To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet port on 2173the guest, use the following: 2174 2175@example 2176# on the host 2177qemu-system-i386 -net user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23 [...] 2178telnet localhost 5555 2179@end example 2180 2181Then when you use on the host @code{telnet localhost 5555}, you 2182connect to the guest telnet server. 2183 2184@item guestfwd=[tcp]:@var{server}:@var{port}-@var{dev} 2185@itemx guestfwd=[tcp]:@var{server}:@var{port}-@var{cmd:command} 2186Forward guest TCP connections to the IP address @var{server} on port @var{port} 2187to the character device @var{dev} or to a program executed by @var{cmd:command} 2188which gets spawned for each connection. This option can be given multiple times. 2189 2190You can either use a chardev directly and have that one used throughout QEMU's 2191lifetime, like in the following example: 2192 2193@example 2194# open 10.10.1.1:4321 on bootup, connect 10.0.2.100:1234 to it whenever 2195# the guest accesses it 2196qemu -net user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-tcp:10.10.1.1:4321 [...] 2197@end example 2198 2199Or you can execute a command on every TCP connection established by the guest, 2200so that QEMU behaves similar to an inetd process for that virtual server: 2201 2202@example 2203# call "netcat 10.10.1.1 4321" on every TCP connection to 10.0.2.100:1234 2204# and connect the TCP stream to its stdin/stdout 2205qemu -net 'user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-cmd:netcat 10.10.1.1 4321' 2206@end example 2207 2208@end table 2209 2210Note: Legacy stand-alone options -tftp, -bootp, -smb and -redir are still 2211processed and applied to -net user. Mixing them with the new configuration 2212syntax gives undefined results. Their use for new applications is discouraged 2213as they will be removed from future versions. 2214 2215@item -netdev tap,id=@var{id}[,fd=@var{h}][,ifname=@var{name}][,script=@var{file}][,downscript=@var{dfile}][,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}] 2216@itemx -net tap[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}][,ifname=@var{name}][,script=@var{file}][,downscript=@var{dfile}][,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}] 2217Connect the host TAP network interface @var{name} to VLAN @var{n}. 2218 2219Use the network script @var{file} to configure it and the network script 2220@var{dfile} to deconfigure it. If @var{name} is not provided, the OS 2221automatically provides one. The default network configure script is 2222@file{/etc/qemu-ifup} and the default network deconfigure script is 2223@file{/etc/qemu-ifdown}. Use @option{script=no} or @option{downscript=no} 2224to disable script execution. 2225 2226If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, use the network helper 2227@var{helper} to configure the TAP interface and attach it to the bridge. 2228The default network helper executable is @file{/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper} 2229and the default bridge device is @file{br0}. 2230 2231@option{fd}=@var{h} can be used to specify the handle of an already 2232opened host TAP interface. 2233 2234Examples: 2235 2236@example 2237#launch a QEMU instance with the default network script 2238qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net tap 2239@end example 2240 2241@example 2242#launch a QEMU instance with two NICs, each one connected 2243#to a TAP device 2244qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2245 -netdev tap,id=nd0,ifname=tap0 -device e1000,netdev=nd0 \ 2246 -netdev tap,id=nd1,ifname=tap1 -device rtl8139,netdev=nd1 2247@end example 2248 2249@example 2250#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to 2251#connect a TAP device to bridge br0 2252qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2253 -net nic -net tap,"helper=/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper" 2254@end example 2255 2256@item -netdev bridge,id=@var{id}[,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}] 2257@itemx -net bridge[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}] 2258Connect a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device. 2259 2260Use the network helper @var{helper} to configure the TAP interface and 2261attach it to the bridge. The default network helper executable is 2262@file{/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper} and the default bridge 2263device is @file{br0}. 2264 2265Examples: 2266 2267@example 2268#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to 2269#connect a TAP device to bridge br0 2270qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net bridge -net nic,model=virtio 2271@end example 2272 2273@example 2274#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to 2275#connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0 2276qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net bridge,br=qemubr0 -net nic,model=virtio 2277@end example 2278 2279@item -netdev socket,id=@var{id}[,fd=@var{h}][,listen=[@var{host}]:@var{port}][,connect=@var{host}:@var{port}] 2280@itemx -net socket[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}] [,listen=[@var{host}]:@var{port}][,connect=@var{host}:@var{port}] 2281 2282Connect the VLAN @var{n} to a remote VLAN in another QEMU virtual 2283machine using a TCP socket connection. If @option{listen} is 2284specified, QEMU waits for incoming connections on @var{port} 2285(@var{host} is optional). @option{connect} is used to connect to 2286another QEMU instance using the @option{listen} option. @option{fd}=@var{h} 2287specifies an already opened TCP socket. 2288 2289Example: 2290@example 2291# launch a first QEMU instance 2292qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2293 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \ 2294 -net socket,listen=:1234 2295# connect the VLAN 0 of this instance to the VLAN 0 2296# of the first instance 2297qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2298 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 \ 2299 -net socket,connect=127.0.0.1:1234 2300@end example 2301 2302@item -netdev socket,id=@var{id}[,fd=@var{h}][,mcast=@var{maddr}:@var{port}[,localaddr=@var{addr}]] 2303@itemx -net socket[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}][,mcast=@var{maddr}:@var{port}[,localaddr=@var{addr}]] 2304 2305Create a VLAN @var{n} shared with another QEMU virtual 2306machines using a UDP multicast socket, effectively making a bus for 2307every QEMU with same multicast address @var{maddr} and @var{port}. 2308NOTES: 2309@enumerate 2310@item 2311Several QEMU can be running on different hosts and share same bus (assuming 2312correct multicast setup for these hosts). 2313@item 2314mcast support is compatible with User Mode Linux (argument @option{eth@var{N}=mcast}), see 2315@url{http://user-mode-linux.sf.net}. 2316@item 2317Use @option{fd=h} to specify an already opened UDP multicast socket. 2318@end enumerate 2319 2320Example: 2321@example 2322# launch one QEMU instance 2323qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2324 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \ 2325 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234 2326# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus" 2327qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2328 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 \ 2329 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234 2330# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus" 2331qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2332 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:58 \ 2333 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234 2334@end example 2335 2336Example (User Mode Linux compat.): 2337@example 2338# launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected 2339# is UML's default) 2340qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2341 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \ 2342 -net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102 2343# launch UML 2344/path/to/linux ubd0=/path/to/root_fs eth0=mcast 2345@end example 2346 2347Example (send packets from host's 1.2.3.4): 2348@example 2349qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2350 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \ 2351 -net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102,localaddr=1.2.3.4 2352@end example 2353 2354@item -netdev l2tpv3,id=@var{id},src=@var{srcaddr},dst=@var{dstaddr}[,srcport=@var{srcport}][,dstport=@var{dstport}],txsession=@var{txsession}[,rxsession=@var{rxsession}][,ipv6][,udp][,cookie64][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=@var{txcookie}][,rxcookie=@var{rxcookie}][,offset=@var{offset}] 2355@itemx -net l2tpv3[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}],src=@var{srcaddr},dst=@var{dstaddr}[,srcport=@var{srcport}][,dstport=@var{dstport}],txsession=@var{txsession}[,rxsession=@var{rxsession}][,ipv6][,udp][,cookie64][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=@var{txcookie}][,rxcookie=@var{rxcookie}][,offset=@var{offset}] 2356Connect VLAN @var{n} to L2TPv3 pseudowire. L2TPv3 (RFC3391) is a popular 2357protocol to transport Ethernet (and other Layer 2) data frames between 2358two systems. It is present in routers, firewalls and the Linux kernel 2359(from version 3.3 onwards). 2360 2361This transport allows a VM to communicate to another VM, router or firewall directly. 2362 2363@table @option 2364@item src=@var{srcaddr} 2365 source address (mandatory) 2366@item dst=@var{dstaddr} 2367 destination address (mandatory) 2368@item udp 2369 select udp encapsulation (default is ip). 2370@item srcport=@var{srcport} 2371 source udp port. 2372@item dstport=@var{dstport} 2373 destination udp port. 2374@item ipv6 2375 force v6, otherwise defaults to v4. 2376@item rxcookie=@var{rxcookie} 2377@itemx txcookie=@var{txcookie} 2378 Cookies are a weak form of security in the l2tpv3 specification. 2379Their function is mostly to prevent misconfiguration. By default they are 32 2380bit. 2381@item cookie64 2382 Set cookie size to 64 bit instead of the default 32 2383@item counter=off 2384 Force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter as in 2385draft-mkonstan-l2tpext-keyed-ipv6-tunnel-00 2386@item pincounter=on 2387 Work around broken counter handling in peer. This may also help on 2388networks which have packet reorder. 2389@item offset=@var{offset} 2390 Add an extra offset between header and data 2391@end table 2392 2393For example, to attach a VM running on host 4.3.2.1 via L2TPv3 to the bridge br-lan 2394on the remote Linux host 1.2.3.4: 2395@example 2396# Setup tunnel on linux host using raw ip as encapsulation 2397# on 1.2.3.4 2398ip l2tp add tunnel remote 4.3.2.1 local 1.2.3.4 tunnel_id 1 peer_tunnel_id 1 \ 2399 encap udp udp_sport 16384 udp_dport 16384 2400ip l2tp add session tunnel_id 1 name vmtunnel0 session_id \ 2401 0xFFFFFFFF peer_session_id 0xFFFFFFFF 2402ifconfig vmtunnel0 mtu 1500 2403ifconfig vmtunnel0 up 2404brctl addif br-lan vmtunnel0 2405 2406 2407# on 4.3.2.1 2408# launch QEMU instance - if your network has reorder or is very lossy add ,pincounter 2409 2410qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net l2tpv3,src=4.2.3.1,dst=1.2.3.4,udp,srcport=16384,dstport=16384,rxsession=0xffffffff,txsession=0xffffffff,counter 2411 2412 2413@end example 2414 2415@item -netdev vde,id=@var{id}[,sock=@var{socketpath}][,port=@var{n}][,group=@var{groupname}][,mode=@var{octalmode}] 2416@itemx -net vde[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,sock=@var{socketpath}] [,port=@var{n}][,group=@var{groupname}][,mode=@var{octalmode}] 2417Connect VLAN @var{n} to PORT @var{n} of a vde switch running on host and 2418listening for incoming connections on @var{socketpath}. Use GROUP @var{groupname} 2419and MODE @var{octalmode} to change default ownership and permissions for 2420communication port. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled 2421with vde support enabled. 2422 2423Example: 2424@example 2425# launch vde switch 2426vde_switch -F -sock /tmp/myswitch 2427# launch QEMU instance 2428qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch 2429@end example 2430 2431@item -netdev hubport,id=@var{id},hubid=@var{hubid}[,netdev=@var{nd}] 2432 2433Create a hub port on QEMU "vlan" @var{hubid}. 2434 2435The hubport netdev lets you connect a NIC to a QEMU "vlan" instead of a single 2436netdev. @code{-net} and @code{-device} with parameter @option{vlan} create the 2437required hub automatically. Alternatively, you can also connect the hubport 2438to another netdev with ID @var{nd} by using the @option{netdev=@var{nd}} 2439option. 2440 2441@item -netdev vhost-user,chardev=@var{id}[,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n] 2442 2443Establish a vhost-user netdev, backed by a chardev @var{id}. The chardev should 2444be a unix domain socket backed one. The vhost-user uses a specifically defined 2445protocol to pass vhost ioctl replacement messages to an application on the other 2446end of the socket. On non-MSIX guests, the feature can be forced with 2447@var{vhostforce}. Use 'queues=@var{n}' to specify the number of queues to 2448be created for multiqueue vhost-user. 2449 2450Example: 2451@example 2452qemu -m 512 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem,size=512M,mem-path=/hugetlbfs,share=on \ 2453 -numa node,memdev=mem \ 2454 -chardev socket,id=chr0,path=/path/to/socket \ 2455 -netdev type=vhost-user,id=net0,chardev=chr0 \ 2456 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0 2457@end example 2458 2459@item -net dump[,vlan=@var{n}][,file=@var{file}][,len=@var{len}] 2460Dump network traffic on VLAN @var{n} to file @var{file} (@file{qemu-vlan0.pcap} by default). 2461At most @var{len} bytes (64k by default) per packet are stored. The file format is 2462libpcap, so it can be analyzed with tools such as tcpdump or Wireshark. 2463Note: For devices created with '-netdev', use '-object filter-dump,...' instead. 2464 2465@item -net none 2466Indicate that no network devices should be configured. It is used to 2467override the default configuration (@option{-net nic -net user}) which 2468is activated if no @option{-net} options are provided. 2469ETEXI 2470 2471STEXI 2472@end table 2473ETEXI 2474DEFHEADING() 2475 2476DEFHEADING(Character device options:) 2477 2478DEF("chardev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_chardev, 2479 "-chardev help\n" 2480 "-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2481 "-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4][,ipv6][,nodelay][,reconnect=seconds]\n" 2482 " [,server][,nowait][,telnet][,reconnect=seconds][,mux=on|off]\n" 2483 " [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID] (tcp)\n" 2484 "-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server][,nowait][,telnet][,reconnect=seconds]\n" 2485 " [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off] (unix)\n" 2486 "-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]\n" 2487 " [,localport=localport][,ipv4][,ipv6][,mux=on|off]\n" 2488 " [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2489 "-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2490 "-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]\n" 2491 " [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2492 "-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2493 "-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2494 "-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2495#ifdef _WIN32 2496 "-chardev console,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2497 "-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2498#else 2499 "-chardev pty,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2500 "-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2501#endif 2502#ifdef CONFIG_BRLAPI 2503 "-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2504#endif 2505#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__sun__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) \ 2506 || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) 2507 "-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2508 "-chardev tty,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2509#endif 2510#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) 2511 "-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2512 "-chardev parport,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2513#endif 2514#if defined(CONFIG_SPICE) 2515 "-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2516 "-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2517#endif 2518 , QEMU_ARCH_ALL 2519) 2520 2521STEXI 2522 2523The general form of a character device option is: 2524@table @option 2525@item -chardev @var{backend} ,id=@var{id} [,mux=on|off] [,@var{options}] 2526@findex -chardev 2527Backend is one of: 2528@option{null}, 2529@option{socket}, 2530@option{udp}, 2531@option{msmouse}, 2532@option{vc}, 2533@option{ringbuf}, 2534@option{file}, 2535@option{pipe}, 2536@option{console}, 2537@option{serial}, 2538@option{pty}, 2539@option{stdio}, 2540@option{braille}, 2541@option{tty}, 2542@option{parallel}, 2543@option{parport}, 2544@option{spicevmc}. 2545@option{spiceport}. 2546The specific backend will determine the applicable options. 2547 2548Use @code{-chardev help} to print all available chardev backend types. 2549 2550All devices must have an id, which can be any string up to 127 characters long. 2551It is used to uniquely identify this device in other command line directives. 2552 2553A character device may be used in multiplexing mode by multiple front-ends. 2554Specify @option{mux=on} to enable this mode. 2555A multiplexer is a "1:N" device, and here the "1" end is your specified chardev 2556backend, and the "N" end is the various parts of QEMU that can talk to a chardev. 2557If you create a chardev with @option{id=myid} and @option{mux=on}, QEMU will 2558create a multiplexer with your specified ID, and you can then configure multiple 2559front ends to use that chardev ID for their input/output. Up to four different 2560front ends can be connected to a single multiplexed chardev. (Without 2561multiplexing enabled, a chardev can only be used by a single front end.) 2562For instance you could use this to allow a single stdio chardev to be used by 2563two serial ports and the QEMU monitor: 2564 2565@example 2566-chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \ 2567-mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \ 2568-serial chardev:char0 \ 2569-serial chardev:char0 2570@end example 2571 2572You can have more than one multiplexer in a system configuration; for instance 2573you could have a TCP port multiplexed between UART 0 and UART 1, and stdio 2574multiplexed between the QEMU monitor and a parallel port: 2575 2576@example 2577-chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \ 2578-mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \ 2579-parallel chardev:char0 \ 2580-chardev tcp,...,mux=on,id=char1 \ 2581-serial chardev:char1 \ 2582-serial chardev:char1 2583@end example 2584 2585When you're using a multiplexed character device, some escape sequences are 2586interpreted in the input. @xref{mux_keys, Keys in the character backend 2587multiplexer}. 2588 2589Note that some other command line options may implicitly create multiplexed 2590character backends; for instance @option{-serial mon:stdio} creates a 2591multiplexed stdio backend connected to the serial port and the QEMU monitor, 2592and @option{-nographic} also multiplexes the console and the monitor to 2593stdio. 2594 2595There is currently no support for multiplexing in the other direction 2596(where a single QEMU front end takes input and output from multiple chardevs). 2597 2598Every backend supports the @option{logfile} option, which supplies the path 2599to a file to record all data transmitted via the backend. The @option{logappend} 2600option controls whether the log file will be truncated or appended to when 2601opened. 2602 2603@end table 2604 2605The available backends are: 2606 2607@table @option 2608@item -chardev null ,id=@var{id} 2609A void device. This device will not emit any data, and will drop any data it 2610receives. The null backend does not take any options. 2611 2612@item -chardev socket ,id=@var{id} [@var{TCP options} or @var{unix options}] [,server] [,nowait] [,telnet] [,reconnect=@var{seconds}] [,tls-creds=@var{id}] 2613 2614Create a two-way stream socket, which can be either a TCP or a unix socket. A 2615unix socket will be created if @option{path} is specified. Behaviour is 2616undefined if TCP options are specified for a unix socket. 2617 2618@option{server} specifies that the socket shall be a listening socket. 2619 2620@option{nowait} specifies that QEMU should not block waiting for a client to 2621connect to a listening socket. 2622 2623@option{telnet} specifies that traffic on the socket should interpret telnet 2624escape sequences. 2625 2626@option{reconnect} sets the timeout for reconnecting on non-server sockets when 2627the remote end goes away. qemu will delay this many seconds and then attempt 2628to reconnect. Zero disables reconnecting, and is the default. 2629 2630@option{tls-creds} requests enablement of the TLS protocol for encryption, 2631and specifies the id of the TLS credentials to use for the handshake. The 2632credentials must be previously created with the @option{-object tls-creds} 2633argument. 2634 2635TCP and unix socket options are given below: 2636 2637@table @option 2638 2639@item TCP options: port=@var{port} [,host=@var{host}] [,to=@var{to}] [,ipv4] [,ipv6] [,nodelay] 2640 2641@option{host} for a listening socket specifies the local address to be bound. 2642For a connecting socket species the remote host to connect to. @option{host} is 2643optional for listening sockets. If not specified it defaults to @code{0.0.0.0}. 2644 2645@option{port} for a listening socket specifies the local port to be bound. For a 2646connecting socket specifies the port on the remote host to connect to. 2647@option{port} can be given as either a port number or a service name. 2648@option{port} is required. 2649 2650@option{to} is only relevant to listening sockets. If it is specified, and 2651@option{port} cannot be bound, QEMU will attempt to bind to subsequent ports up 2652to and including @option{to} until it succeeds. @option{to} must be specified 2653as a port number. 2654 2655@option{ipv4} and @option{ipv6} specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used. 2656If neither is specified the socket may use either protocol. 2657 2658@option{nodelay} disables the Nagle algorithm. 2659 2660@item unix options: path=@var{path} 2661 2662@option{path} specifies the local path of the unix socket. @option{path} is 2663required. 2664 2665@end table 2666 2667@item -chardev udp ,id=@var{id} [,host=@var{host}] ,port=@var{port} [,localaddr=@var{localaddr}] [,localport=@var{localport}] [,ipv4] [,ipv6] 2668 2669Sends all traffic from the guest to a remote host over UDP. 2670 2671@option{host} specifies the remote host to connect to. If not specified it 2672defaults to @code{localhost}. 2673 2674@option{port} specifies the port on the remote host to connect to. @option{port} 2675is required. 2676 2677@option{localaddr} specifies the local address to bind to. If not specified it 2678defaults to @code{0.0.0.0}. 2679 2680@option{localport} specifies the local port to bind to. If not specified any 2681available local port will be used. 2682 2683@option{ipv4} and @option{ipv6} specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used. 2684If neither is specified the device may use either protocol. 2685 2686@item -chardev msmouse ,id=@var{id} 2687 2688Forward QEMU's emulated msmouse events to the guest. @option{msmouse} does not 2689take any options. 2690 2691@item -chardev vc ,id=@var{id} [[,width=@var{width}] [,height=@var{height}]] [[,cols=@var{cols}] [,rows=@var{rows}]] 2692 2693Connect to a QEMU text console. @option{vc} may optionally be given a specific 2694size. 2695 2696@option{width} and @option{height} specify the width and height respectively of 2697the console, in pixels. 2698 2699@option{cols} and @option{rows} specify that the console be sized to fit a text 2700console with the given dimensions. 2701 2702@item -chardev ringbuf ,id=@var{id} [,size=@var{size}] 2703 2704Create a ring buffer with fixed size @option{size}. 2705@var{size} must be a power of two and defaults to @code{64K}. 2706 2707@item -chardev file ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2708 2709Log all traffic received from the guest to a file. 2710 2711@option{path} specifies the path of the file to be opened. This file will be 2712created if it does not already exist, and overwritten if it does. @option{path} 2713is required. 2714 2715@item -chardev pipe ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2716 2717Create a two-way connection to the guest. The behaviour differs slightly between 2718Windows hosts and other hosts: 2719 2720On Windows, a single duplex pipe will be created at 2721@file{\\.pipe\@option{path}}. 2722 2723On other hosts, 2 pipes will be created called @file{@option{path}.in} and 2724@file{@option{path}.out}. Data written to @file{@option{path}.in} will be 2725received by the guest. Data written by the guest can be read from 2726@file{@option{path}.out}. QEMU will not create these fifos, and requires them to 2727be present. 2728 2729@option{path} forms part of the pipe path as described above. @option{path} is 2730required. 2731 2732@item -chardev console ,id=@var{id} 2733 2734Send traffic from the guest to QEMU's standard output. @option{console} does not 2735take any options. 2736 2737@option{console} is only available on Windows hosts. 2738 2739@item -chardev serial ,id=@var{id} ,path=@option{path} 2740 2741Send traffic from the guest to a serial device on the host. 2742 2743On Unix hosts serial will actually accept any tty device, 2744not only serial lines. 2745 2746@option{path} specifies the name of the serial device to open. 2747 2748@item -chardev pty ,id=@var{id} 2749 2750Create a new pseudo-terminal on the host and connect to it. @option{pty} does 2751not take any options. 2752 2753@option{pty} is not available on Windows hosts. 2754 2755@item -chardev stdio ,id=@var{id} [,signal=on|off] 2756Connect to standard input and standard output of the QEMU process. 2757 2758@option{signal} controls if signals are enabled on the terminal, that includes 2759exiting QEMU with the key sequence @key{Control-c}. This option is enabled by 2760default, use @option{signal=off} to disable it. 2761 2762@item -chardev braille ,id=@var{id} 2763 2764Connect to a local BrlAPI server. @option{braille} does not take any options. 2765 2766@item -chardev tty ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2767 2768@option{tty} is only available on Linux, Sun, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and 2769DragonFlyBSD hosts. It is an alias for @option{serial}. 2770 2771@option{path} specifies the path to the tty. @option{path} is required. 2772 2773@item -chardev parallel ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2774@itemx -chardev parport ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2775 2776@option{parallel} is only available on Linux, FreeBSD and DragonFlyBSD hosts. 2777 2778Connect to a local parallel port. 2779 2780@option{path} specifies the path to the parallel port device. @option{path} is 2781required. 2782 2783@item -chardev spicevmc ,id=@var{id} ,debug=@var{debug}, name=@var{name} 2784 2785@option{spicevmc} is only available when spice support is built in. 2786 2787@option{debug} debug level for spicevmc 2788 2789@option{name} name of spice channel to connect to 2790 2791Connect to a spice virtual machine channel, such as vdiport. 2792 2793@item -chardev spiceport ,id=@var{id} ,debug=@var{debug}, name=@var{name} 2794 2795@option{spiceport} is only available when spice support is built in. 2796 2797@option{debug} debug level for spicevmc 2798 2799@option{name} name of spice port to connect to 2800 2801Connect to a spice port, allowing a Spice client to handle the traffic 2802identified by a name (preferably a fqdn). 2803ETEXI 2804 2805STEXI 2806@end table 2807ETEXI 2808DEFHEADING() 2809 2810DEFHEADING(Bluetooth(R) options:) 2811STEXI 2812@table @option 2813ETEXI 2814 2815DEF("bt", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bt, \ 2816 "-bt hci,null dumb bluetooth HCI - doesn't respond to commands\n" \ 2817 "-bt hci,host[:id]\n" \ 2818 " use host's HCI with the given name\n" \ 2819 "-bt hci[,vlan=n]\n" \ 2820 " emulate a standard HCI in virtual scatternet 'n'\n" \ 2821 "-bt vhci[,vlan=n]\n" \ 2822 " add host computer to virtual scatternet 'n' using VHCI\n" \ 2823 "-bt device:dev[,vlan=n]\n" \ 2824 " emulate a bluetooth device 'dev' in scatternet 'n'\n", 2825 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2826STEXI 2827@item -bt hci[...] 2828@findex -bt 2829Defines the function of the corresponding Bluetooth HCI. -bt options 2830are matched with the HCIs present in the chosen machine type. For 2831example when emulating a machine with only one HCI built into it, only 2832the first @code{-bt hci[...]} option is valid and defines the HCI's 2833logic. The Transport Layer is decided by the machine type. Currently 2834the machines @code{n800} and @code{n810} have one HCI and all other 2835machines have none. 2836 2837@anchor{bt-hcis} 2838The following three types are recognized: 2839 2840@table @option 2841@item -bt hci,null 2842(default) The corresponding Bluetooth HCI assumes no internal logic 2843and will not respond to any HCI commands or emit events. 2844 2845@item -bt hci,host[:@var{id}] 2846(@code{bluez} only) The corresponding HCI passes commands / events 2847to / from the physical HCI identified by the name @var{id} (default: 2848@code{hci0}) on the computer running QEMU. Only available on @code{bluez} 2849capable systems like Linux. 2850 2851@item -bt hci[,vlan=@var{n}] 2852Add a virtual, standard HCI that will participate in the Bluetooth 2853scatternet @var{n} (default @code{0}). Similarly to @option{-net} 2854VLANs, devices inside a bluetooth network @var{n} can only communicate 2855with other devices in the same network (scatternet). 2856@end table 2857 2858@item -bt vhci[,vlan=@var{n}] 2859(Linux-host only) Create a HCI in scatternet @var{n} (default 0) attached 2860to the host bluetooth stack instead of to the emulated target. This 2861allows the host and target machines to participate in a common scatternet 2862and communicate. Requires the Linux @code{vhci} driver installed. Can 2863be used as following: 2864 2865@example 2866qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -bt hci,vlan=5 -bt vhci,vlan=5 2867@end example 2868 2869@item -bt device:@var{dev}[,vlan=@var{n}] 2870Emulate a bluetooth device @var{dev} and place it in network @var{n} 2871(default @code{0}). QEMU can only emulate one type of bluetooth devices 2872currently: 2873 2874@table @option 2875@item keyboard 2876Virtual wireless keyboard implementing the HIDP bluetooth profile. 2877@end table 2878ETEXI 2879 2880STEXI 2881@end table 2882ETEXI 2883DEFHEADING() 2884 2885#ifdef CONFIG_TPM 2886DEFHEADING(TPM device options:) 2887 2888DEF("tpmdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tpmdev, \ 2889 "-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]\n" 2890 " use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0\n" 2891 " use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if\n" 2892 " not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device\n" 2893 "-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev\n" 2894 " configure the TPM device using chardev backend\n", 2895 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2896STEXI 2897 2898The general form of a TPM device option is: 2899@table @option 2900 2901@item -tpmdev @var{backend} ,id=@var{id} [,@var{options}] 2902@findex -tpmdev 2903 2904The specific backend type will determine the applicable options. 2905The @code{-tpmdev} option creates the TPM backend and requires a 2906@code{-device} option that specifies the TPM frontend interface model. 2907 2908Use @code{-tpmdev help} to print all available TPM backend types. 2909 2910@end table 2911 2912The available backends are: 2913 2914@table @option 2915 2916@item -tpmdev passthrough, id=@var{id}, path=@var{path}, cancel-path=@var{cancel-path} 2917 2918(Linux-host only) Enable access to the host's TPM using the passthrough 2919driver. 2920 2921@option{path} specifies the path to the host's TPM device, i.e., on 2922a Linux host this would be @code{/dev/tpm0}. 2923@option{path} is optional and by default @code{/dev/tpm0} is used. 2924 2925@option{cancel-path} specifies the path to the host TPM device's sysfs 2926entry allowing for cancellation of an ongoing TPM command. 2927@option{cancel-path} is optional and by default QEMU will search for the 2928sysfs entry to use. 2929 2930Some notes about using the host's TPM with the passthrough driver: 2931 2932The TPM device accessed by the passthrough driver must not be 2933used by any other application on the host. 2934 2935Since the host's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) has already initialized the TPM, 2936the VM's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) will not be able to initialize the 2937TPM again and may therefore not show a TPM-specific menu that would 2938otherwise allow the user to configure the TPM, e.g., allow the user to 2939enable/disable or activate/deactivate the TPM. 2940Further, if TPM ownership is released from within a VM then the host's TPM 2941will get disabled and deactivated. To enable and activate the 2942TPM again afterwards, the host has to be rebooted and the user is 2943required to enter the firmware's menu to enable and activate the TPM. 2944If the TPM is left disabled and/or deactivated most TPM commands will fail. 2945 2946To create a passthrough TPM use the following two options: 2947@example 2948-tpmdev passthrough,id=tpm0 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0 2949@end example 2950Note that the @code{-tpmdev} id is @code{tpm0} and is referenced by 2951@code{tpmdev=tpm0} in the device option. 2952 2953@item -tpmdev emulator, id=@var{id}, chardev=@var{dev} 2954 2955(Linux-host only) Enable access to a TPM emulator using Unix domain socket based 2956chardev backend. 2957 2958@option{chardev} specifies the unique ID of a character device backend that provides connection to the software TPM server. 2959 2960To create a TPM emulator backend device with chardev socket backend: 2961@example 2962 2963-chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/swtpm-sock -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0 2964 2965@end example 2966 2967ETEXI 2968 2969STEXI 2970@end table 2971ETEXI 2972DEFHEADING() 2973 2974#endif 2975 2976DEFHEADING(Linux/Multiboot boot specific:) 2977STEXI 2978 2979When using these options, you can use a given Linux or Multiboot 2980kernel without installing it in the disk image. It can be useful 2981for easier testing of various kernels. 2982 2983@table @option 2984ETEXI 2985 2986DEF("kernel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_kernel, \ 2987 "-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2988STEXI 2989@item -kernel @var{bzImage} 2990@findex -kernel 2991Use @var{bzImage} as kernel image. The kernel can be either a Linux kernel 2992or in multiboot format. 2993ETEXI 2994 2995DEF("append", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_append, \ 2996 "-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2997STEXI 2998@item -append @var{cmdline} 2999@findex -append 3000Use @var{cmdline} as kernel command line 3001ETEXI 3002 3003DEF("initrd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_initrd, \ 3004 "-initrd file use 'file' as initial ram disk\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3005STEXI 3006@item -initrd @var{file} 3007@findex -initrd 3008Use @var{file} as initial ram disk. 3009 3010@item -initrd "@var{file1} arg=foo,@var{file2}" 3011 3012This syntax is only available with multiboot. 3013 3014Use @var{file1} and @var{file2} as modules and pass arg=foo as parameter to the 3015first module. 3016ETEXI 3017 3018DEF("dtb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_dtb, \ 3019 "-dtb file use 'file' as device tree image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3020STEXI 3021@item -dtb @var{file} 3022@findex -dtb 3023Use @var{file} as a device tree binary (dtb) image and pass it to the kernel 3024on boot. 3025ETEXI 3026 3027STEXI 3028@end table 3029ETEXI 3030DEFHEADING() 3031 3032DEFHEADING(Debug/Expert options:) 3033STEXI 3034@table @option 3035ETEXI 3036 3037DEF("fw_cfg", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fwcfg, 3038 "-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>\n" 3039 " add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file\n" 3040 "-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>\n" 3041 " add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string\n", 3042 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3043STEXI 3044 3045@item -fw_cfg [name=]@var{name},file=@var{file} 3046@findex -fw_cfg 3047Add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file @var{file}. 3048 3049@item -fw_cfg [name=]@var{name},string=@var{str} 3050Add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string @var{str}. 3051 3052The terminating NUL character of the contents of @var{str} will not be 3053included as part of the fw_cfg item data. To insert contents with 3054embedded NUL characters, you have to use the @var{file} parameter. 3055 3056The fw_cfg entries are passed by QEMU through to the guest. 3057 3058Example: 3059@example 3060 -fw_cfg name=opt/com.mycompany/blob,file=./my_blob.bin 3061@end example 3062creates an fw_cfg entry named opt/com.mycompany/blob with contents 3063from ./my_blob.bin. 3064 3065ETEXI 3066 3067DEF("serial", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_serial, \ 3068 "-serial dev redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'\n", 3069 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3070STEXI 3071@item -serial @var{dev} 3072@findex -serial 3073Redirect the virtual serial port to host character device 3074@var{dev}. The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and 3075@code{stdio} in non graphical mode. 3076 3077This option can be used several times to simulate up to 4 serial 3078ports. 3079 3080Use @code{-serial none} to disable all serial ports. 3081 3082Available character devices are: 3083@table @option 3084@item vc[:@var{W}x@var{H}] 3085Virtual console. Optionally, a width and height can be given in pixel with 3086@example 3087vc:800x600 3088@end example 3089It is also possible to specify width or height in characters: 3090@example 3091vc:80Cx24C 3092@end example 3093@item pty 3094[Linux only] Pseudo TTY (a new PTY is automatically allocated) 3095@item none 3096No device is allocated. 3097@item null 3098void device 3099@item chardev:@var{id} 3100Use a named character device defined with the @code{-chardev} option. 3101@item /dev/XXX 3102[Linux only] Use host tty, e.g. @file{/dev/ttyS0}. The host serial port 3103parameters are set according to the emulated ones. 3104@item /dev/parport@var{N} 3105[Linux only, parallel port only] Use host parallel port 3106@var{N}. Currently SPP and EPP parallel port features can be used. 3107@item file:@var{filename} 3108Write output to @var{filename}. No character can be read. 3109@item stdio 3110[Unix only] standard input/output 3111@item pipe:@var{filename} 3112name pipe @var{filename} 3113@item COM@var{n} 3114[Windows only] Use host serial port @var{n} 3115@item udp:[@var{remote_host}]:@var{remote_port}[@@[@var{src_ip}]:@var{src_port}] 3116This implements UDP Net Console. 3117When @var{remote_host} or @var{src_ip} are not specified 3118they default to @code{0.0.0.0}. 3119When not using a specified @var{src_port} a random port is automatically chosen. 3120 3121If you just want a simple readonly console you can use @code{netcat} or 3122@code{nc}, by starting QEMU with: @code{-serial udp::4555} and nc as: 3123@code{nc -u -l -p 4555}. Any time QEMU writes something to that port it 3124will appear in the netconsole session. 3125 3126If you plan to send characters back via netconsole or you want to stop 3127and start QEMU a lot of times, you should have QEMU use the same 3128source port each time by using something like @code{-serial 3129udp::4555@@:4556} to QEMU. Another approach is to use a patched 3130version of netcat which can listen to a TCP port and send and receive 3131characters via udp. If you have a patched version of netcat which 3132activates telnet remote echo and single char transfer, then you can 3133use the following options to set up a netcat redirector to allow 3134telnet on port 5555 to access the QEMU port. 3135@table @code 3136@item QEMU Options: 3137-serial udp::4555@@:4556 3138@item netcat options: 3139-u -P 4555 -L 0.0.0.0:4556 -t -p 5555 -I -T 3140@item telnet options: 3141localhost 5555 3142@end table 3143 3144@item tcp:[@var{host}]:@var{port}[,@var{server}][,nowait][,nodelay][,reconnect=@var{seconds}] 3145The TCP Net Console has two modes of operation. It can send the serial 3146I/O to a location or wait for a connection from a location. By default 3147the TCP Net Console is sent to @var{host} at the @var{port}. If you use 3148the @var{server} option QEMU will wait for a client socket application 3149to connect to the port before continuing, unless the @code{nowait} 3150option was specified. The @code{nodelay} option disables the Nagle buffering 3151algorithm. The @code{reconnect} option only applies if @var{noserver} is 3152set, if the connection goes down it will attempt to reconnect at the 3153given interval. If @var{host} is omitted, 0.0.0.0 is assumed. Only 3154one TCP connection at a time is accepted. You can use @code{telnet} to 3155connect to the corresponding character device. 3156@table @code 3157@item Example to send tcp console to 192.168.0.2 port 4444 3158-serial tcp:192.168.0.2:4444 3159@item Example to listen and wait on port 4444 for connection 3160-serial tcp::4444,server 3161@item Example to not wait and listen on ip 192.168.0.100 port 4444 3162-serial tcp:192.168.0.100:4444,server,nowait 3163@end table 3164 3165@item telnet:@var{host}:@var{port}[,server][,nowait][,nodelay] 3166The telnet protocol is used instead of raw tcp sockets. The options 3167work the same as if you had specified @code{-serial tcp}. The 3168difference is that the port acts like a telnet server or client using 3169telnet option negotiation. This will also allow you to send the 3170MAGIC_SYSRQ sequence if you use a telnet that supports sending the break 3171sequence. Typically in unix telnet you do it with Control-] and then 3172type "send break" followed by pressing the enter key. 3173 3174@item unix:@var{path}[,server][,nowait][,reconnect=@var{seconds}] 3175A unix domain socket is used instead of a tcp socket. The option works the 3176same as if you had specified @code{-serial tcp} except the unix domain socket 3177@var{path} is used for connections. 3178 3179@item mon:@var{dev_string} 3180This is a special option to allow the monitor to be multiplexed onto 3181another serial port. The monitor is accessed with key sequence of 3182@key{Control-a} and then pressing @key{c}. 3183@var{dev_string} should be any one of the serial devices specified 3184above. An example to multiplex the monitor onto a telnet server 3185listening on port 4444 would be: 3186@table @code 3187@item -serial mon:telnet::4444,server,nowait 3188@end table 3189When the monitor is multiplexed to stdio in this way, Ctrl+C will not terminate 3190QEMU any more but will be passed to the guest instead. 3191 3192@item braille 3193Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real 3194or fake device. 3195 3196@item msmouse 3197Three button serial mouse. Configure the guest to use Microsoft protocol. 3198@end table 3199ETEXI 3200 3201DEF("parallel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_parallel, \ 3202 "-parallel dev redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'\n", 3203 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3204STEXI 3205@item -parallel @var{dev} 3206@findex -parallel 3207Redirect the virtual parallel port to host device @var{dev} (same 3208devices as the serial port). On Linux hosts, @file{/dev/parportN} can 3209be used to use hardware devices connected on the corresponding host 3210parallel port. 3211 3212This option can be used several times to simulate up to 3 parallel 3213ports. 3214 3215Use @code{-parallel none} to disable all parallel ports. 3216ETEXI 3217 3218DEF("monitor", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_monitor, \ 3219 "-monitor dev redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'\n", 3220 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3221STEXI 3222@item -monitor @var{dev} 3223@findex -monitor 3224Redirect the monitor to host device @var{dev} (same devices as the 3225serial port). 3226The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and @code{stdio} in 3227non graphical mode. 3228Use @code{-monitor none} to disable the default monitor. 3229ETEXI 3230DEF("qmp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_qmp, \ 3231 "-qmp dev like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode\n", 3232 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3233STEXI 3234@item -qmp @var{dev} 3235@findex -qmp 3236Like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode. 3237ETEXI 3238DEF("qmp-pretty", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_qmp_pretty, \ 3239 "-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting\n", 3240 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3241STEXI 3242@item -qmp-pretty @var{dev} 3243@findex -qmp-pretty 3244Like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting. 3245ETEXI 3246 3247DEF("mon", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mon, \ 3248 "-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3249STEXI 3250@item -mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]] 3251@findex -mon 3252Setup monitor on chardev @var{name}. @code{pretty} turns on JSON pretty printing 3253easing human reading and debugging. 3254ETEXI 3255 3256DEF("debugcon", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_debugcon, \ 3257 "-debugcon dev redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'\n", 3258 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3259STEXI 3260@item -debugcon @var{dev} 3261@findex -debugcon 3262Redirect the debug console to host device @var{dev} (same devices as the 3263serial port). The debug console is an I/O port which is typically port 32640xe9; writing to that I/O port sends output to this device. 3265The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and @code{stdio} in 3266non graphical mode. 3267ETEXI 3268 3269DEF("pidfile", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pidfile, \ 3270 "-pidfile file write PID to 'file'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3271STEXI 3272@item -pidfile @var{file} 3273@findex -pidfile 3274Store the QEMU process PID in @var{file}. It is useful if you launch QEMU 3275from a script. 3276ETEXI 3277 3278DEF("singlestep", 0, QEMU_OPTION_singlestep, \ 3279 "-singlestep always run in singlestep mode\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3280STEXI 3281@item -singlestep 3282@findex -singlestep 3283Run the emulation in single step mode. 3284ETEXI 3285 3286DEF("S", 0, QEMU_OPTION_S, \ 3287 "-S freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)\n", 3288 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3289STEXI 3290@item -S 3291@findex -S 3292Do not start CPU at startup (you must type 'c' in the monitor). 3293ETEXI 3294 3295DEF("realtime", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_realtime, 3296 "-realtime [mlock=on|off]\n" 3297 " run qemu with realtime features\n" 3298 " mlock=on|off controls mlock support (default: on)\n", 3299 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3300STEXI 3301@item -realtime mlock=on|off 3302@findex -realtime 3303Run qemu with realtime features. 3304mlocking qemu and guest memory can be enabled via @option{mlock=on} 3305(enabled by default). 3306ETEXI 3307 3308DEF("gdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_gdb, \ 3309 "-gdb dev wait for gdb connection on 'dev'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3310STEXI 3311@item -gdb @var{dev} 3312@findex -gdb 3313Wait for gdb connection on device @var{dev} (@pxref{gdb_usage}). Typical 3314connections will likely be TCP-based, but also UDP, pseudo TTY, or even 3315stdio are reasonable use case. The latter is allowing to start QEMU from 3316within gdb and establish the connection via a pipe: 3317@example 3318(gdb) target remote | exec qemu-system-i386 -gdb stdio ... 3319@end example 3320ETEXI 3321 3322DEF("s", 0, QEMU_OPTION_s, \ 3323 "-s shorthand for -gdb tcp::" DEFAULT_GDBSTUB_PORT "\n", 3324 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3325STEXI 3326@item -s 3327@findex -s 3328Shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234, i.e. open a gdbserver on TCP port 1234 3329(@pxref{gdb_usage}). 3330ETEXI 3331 3332DEF("d", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_d, \ 3333 "-d item1,... enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)\n", 3334 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3335STEXI 3336@item -d @var{item1}[,...] 3337@findex -d 3338Enable logging of specified items. Use '-d help' for a list of log items. 3339ETEXI 3340 3341DEF("D", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_D, \ 3342 "-D logfile output log to logfile (default stderr)\n", 3343 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3344STEXI 3345@item -D @var{logfile} 3346@findex -D 3347Output log in @var{logfile} instead of to stderr 3348ETEXI 3349 3350DEF("dfilter", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_DFILTER, \ 3351 "-dfilter range,.. filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)\n", 3352 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3353STEXI 3354@item -dfilter @var{range1}[,...] 3355@findex -dfilter 3356Filter debug output to that relevant to a range of target addresses. The filter 3357spec can be either @var{start}+@var{size}, @var{start}-@var{size} or 3358@var{start}..@var{end} where @var{start} @var{end} and @var{size} are the 3359addresses and sizes required. For example: 3360@example 3361 -dfilter 0x8000..0x8fff,0xffffffc000080000+0x200,0xffffffc000060000-0x1000 3362@end example 3363Will dump output for any code in the 0x1000 sized block starting at 0x8000 and 3364the 0x200 sized block starting at 0xffffffc000080000 and another 0x1000 sized 3365block starting at 0xffffffc00005f000. 3366ETEXI 3367 3368DEF("L", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_L, \ 3369 "-L path set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps\n", 3370 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3371STEXI 3372@item -L @var{path} 3373@findex -L 3374Set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps. 3375 3376To list all the data directories, use @code{-L help}. 3377ETEXI 3378 3379DEF("bios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bios, \ 3380 "-bios file set the filename for the BIOS\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3381STEXI 3382@item -bios @var{file} 3383@findex -bios 3384Set the filename for the BIOS. 3385ETEXI 3386 3387DEF("enable-kvm", 0, QEMU_OPTION_enable_kvm, \ 3388 "-enable-kvm enable KVM full virtualization support\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3389STEXI 3390@item -enable-kvm 3391@findex -enable-kvm 3392Enable KVM full virtualization support. This option is only available 3393if KVM support is enabled when compiling. 3394ETEXI 3395 3396DEF("enable-hax", 0, QEMU_OPTION_enable_hax, \ 3397 "-enable-hax enable HAX virtualization support\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 3398STEXI 3399@item -enable-hax 3400@findex -enable-hax 3401Enable HAX (Hardware-based Acceleration eXecution) support. This option 3402is only available if HAX support is enabled when compiling. HAX is only 3403applicable to MAC and Windows platform, and thus does not conflict with 3404KVM. 3405ETEXI 3406 3407DEF("xen-domid", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_xen_domid, 3408 "-xen-domid id specify xen guest domain id\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3409DEF("xen-create", 0, QEMU_OPTION_xen_create, 3410 "-xen-create create domain using xen hypercalls, bypassing xend\n" 3411 " warning: should not be used when xend is in use\n", 3412 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3413DEF("xen-attach", 0, QEMU_OPTION_xen_attach, 3414 "-xen-attach attach to existing xen domain\n" 3415 " xend will use this when starting QEMU\n", 3416 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3417DEF("xen-domid-restrict", 0, QEMU_OPTION_xen_domid_restrict, 3418 "-xen-domid-restrict restrict set of available xen operations\n" 3419 " to specified domain id. (Does not affect\n" 3420 " xenpv machine type).\n", 3421 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3422STEXI 3423@item -xen-domid @var{id} 3424@findex -xen-domid 3425Specify xen guest domain @var{id} (XEN only). 3426@item -xen-create 3427@findex -xen-create 3428Create domain using xen hypercalls, bypassing xend. 3429Warning: should not be used when xend is in use (XEN only). 3430@item -xen-attach 3431@findex -xen-attach 3432Attach to existing xen domain. 3433xend will use this when starting QEMU (XEN only). 3434@findex -xen-domid-restrict 3435Restrict set of available xen operations to specified domain id (XEN only). 3436ETEXI 3437 3438DEF("no-reboot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_reboot, \ 3439 "-no-reboot exit instead of rebooting\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3440STEXI 3441@item -no-reboot 3442@findex -no-reboot 3443Exit instead of rebooting. 3444ETEXI 3445 3446DEF("no-shutdown", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_shutdown, \ 3447 "-no-shutdown stop before shutdown\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3448STEXI 3449@item -no-shutdown 3450@findex -no-shutdown 3451Don't exit QEMU on guest shutdown, but instead only stop the emulation. 3452This allows for instance switching to monitor to commit changes to the 3453disk image. 3454ETEXI 3455 3456DEF("loadvm", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_loadvm, \ 3457 "-loadvm [tag|id]\n" \ 3458 " start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)\n", 3459 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3460STEXI 3461@item -loadvm @var{file} 3462@findex -loadvm 3463Start right away with a saved state (@code{loadvm} in monitor) 3464ETEXI 3465 3466#ifndef _WIN32 3467DEF("daemonize", 0, QEMU_OPTION_daemonize, \ 3468 "-daemonize daemonize QEMU after initializing\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3469#endif 3470STEXI 3471@item -daemonize 3472@findex -daemonize 3473Daemonize the QEMU process after initialization. QEMU will not detach from 3474standard IO until it is ready to receive connections on any of its devices. 3475This option is a useful way for external programs to launch QEMU without having 3476to cope with initialization race conditions. 3477ETEXI 3478 3479DEF("option-rom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_option_rom, \ 3480 "-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space\n", 3481 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3482STEXI 3483@item -option-rom @var{file} 3484@findex -option-rom 3485Load the contents of @var{file} as an option ROM. 3486This option is useful to load things like EtherBoot. 3487ETEXI 3488 3489HXCOMM Silently ignored for compatibility 3490DEF("clock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_clock, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3491 3492HXCOMM Options deprecated by -rtc 3493DEF("localtime", 0, QEMU_OPTION_localtime, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3494DEF("startdate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_startdate, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3495 3496DEF("rtc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_rtc, \ 3497 "-rtc [base=utc|localtime|date][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]\n" \ 3498 " set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)\n", 3499 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3500 3501STEXI 3502 3503@item -rtc [base=utc|localtime|@var{date}][,clock=host|vm][,driftfix=none|slew] 3504@findex -rtc 3505Specify @option{base} as @code{utc} or @code{localtime} to let the RTC start at the current 3506UTC or local time, respectively. @code{localtime} is required for correct date in 3507MS-DOS or Windows. To start at a specific point in time, provide @var{date} in the 3508format @code{2006-06-17T16:01:21} or @code{2006-06-17}. The default base is UTC. 3509 3510By default the RTC is driven by the host system time. This allows using of the 3511RTC as accurate reference clock inside the guest, specifically if the host 3512time is smoothly following an accurate external reference clock, e.g. via NTP. 3513If you want to isolate the guest time from the host, you can set @option{clock} 3514to @code{rt} instead. To even prevent it from progressing during suspension, 3515you can set it to @code{vm}. 3516 3517Enable @option{driftfix} (i386 targets only) if you experience time drift problems, 3518specifically with Windows' ACPI HAL. This option will try to figure out how 3519many timer interrupts were not processed by the Windows guest and will 3520re-inject them. 3521ETEXI 3522 3523DEF("icount", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_icount, \ 3524 "-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]\n" \ 3525 " enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per\n" \ 3526 " instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks\n" \ 3527 " or disable real time cpu sleeping\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3528STEXI 3529@item -icount [shift=@var{N}|auto][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=@var{filename},rrsnapshot=@var{snapshot}] 3530@findex -icount 3531Enable virtual instruction counter. The virtual cpu will execute one 3532instruction every 2^@var{N} ns of virtual time. If @code{auto} is specified 3533then the virtual cpu speed will be automatically adjusted to keep virtual 3534time within a few seconds of real time. 3535 3536When the virtual cpu is sleeping, the virtual time will advance at default 3537speed unless @option{sleep=on|off} is specified. 3538With @option{sleep=on|off}, the virtual time will jump to the next timer deadline 3539instantly whenever the virtual cpu goes to sleep mode and will not advance 3540if no timer is enabled. This behavior give deterministic execution times from 3541the guest point of view. 3542 3543Note that while this option can give deterministic behavior, it does not 3544provide cycle accurate emulation. Modern CPUs contain superscalar out of 3545order cores with complex cache hierarchies. The number of instructions 3546executed often has little or no correlation with actual performance. 3547 3548@option{align=on} will activate the delay algorithm which will try 3549to synchronise the host clock and the virtual clock. The goal is to 3550have a guest running at the real frequency imposed by the shift option. 3551Whenever the guest clock is behind the host clock and if 3552@option{align=on} is specified then we print a message to the user 3553to inform about the delay. 3554Currently this option does not work when @option{shift} is @code{auto}. 3555Note: The sync algorithm will work for those shift values for which 3556the guest clock runs ahead of the host clock. Typically this happens 3557when the shift value is high (how high depends on the host machine). 3558 3559When @option{rr} option is specified deterministic record/replay is enabled. 3560Replay log is written into @var{filename} file in record mode and 3561read from this file in replay mode. 3562 3563Option rrsnapshot is used to create new vm snapshot named @var{snapshot} 3564at the start of execution recording. In replay mode this option is used 3565to load the initial VM state. 3566ETEXI 3567 3568DEF("watchdog", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_watchdog, \ 3569 "-watchdog model\n" \ 3570 " enable virtual hardware watchdog [default=none]\n", 3571 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3572STEXI 3573@item -watchdog @var{model} 3574@findex -watchdog 3575Create a virtual hardware watchdog device. Once enabled (by a guest 3576action), the watchdog must be periodically polled by an agent inside 3577the guest or else the guest will be restarted. Choose a model for 3578which your guest has drivers. 3579 3580The @var{model} is the model of hardware watchdog to emulate. Use 3581@code{-watchdog help} to list available hardware models. Only one 3582watchdog can be enabled for a guest. 3583 3584The following models may be available: 3585@table @option 3586@item ib700 3587iBASE 700 is a very simple ISA watchdog with a single timer. 3588@item i6300esb 3589Intel 6300ESB I/O controller hub is a much more featureful PCI-based 3590dual-timer watchdog. 3591@item diag288 3592A virtual watchdog for s390x backed by the diagnose 288 hypercall 3593(currently KVM only). 3594@end table 3595ETEXI 3596 3597DEF("watchdog-action", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_watchdog_action, \ 3598 "-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none\n" \ 3599 " action when watchdog fires [default=reset]\n", 3600 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3601STEXI 3602@item -watchdog-action @var{action} 3603@findex -watchdog-action 3604 3605The @var{action} controls what QEMU will do when the watchdog timer 3606expires. 3607The default is 3608@code{reset} (forcefully reset the guest). 3609Other possible actions are: 3610@code{shutdown} (attempt to gracefully shutdown the guest), 3611@code{poweroff} (forcefully poweroff the guest), 3612@code{inject-nmi} (inject a NMI into the guest), 3613@code{pause} (pause the guest), 3614@code{debug} (print a debug message and continue), or 3615@code{none} (do nothing). 3616 3617Note that the @code{shutdown} action requires that the guest responds 3618to ACPI signals, which it may not be able to do in the sort of 3619situations where the watchdog would have expired, and thus 3620@code{-watchdog-action shutdown} is not recommended for production use. 3621 3622Examples: 3623 3624@table @code 3625@item -watchdog i6300esb -watchdog-action pause 3626@itemx -watchdog ib700 3627@end table 3628ETEXI 3629 3630DEF("echr", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_echr, \ 3631 "-echr chr set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a\n", 3632 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3633STEXI 3634 3635@item -echr @var{numeric_ascii_value} 3636@findex -echr 3637Change the escape character used for switching to the monitor when using 3638monitor and serial sharing. The default is @code{0x01} when using the 3639@code{-nographic} option. @code{0x01} is equal to pressing 3640@code{Control-a}. You can select a different character from the ascii 3641control keys where 1 through 26 map to Control-a through Control-z. For 3642instance you could use the either of the following to change the escape 3643character to Control-t. 3644@table @code 3645@item -echr 0x14 3646@itemx -echr 20 3647@end table 3648ETEXI 3649 3650DEF("virtioconsole", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_virtiocon, \ 3651 "-virtioconsole c\n" \ 3652 " set virtio console\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3653STEXI 3654@item -virtioconsole @var{c} 3655@findex -virtioconsole 3656Set virtio console. 3657 3658This option is maintained for backward compatibility. 3659 3660Please use @code{-device virtconsole} for the new way of invocation. 3661ETEXI 3662 3663DEF("show-cursor", 0, QEMU_OPTION_show_cursor, \ 3664 "-show-cursor show cursor\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3665STEXI 3666@item -show-cursor 3667@findex -show-cursor 3668Show cursor. 3669ETEXI 3670 3671DEF("tb-size", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tb_size, \ 3672 "-tb-size n set TB size\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3673STEXI 3674@item -tb-size @var{n} 3675@findex -tb-size 3676Set TB size. 3677ETEXI 3678 3679DEF("incoming", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_incoming, \ 3680 "-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4][,ipv6]\n" \ 3681 "-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4][,ipv6]\n" \ 3682 "-incoming unix:socketpath\n" \ 3683 " prepare for incoming migration, listen on\n" \ 3684 " specified protocol and socket address\n" \ 3685 "-incoming fd:fd\n" \ 3686 "-incoming exec:cmdline\n" \ 3687 " accept incoming migration on given file descriptor\n" \ 3688 " or from given external command\n" \ 3689 "-incoming defer\n" \ 3690 " wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming\n", 3691 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3692STEXI 3693@item -incoming tcp:[@var{host}]:@var{port}[,to=@var{maxport}][,ipv4][,ipv6] 3694@itemx -incoming rdma:@var{host}:@var{port}[,ipv4][,ipv6] 3695@findex -incoming 3696Prepare for incoming migration, listen on a given tcp port. 3697 3698@item -incoming unix:@var{socketpath} 3699Prepare for incoming migration, listen on a given unix socket. 3700 3701@item -incoming fd:@var{fd} 3702Accept incoming migration from a given filedescriptor. 3703 3704@item -incoming exec:@var{cmdline} 3705Accept incoming migration as an output from specified external command. 3706 3707@item -incoming defer 3708Wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming. The monitor can 3709be used to change settings (such as migration parameters) prior to issuing 3710the migrate_incoming to allow the migration to begin. 3711ETEXI 3712 3713DEF("only-migratable", 0, QEMU_OPTION_only_migratable, \ 3714 "-only-migratable allow only migratable devices\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3715STEXI 3716@item -only-migratable 3717@findex -only-migratable 3718Only allow migratable devices. Devices will not be allowed to enter an 3719unmigratable state. 3720ETEXI 3721 3722DEF("nodefaults", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nodefaults, \ 3723 "-nodefaults don't create default devices\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3724STEXI 3725@item -nodefaults 3726@findex -nodefaults 3727Don't create default devices. Normally, QEMU sets the default devices like serial 3728port, parallel port, virtual console, monitor device, VGA adapter, floppy and 3729CD-ROM drive and others. The @code{-nodefaults} option will disable all those 3730default devices. 3731ETEXI 3732 3733#ifndef _WIN32 3734DEF("chroot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_chroot, \ 3735 "-chroot dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM\n", 3736 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3737#endif 3738STEXI 3739@item -chroot @var{dir} 3740@findex -chroot 3741Immediately before starting guest execution, chroot to the specified 3742directory. Especially useful in combination with -runas. 3743ETEXI 3744 3745#ifndef _WIN32 3746DEF("runas", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_runas, \ 3747 "-runas user change to user id user just before starting the VM\n", 3748 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3749#endif 3750STEXI 3751@item -runas @var{user} 3752@findex -runas 3753Immediately before starting guest execution, drop root privileges, switching 3754to the specified user. 3755ETEXI 3756 3757DEF("prom-env", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_prom_env, 3758 "-prom-env variable=value\n" 3759 " set OpenBIOS nvram variables\n", 3760 QEMU_ARCH_PPC | QEMU_ARCH_SPARC) 3761STEXI 3762@item -prom-env @var{variable}=@var{value} 3763@findex -prom-env 3764Set OpenBIOS nvram @var{variable} to given @var{value} (PPC, SPARC only). 3765ETEXI 3766DEF("semihosting", 0, QEMU_OPTION_semihosting, 3767 "-semihosting semihosting mode\n", 3768 QEMU_ARCH_ARM | QEMU_ARCH_M68K | QEMU_ARCH_XTENSA | QEMU_ARCH_LM32 | 3769 QEMU_ARCH_MIPS) 3770STEXI 3771@item -semihosting 3772@findex -semihosting 3773Enable semihosting mode (ARM, M68K, Xtensa, MIPS only). 3774ETEXI 3775DEF("semihosting-config", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_semihosting_config, 3776 "-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,arg=str[,...]]\n" \ 3777 " semihosting configuration\n", 3778QEMU_ARCH_ARM | QEMU_ARCH_M68K | QEMU_ARCH_XTENSA | QEMU_ARCH_LM32 | 3779QEMU_ARCH_MIPS) 3780STEXI 3781@item -semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,arg=str[,...]] 3782@findex -semihosting-config 3783Enable and configure semihosting (ARM, M68K, Xtensa, MIPS only). 3784@table @option 3785@item target=@code{native|gdb|auto} 3786Defines where the semihosting calls will be addressed, to QEMU (@code{native}) 3787or to GDB (@code{gdb}). The default is @code{auto}, which means @code{gdb} 3788during debug sessions and @code{native} otherwise. 3789@item arg=@var{str1},arg=@var{str2},... 3790Allows the user to pass input arguments, and can be used multiple times to build 3791up a list. The old-style @code{-kernel}/@code{-append} method of passing a 3792command line is still supported for backward compatibility. If both the 3793@code{--semihosting-config arg} and the @code{-kernel}/@code{-append} are 3794specified, the former is passed to semihosting as it always takes precedence. 3795@end table 3796ETEXI 3797DEF("old-param", 0, QEMU_OPTION_old_param, 3798 "-old-param old param mode\n", QEMU_ARCH_ARM) 3799STEXI 3800@item -old-param 3801@findex -old-param (ARM) 3802Old param mode (ARM only). 3803ETEXI 3804 3805DEF("sandbox", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_sandbox, \ 3806 "-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]\n" \ 3807 " [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]\n" \ 3808 " Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').\n" \ 3809 " use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided\n" \ 3810 " by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern\n" \ 3811 " C library implementations.\n" \ 3812 " use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny QEMU process to elevate\n" \ 3813 " its privileges by blacklisting all set*uid|gid system calls.\n" \ 3814 " The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for\n" \ 3815 " main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged\n" \ 3816 " use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by\n" \ 3817 " blacklisting *fork and execve\n" \ 3818 " use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority\n", 3819 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3820STEXI 3821@item -sandbox @var{arg}[,obsolete=@var{string}][,elevateprivileges=@var{string}][,spawn=@var{string}][,resourcecontrol=@var{string}] 3822@findex -sandbox 3823Enable Seccomp mode 2 system call filter. 'on' will enable syscall filtering and 'off' will 3824disable it. The default is 'off'. 3825@table @option 3826@item obsolete=@var{string} 3827Enable Obsolete system calls 3828@item elevateprivileges=@var{string} 3829Disable set*uid|gid system calls 3830@item spawn=@var{string} 3831Disable *fork and execve 3832@item resourcecontrol=@var{string} 3833Disable process affinity and schedular priority 3834@end table 3835ETEXI 3836 3837DEF("readconfig", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_readconfig, 3838 "-readconfig <file>\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3839STEXI 3840@item -readconfig @var{file} 3841@findex -readconfig 3842Read device configuration from @var{file}. This approach is useful when you want to spawn 3843QEMU process with many command line options but you don't want to exceed the command line 3844character limit. 3845ETEXI 3846DEF("writeconfig", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_writeconfig, 3847 "-writeconfig <file>\n" 3848 " read/write config file\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3849STEXI 3850@item -writeconfig @var{file} 3851@findex -writeconfig 3852Write device configuration to @var{file}. The @var{file} can be either filename to save 3853command line and device configuration into file or dash @code{-}) character to print the 3854output to stdout. This can be later used as input file for @code{-readconfig} option. 3855ETEXI 3856HXCOMM Deprecated, same as -no-user-config 3857DEF("nodefconfig", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nodefconfig, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3858DEF("no-user-config", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nouserconfig, 3859 "-no-user-config\n" 3860 " do not load default user-provided config files at startup\n", 3861 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3862STEXI 3863@item -no-user-config 3864@findex -no-user-config 3865The @code{-no-user-config} option makes QEMU not load any of the user-provided 3866config files on @var{sysconfdir}. 3867ETEXI 3868DEF("trace", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_trace, 3869 "-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n" 3870 " specify tracing options\n", 3871 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3872STEXI 3873HXCOMM This line is not accurate, as some sub-options are backend-specific but 3874HXCOMM HX does not support conditional compilation of text. 3875@item -trace [[enable=]@var{pattern}][,events=@var{file}][,file=@var{file}] 3876@findex -trace 3877@include qemu-option-trace.texi 3878ETEXI 3879 3880HXCOMM Internal use 3881DEF("qtest", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_qtest, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3882DEF("qtest-log", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_qtest_log, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3883 3884#ifdef __linux__ 3885DEF("enable-fips", 0, QEMU_OPTION_enablefips, 3886 "-enable-fips enable FIPS 140-2 compliance\n", 3887 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3888#endif 3889STEXI 3890@item -enable-fips 3891@findex -enable-fips 3892Enable FIPS 140-2 compliance mode. 3893ETEXI 3894 3895HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine accel=tcg property 3896DEF("no-kvm", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm, "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 3897 3898HXCOMM Deprecated by kvm-pit driver properties 3899DEF("no-kvm-pit-reinjection", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_pit_reinjection, 3900 "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 3901 3902HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine kernel_irqchip=on|off property 3903DEF("no-kvm-irqchip", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_irqchip, "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 3904 3905HXCOMM Deprecated (ignored) 3906DEF("tdf", 0, QEMU_OPTION_tdf,"", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3907 3908DEF("msg", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_msg, 3909 "-msg timestamp[=on|off]\n" 3910 " change the format of messages\n" 3911 " on|off controls leading timestamps (default:on)\n", 3912 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3913STEXI 3914@item -msg timestamp[=on|off] 3915@findex -msg 3916prepend a timestamp to each log message.(default:on) 3917ETEXI 3918 3919DEF("dump-vmstate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_dump_vmstate, 3920 "-dump-vmstate <file>\n" 3921 " Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.\n" 3922 " Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to\n" 3923 " check for possible regressions in migration code\n" 3924 " by comparing two such vmstate dumps.\n", 3925 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3926STEXI 3927@item -dump-vmstate @var{file} 3928@findex -dump-vmstate 3929Dump json-encoded vmstate information for current machine type to file 3930in @var{file} 3931ETEXI 3932 3933STEXI 3934@end table 3935ETEXI 3936DEFHEADING() 3937 3938DEFHEADING(Generic object creation:) 3939STEXI 3940@table @option 3941ETEXI 3942 3943DEF("object", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_object, 3944 "-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]\n" 3945 " create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties\n" 3946 " in the order they are specified. Note that the 'id'\n" 3947 " property must be set. These objects are placed in the\n" 3948 " '/objects' path.\n", 3949 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3950STEXI 3951@item -object @var{typename}[,@var{prop1}=@var{value1},...] 3952@findex -object 3953Create a new object of type @var{typename} setting properties 3954in the order they are specified. Note that the 'id' 3955property must be set. These objects are placed in the 3956'/objects' path. 3957 3958@table @option 3959 3960@item -object memory-backend-file,id=@var{id},size=@var{size},mem-path=@var{dir},share=@var{on|off},discard-data=@var{on|off},merge=@var{on|off},dump=@var{on|off},prealloc=@var{on|off},host-nodes=@var{host-nodes},policy=@var{default|preferred|bind|interleave},align=@var{align} 3961 3962Creates a memory file backend object, which can be used to back 3963the guest RAM with huge pages. 3964 3965The @option{id} parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this 3966memory region when configuring the @option{-numa} argument. 3967 3968The @option{size} option provides the size of the memory region, and accepts 3969common suffixes, eg @option{500M}. 3970 3971The @option{mem-path} provides the path to either a shared memory or huge page 3972filesystem mount. 3973 3974The @option{share} boolean option determines whether the memory 3975region is marked as private to QEMU, or shared. The latter allows 3976a co-operating external process to access the QEMU memory region. 3977 3978Setting the @option{discard-data} boolean option to @var{on} 3979indicates that file contents can be destroyed when QEMU exits, 3980to avoid unnecessarily flushing data to the backing file. Note 3981that @option{discard-data} is only an optimization, and QEMU 3982might not discard file contents if it aborts unexpectedly or is 3983terminated using SIGKILL. 3984 3985The @option{merge} boolean option enables memory merge, also known as 3986MADV_MERGEABLE, so that Kernel Samepage Merging will consider the pages for 3987memory deduplication. 3988 3989Setting the @option{dump} boolean option to @var{off} excludes the memory from 3990core dumps. This feature is also known as MADV_DONTDUMP. 3991 3992The @option{prealloc} boolean option enables memory preallocation. 3993 3994The @option{host-nodes} option binds the memory range to a list of NUMA host 3995nodes. 3996 3997The @option{policy} option sets the NUMA policy to one of the following values: 3998 3999@table @option 4000@item @var{default} 4001default host policy 4002 4003@item @var{preferred} 4004prefer the given host node list for allocation 4005 4006@item @var{bind} 4007restrict memory allocation to the given host node list 4008 4009@item @var{interleave} 4010interleave memory allocations across the given host node list 4011@end table 4012 4013The @option{align} option specifies the base address alignment when 4014QEMU mmap(2) @option{mem-path}, and accepts common suffixes, eg 4015@option{2M}. Some backend store specified by @option{mem-path} 4016requires an alignment different than the default one used by QEMU, eg 4017the device DAX /dev/dax0.0 requires 2M alignment rather than 4K. In 4018such cases, users can specify the required alignment via this option. 4019 4020@item -object memory-backend-ram,id=@var{id},merge=@var{on|off},dump=@var{on|off},prealloc=@var{on|off},size=@var{size},host-nodes=@var{host-nodes},policy=@var{default|preferred|bind|interleave} 4021 4022Creates a memory backend object, which can be used to back the guest RAM. 4023Memory backend objects offer more control than the @option{-m} option that is 4024traditionally used to define guest RAM. Please refer to 4025@option{memory-backend-file} for a description of the options. 4026 4027@item -object memory-backend-memfd,id=@var{id},merge=@var{on|off},dump=@var{on|off},prealloc=@var{on|off},size=@var{size},host-nodes=@var{host-nodes},policy=@var{default|preferred|bind|interleave},seal=@var{on|off},hugetlb=@var{on|off},hugetlbsize=@var{size} 4028 4029Creates an anonymous memory file backend object, which allows QEMU to 4030share the memory with an external process (e.g. when using 4031vhost-user). The memory is allocated with memfd and optional 4032sealing. (Linux only) 4033 4034The @option{seal} option creates a sealed-file, that will block 4035further resizing the memory ('on' by default). 4036 4037The @option{hugetlb} option specify the file to be created resides in 4038the hugetlbfs filesystem (since Linux 4.14). Used in conjunction with 4039the @option{hugetlb} option, the @option{hugetlbsize} option specify 4040the hugetlb page size on systems that support multiple hugetlb page 4041sizes (it must be a power of 2 value supported by the system). 4042 4043In some versions of Linux, the @option{hugetlb} option is incompatible 4044with the @option{seal} option (requires at least Linux 4.16). 4045 4046Please refer to @option{memory-backend-file} for a description of the 4047other options. 4048 4049@item -object rng-random,id=@var{id},filename=@var{/dev/random} 4050 4051Creates a random number generator backend which obtains entropy from 4052a device on the host. The @option{id} parameter is a unique ID that 4053will be used to reference this entropy backend from the @option{virtio-rng} 4054device. The @option{filename} parameter specifies which file to obtain 4055entropy from and if omitted defaults to @option{/dev/random}. 4056 4057@item -object rng-egd,id=@var{id},chardev=@var{chardevid} 4058 4059Creates a random number generator backend which obtains entropy from 4060an external daemon running on the host. The @option{id} parameter is 4061a unique ID that will be used to reference this entropy backend from 4062the @option{virtio-rng} device. The @option{chardev} parameter is 4063the unique ID of a character device backend that provides the connection 4064to the RNG daemon. 4065 4066@item -object tls-creds-anon,id=@var{id},endpoint=@var{endpoint},dir=@var{/path/to/cred/dir},verify-peer=@var{on|off} 4067 4068Creates a TLS anonymous credentials object, which can be used to provide 4069TLS support on network backends. The @option{id} parameter is a unique 4070ID which network backends will use to access the credentials. The 4071@option{endpoint} is either @option{server} or @option{client} depending 4072on whether the QEMU network backend that uses the credentials will be 4073acting as a client or as a server. If @option{verify-peer} is enabled 4074(the default) then once the handshake is completed, the peer credentials 4075will be verified, though this is a no-op for anonymous credentials. 4076 4077The @var{dir} parameter tells QEMU where to find the credential 4078files. For server endpoints, this directory may contain a file 4079@var{dh-params.pem} providing diffie-hellman parameters to use 4080for the TLS server. If the file is missing, QEMU will generate 4081a set of DH parameters at startup. This is a computationally 4082expensive operation that consumes random pool entropy, so it is 4083recommended that a persistent set of parameters be generated 4084upfront and saved. 4085 4086@item -object tls-creds-x509,id=@var{id},endpoint=@var{endpoint},dir=@var{/path/to/cred/dir},verify-peer=@var{on|off},passwordid=@var{id} 4087 4088Creates a TLS anonymous credentials object, which can be used to provide 4089TLS support on network backends. The @option{id} parameter is a unique 4090ID which network backends will use to access the credentials. The 4091@option{endpoint} is either @option{server} or @option{client} depending 4092on whether the QEMU network backend that uses the credentials will be 4093acting as a client or as a server. If @option{verify-peer} is enabled 4094(the default) then once the handshake is completed, the peer credentials 4095will be verified. With x509 certificates, this implies that the clients 4096must be provided with valid client certificates too. 4097 4098The @var{dir} parameter tells QEMU where to find the credential 4099files. For server endpoints, this directory may contain a file 4100@var{dh-params.pem} providing diffie-hellman parameters to use 4101for the TLS server. If the file is missing, QEMU will generate 4102a set of DH parameters at startup. This is a computationally 4103expensive operation that consumes random pool entropy, so it is 4104recommended that a persistent set of parameters be generated 4105upfront and saved. 4106 4107For x509 certificate credentials the directory will contain further files 4108providing the x509 certificates. The certificates must be stored 4109in PEM format, in filenames @var{ca-cert.pem}, @var{ca-crl.pem} (optional), 4110@var{server-cert.pem} (only servers), @var{server-key.pem} (only servers), 4111@var{client-cert.pem} (only clients), and @var{client-key.pem} (only clients). 4112 4113For the @var{server-key.pem} and @var{client-key.pem} files which 4114contain sensitive private keys, it is possible to use an encrypted 4115version by providing the @var{passwordid} parameter. This provides 4116the ID of a previously created @code{secret} object containing the 4117password for decryption. 4118 4119@item -object filter-buffer,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{netdevid},interval=@var{t}[,queue=@var{all|rx|tx}][,status=@var{on|off}] 4120 4121Interval @var{t} can't be 0, this filter batches the packet delivery: all 4122packets arriving in a given interval on netdev @var{netdevid} are delayed 4123until the end of the interval. Interval is in microseconds. 4124@option{status} is optional that indicate whether the netfilter is 4125on (enabled) or off (disabled), the default status for netfilter will be 'on'. 4126 4127queue @var{all|rx|tx} is an option that can be applied to any netfilter. 4128 4129@option{all}: the filter is attached both to the receive and the transmit 4130 queue of the netdev (default). 4131 4132@option{rx}: the filter is attached to the receive queue of the netdev, 4133 where it will receive packets sent to the netdev. 4134 4135@option{tx}: the filter is attached to the transmit queue of the netdev, 4136 where it will receive packets sent by the netdev. 4137 4138@item -object filter-mirror,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{netdevid},outdev=@var{chardevid},queue=@var{all|rx|tx}[,vnet_hdr_support] 4139 4140filter-mirror on netdev @var{netdevid},mirror net packet to chardev@var{chardevid}, if it has the vnet_hdr_support flag, filter-mirror will mirror packet with vnet_hdr_len. 4141 4142@item -object filter-redirector,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{netdevid},indev=@var{chardevid},outdev=@var{chardevid},queue=@var{all|rx|tx}[,vnet_hdr_support] 4143 4144filter-redirector on netdev @var{netdevid},redirect filter's net packet to chardev 4145@var{chardevid},and redirect indev's packet to filter.if it has the vnet_hdr_support flag, 4146filter-redirector will redirect packet with vnet_hdr_len. 4147Create a filter-redirector we need to differ outdev id from indev id, id can not 4148be the same. we can just use indev or outdev, but at least one of indev or outdev 4149need to be specified. 4150 4151@item -object filter-rewriter,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{netdevid},queue=@var{all|rx|tx},[vnet_hdr_support] 4152 4153Filter-rewriter is a part of COLO project.It will rewrite tcp packet to 4154secondary from primary to keep secondary tcp connection,and rewrite 4155tcp packet to primary from secondary make tcp packet can be handled by 4156client.if it has the vnet_hdr_support flag, we can parse packet with vnet header. 4157 4158usage: 4159colo secondary: 4160-object filter-redirector,id=f1,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,indev=red0 4161-object filter-redirector,id=f2,netdev=hn0,queue=rx,outdev=red1 4162-object filter-rewriter,id=rew0,netdev=hn0,queue=all 4163 4164@item -object filter-dump,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{dev}[,file=@var{filename}][,maxlen=@var{len}] 4165 4166Dump the network traffic on netdev @var{dev} to the file specified by 4167@var{filename}. At most @var{len} bytes (64k by default) per packet are stored. 4168The file format is libpcap, so it can be analyzed with tools such as tcpdump 4169or Wireshark. 4170 4171@item -object colo-compare,id=@var{id},primary_in=@var{chardevid},secondary_in=@var{chardevid},outdev=@var{chardevid}[,vnet_hdr_support] 4172 4173Colo-compare gets packet from primary_in@var{chardevid} and secondary_in@var{chardevid}, than compare primary packet with 4174secondary packet. If the packets are same, we will output primary 4175packet to outdev@var{chardevid}, else we will notify colo-frame 4176do checkpoint and send primary packet to outdev@var{chardevid}. 4177if it has the vnet_hdr_support flag, colo compare will send/recv packet with vnet_hdr_len. 4178 4179we must use it with the help of filter-mirror and filter-redirector. 4180 4181@example 4182 4183primary: 4184-netdev tap,id=hn0,vhost=off,script=/etc/qemu-ifup,downscript=/etc/qemu-ifdown 4185-device e1000,id=e0,netdev=hn0,mac=52:a4:00:12:78:66 4186-chardev socket,id=mirror0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9003,server,nowait 4187-chardev socket,id=compare1,host=3.3.3.3,port=9004,server,nowait 4188-chardev socket,id=compare0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9001,server,nowait 4189-chardev socket,id=compare0-0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9001 4190-chardev socket,id=compare_out,host=3.3.3.3,port=9005,server,nowait 4191-chardev socket,id=compare_out0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9005 4192-object filter-mirror,id=m0,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,outdev=mirror0 4193-object filter-redirector,netdev=hn0,id=redire0,queue=rx,indev=compare_out 4194-object filter-redirector,netdev=hn0,id=redire1,queue=rx,outdev=compare0 4195-object colo-compare,id=comp0,primary_in=compare0-0,secondary_in=compare1,outdev=compare_out0 4196 4197secondary: 4198-netdev tap,id=hn0,vhost=off,script=/etc/qemu-ifup,down script=/etc/qemu-ifdown 4199-device e1000,netdev=hn0,mac=52:a4:00:12:78:66 4200-chardev socket,id=red0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9003 4201-chardev socket,id=red1,host=3.3.3.3,port=9004 4202-object filter-redirector,id=f1,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,indev=red0 4203-object filter-redirector,id=f2,netdev=hn0,queue=rx,outdev=red1 4204 4205@end example 4206 4207If you want to know the detail of above command line, you can read 4208the colo-compare git log. 4209 4210@item -object cryptodev-backend-builtin,id=@var{id}[,queues=@var{queues}] 4211 4212Creates a cryptodev backend which executes crypto opreation from 4213the QEMU cipher APIS. The @var{id} parameter is 4214a unique ID that will be used to reference this cryptodev backend from 4215the @option{virtio-crypto} device. The @var{queues} parameter is optional, 4216which specify the queue number of cryptodev backend, the default of 4217@var{queues} is 1. 4218 4219@example 4220 4221 # qemu-system-x86_64 \ 4222 [...] \ 4223 -object cryptodev-backend-builtin,id=cryptodev0 \ 4224 -device virtio-crypto-pci,id=crypto0,cryptodev=cryptodev0 \ 4225 [...] 4226@end example 4227 4228@item -object secret,id=@var{id},data=@var{string},format=@var{raw|base64}[,keyid=@var{secretid},iv=@var{string}] 4229@item -object secret,id=@var{id},file=@var{filename},format=@var{raw|base64}[,keyid=@var{secretid},iv=@var{string}] 4230 4231Defines a secret to store a password, encryption key, or some other sensitive 4232data. The sensitive data can either be passed directly via the @var{data} 4233parameter, or indirectly via the @var{file} parameter. Using the @var{data} 4234parameter is insecure unless the sensitive data is encrypted. 4235 4236The sensitive data can be provided in raw format (the default), or base64. 4237When encoded as JSON, the raw format only supports valid UTF-8 characters, 4238so base64 is recommended for sending binary data. QEMU will convert from 4239which ever format is provided to the format it needs internally. eg, an 4240RBD password can be provided in raw format, even though it will be base64 4241encoded when passed onto the RBD sever. 4242 4243For added protection, it is possible to encrypt the data associated with 4244a secret using the AES-256-CBC cipher. Use of encryption is indicated 4245by providing the @var{keyid} and @var{iv} parameters. The @var{keyid} 4246parameter provides the ID of a previously defined secret that contains 4247the AES-256 decryption key. This key should be 32-bytes long and be 4248base64 encoded. The @var{iv} parameter provides the random initialization 4249vector used for encryption of this particular secret and should be a 4250base64 encrypted string of the 16-byte IV. 4251 4252The simplest (insecure) usage is to provide the secret inline 4253 4254@example 4255 4256 # $QEMU -object secret,id=sec0,data=letmein,format=raw 4257 4258@end example 4259 4260The simplest secure usage is to provide the secret via a file 4261 4262 # printf "letmein" > mypasswd.txt 4263 # $QEMU -object secret,id=sec0,file=mypasswd.txt,format=raw 4264 4265For greater security, AES-256-CBC should be used. To illustrate usage, 4266consider the openssl command line tool which can encrypt the data. Note 4267that when encrypting, the plaintext must be padded to the cipher block 4268size (32 bytes) using the standard PKCS#5/6 compatible padding algorithm. 4269 4270First a master key needs to be created in base64 encoding: 4271 4272@example 4273 # openssl rand -base64 32 > key.b64 4274 # KEY=$(base64 -d key.b64 | hexdump -v -e '/1 "%02X"') 4275@end example 4276 4277Each secret to be encrypted needs to have a random initialization vector 4278generated. These do not need to be kept secret 4279 4280@example 4281 # openssl rand -base64 16 > iv.b64 4282 # IV=$(base64 -d iv.b64 | hexdump -v -e '/1 "%02X"') 4283@end example 4284 4285The secret to be defined can now be encrypted, in this case we're 4286telling openssl to base64 encode the result, but it could be left 4287as raw bytes if desired. 4288 4289@example 4290 # SECRET=$(printf "letmein" | 4291 openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -a -K $KEY -iv $IV) 4292@end example 4293 4294When launching QEMU, create a master secret pointing to @code{key.b64} 4295and specify that to be used to decrypt the user password. Pass the 4296contents of @code{iv.b64} to the second secret 4297 4298@example 4299 # $QEMU \ 4300 -object secret,id=secmaster0,format=base64,file=key.b64 \ 4301 -object secret,id=sec0,keyid=secmaster0,format=base64,\ 4302 data=$SECRET,iv=$(<iv.b64) 4303@end example 4304 4305@end table 4306 4307ETEXI 4308 4309 4310HXCOMM This is the last statement. Insert new options before this line! 4311STEXI 4312@end table 4313ETEXI 4314
