xref: /openbmc/qemu/qemu-io-cmds.c (revision da34e65c)
1 /*
2  * Command line utility to exercise the QEMU I/O path.
3  *
4  * Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat, Inc.
5  * Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
6  *
7  * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
8  * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
9  */
10 
11 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
12 #include "qapi/error.h"
13 #include "qemu-io.h"
14 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
15 #include "block/block.h"
16 #include "block/block_int.h" /* for info_f() */
17 #include "block/qapi.h"
18 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
19 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
20 #include "qemu/timer.h"
21 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
22 
23 #define CMD_NOFILE_OK   0x01
24 
25 bool qemuio_misalign;
26 
27 static cmdinfo_t *cmdtab;
28 static int ncmds;
29 
30 static int compare_cmdname(const void *a, const void *b)
31 {
32     return strcmp(((const cmdinfo_t *)a)->name,
33                   ((const cmdinfo_t *)b)->name);
34 }
35 
36 void qemuio_add_command(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
37 {
38     cmdtab = g_renew(cmdinfo_t, cmdtab, ++ncmds);
39     cmdtab[ncmds - 1] = *ci;
40     qsort(cmdtab, ncmds, sizeof(*cmdtab), compare_cmdname);
41 }
42 
43 int qemuio_command_usage(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
44 {
45     printf("%s %s -- %s\n", ci->name, ci->args, ci->oneline);
46     return 0;
47 }
48 
49 static int init_check_command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
50 {
51     if (ct->flags & CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL) {
52         return 1;
53     }
54     if (!(ct->flags & CMD_NOFILE_OK) && !blk) {
55         fprintf(stderr, "no file open, try 'help open'\n");
56         return 0;
57     }
58     return 1;
59 }
60 
61 static int command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct, int argc,
62                    char **argv)
63 {
64     char *cmd = argv[0];
65 
66     if (!init_check_command(blk, ct)) {
67         return 0;
68     }
69 
70     if (argc - 1 < ct->argmin || (ct->argmax != -1 && argc - 1 > ct->argmax)) {
71         if (ct->argmax == -1) {
72             fprintf(stderr,
73                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected at least %d arguments\n",
74                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
75         } else if (ct->argmin == ct->argmax) {
76             fprintf(stderr,
77                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected %d arguments\n",
78                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
79         } else {
80             fprintf(stderr,
81                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected between %d and %d arguments\n",
82                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin, ct->argmax);
83         }
84         return 0;
85     }
86     optind = 0;
87     return ct->cfunc(blk, argc, argv);
88 }
89 
90 static const cmdinfo_t *find_command(const char *cmd)
91 {
92     cmdinfo_t *ct;
93 
94     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
95         if (strcmp(ct->name, cmd) == 0 ||
96             (ct->altname && strcmp(ct->altname, cmd) == 0))
97         {
98             return (const cmdinfo_t *)ct;
99         }
100     }
101     return NULL;
102 }
103 
104 /* Invoke fn() for commands with a matching prefix */
105 void qemuio_complete_command(const char *input,
106                              void (*fn)(const char *cmd, void *opaque),
107                              void *opaque)
108 {
109     cmdinfo_t *ct;
110     size_t input_len = strlen(input);
111 
112     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
113         if (strncmp(input, ct->name, input_len) == 0) {
114             fn(ct->name, opaque);
115         }
116     }
117 }
118 
119 static char **breakline(char *input, int *count)
120 {
121     int c = 0;
122     char *p;
123     char **rval = g_new0(char *, 1);
124 
125     while (rval && (p = qemu_strsep(&input, " ")) != NULL) {
126         if (!*p) {
127             continue;
128         }
129         c++;
130         rval = g_renew(char *, rval, (c + 1));
131         rval[c - 1] = p;
132         rval[c] = NULL;
133     }
134     *count = c;
135     return rval;
136 }
137 
138 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *s)
139 {
140     char *end;
141     int64_t ret;
142 
143     ret = qemu_strtosz_suffix(s, &end, QEMU_STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
144     if (*end != '\0') {
145         /* Detritus at the end of the string */
146         return -EINVAL;
147     }
148     return ret;
149 }
150 
151 static void print_cvtnum_err(int64_t rc, const char *arg)
152 {
153     switch (rc) {
154     case -EINVAL:
155         printf("Parsing error: non-numeric argument,"
156                " or extraneous/unrecognized suffix -- %s\n", arg);
157         break;
158     case -ERANGE:
159         printf("Parsing error: argument too large -- %s\n", arg);
160         break;
161     default:
162         printf("Parsing error: %s\n", arg);
163     }
164 }
165 
166 #define EXABYTES(x)     ((long long)(x) << 60)
167 #define PETABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 50)
168 #define TERABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 40)
169 #define GIGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 30)
170 #define MEGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 20)
171 #define KILOBYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 10)
172 
173 #define TO_EXABYTES(x)  ((x) / EXABYTES(1))
174 #define TO_PETABYTES(x) ((x) / PETABYTES(1))
175 #define TO_TERABYTES(x) ((x) / TERABYTES(1))
176 #define TO_GIGABYTES(x) ((x) / GIGABYTES(1))
177 #define TO_MEGABYTES(x) ((x) / MEGABYTES(1))
178 #define TO_KILOBYTES(x) ((x) / KILOBYTES(1))
179 
180 static void cvtstr(double value, char *str, size_t size)
181 {
182     char *trim;
183     const char *suffix;
184 
185     if (value >= EXABYTES(1)) {
186         suffix = " EiB";
187         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_EXABYTES(value));
188     } else if (value >= PETABYTES(1)) {
189         suffix = " PiB";
190         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_PETABYTES(value));
191     } else if (value >= TERABYTES(1)) {
192         suffix = " TiB";
193         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_TERABYTES(value));
194     } else if (value >= GIGABYTES(1)) {
195         suffix = " GiB";
196         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_GIGABYTES(value));
197     } else if (value >= MEGABYTES(1)) {
198         suffix = " MiB";
199         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_MEGABYTES(value));
200     } else if (value >= KILOBYTES(1)) {
201         suffix = " KiB";
202         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_KILOBYTES(value));
203     } else {
204         suffix = " bytes";
205         snprintf(str, size - 6, "%f", value);
206     }
207 
208     trim = strstr(str, ".000");
209     if (trim) {
210         strcpy(trim, suffix);
211     } else {
212         strcat(str, suffix);
213     }
214 }
215 
216 
217 
218 static struct timeval tsub(struct timeval t1, struct timeval t2)
219 {
220     t1.tv_usec -= t2.tv_usec;
221     if (t1.tv_usec < 0) {
222         t1.tv_usec += 1000000;
223         t1.tv_sec--;
224     }
225     t1.tv_sec -= t2.tv_sec;
226     return t1;
227 }
228 
229 static double tdiv(double value, struct timeval tv)
230 {
231     return value / ((double)tv.tv_sec + ((double)tv.tv_usec / 1000000.0));
232 }
233 
234 #define HOURS(sec)      ((sec) / (60 * 60))
235 #define MINUTES(sec)    (((sec) % (60 * 60)) / 60)
236 #define SECONDS(sec)    ((sec) % 60)
237 
238 enum {
239     DEFAULT_TIME        = 0x0,
240     TERSE_FIXED_TIME    = 0x1,
241     VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME  = 0x2,
242 };
243 
244 static void timestr(struct timeval *tv, char *ts, size_t size, int format)
245 {
246     double usec = (double)tv->tv_usec / 1000000.0;
247 
248     if (format & TERSE_FIXED_TIME) {
249         if (!HOURS(tv->tv_sec)) {
250             snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u.%02u",
251                     (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
252                     (unsigned int) SECONDS(tv->tv_sec),
253                     (unsigned int) (usec * 100));
254             return;
255         }
256         format |= VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME; /* fallback if hours needed */
257     }
258 
259     if ((format & VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME) || tv->tv_sec) {
260         snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u:%02u.%02u",
261                 (unsigned int) HOURS(tv->tv_sec),
262                 (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
263                 (unsigned int) SECONDS(tv->tv_sec),
264                 (unsigned int) (usec * 100));
265     } else {
266         snprintf(ts, size, "0.%04u sec", (unsigned int) (usec * 10000));
267     }
268 }
269 
270 /*
271  * Parse the pattern argument to various sub-commands.
272  *
273  * Because the pattern is used as an argument to memset it must evaluate
274  * to an unsigned integer that fits into a single byte.
275  */
276 static int parse_pattern(const char *arg)
277 {
278     char *endptr = NULL;
279     long pattern;
280 
281     pattern = strtol(arg, &endptr, 0);
282     if (pattern < 0 || pattern > UCHAR_MAX || *endptr != '\0') {
283         printf("%s is not a valid pattern byte\n", arg);
284         return -1;
285     }
286 
287     return pattern;
288 }
289 
290 /*
291  * Memory allocation helpers.
292  *
293  * Make sure memory is aligned by default, or purposefully misaligned if
294  * that is specified on the command line.
295  */
296 
297 #define MISALIGN_OFFSET     16
298 static void *qemu_io_alloc(BlockBackend *blk, size_t len, int pattern)
299 {
300     void *buf;
301 
302     if (qemuio_misalign) {
303         len += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
304     }
305     buf = blk_blockalign(blk, len);
306     memset(buf, pattern, len);
307     if (qemuio_misalign) {
308         buf += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
309     }
310     return buf;
311 }
312 
313 static void qemu_io_free(void *p)
314 {
315     if (qemuio_misalign) {
316         p -= MISALIGN_OFFSET;
317     }
318     qemu_vfree(p);
319 }
320 
321 static void dump_buffer(const void *buffer, int64_t offset, int64_t len)
322 {
323     uint64_t i;
324     int j;
325     const uint8_t *p;
326 
327     for (i = 0, p = buffer; i < len; i += 16) {
328         const uint8_t *s = p;
329 
330         printf("%08" PRIx64 ":  ", offset + i);
331         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, p++) {
332             printf("%02x ", *p);
333         }
334         printf(" ");
335         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, s++) {
336             if (isalnum(*s)) {
337                 printf("%c", *s);
338             } else {
339                 printf(".");
340             }
341         }
342         printf("\n");
343     }
344 }
345 
346 static void print_report(const char *op, struct timeval *t, int64_t offset,
347                          int64_t count, int64_t total, int cnt, int Cflag)
348 {
349     char s1[64], s2[64], ts[64];
350 
351     timestr(t, ts, sizeof(ts), Cflag ? VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME : 0);
352     if (!Cflag) {
353         cvtstr((double)total, s1, sizeof(s1));
354         cvtstr(tdiv((double)total, *t), s2, sizeof(s2));
355         printf("%s %"PRId64"/%"PRId64" bytes at offset %" PRId64 "\n",
356                op, total, count, offset);
357         printf("%s, %d ops; %s (%s/sec and %.4f ops/sec)\n",
358                s1, cnt, ts, s2, tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
359     } else {/* bytes,ops,time,bytes/sec,ops/sec */
360         printf("%"PRId64",%d,%s,%.3f,%.3f\n",
361             total, cnt, ts,
362             tdiv((double)total, *t),
363             tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
364     }
365 }
366 
367 /*
368  * Parse multiple length statements for vectored I/O, and construct an I/O
369  * vector matching it.
370  */
371 static void *
372 create_iovec(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov, char **argv, int nr_iov,
373              int pattern)
374 {
375     size_t *sizes = g_new0(size_t, nr_iov);
376     size_t count = 0;
377     void *buf = NULL;
378     void *p;
379     int i;
380 
381     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
382         char *arg = argv[i];
383         int64_t len;
384 
385         len = cvtnum(arg);
386         if (len < 0) {
387             print_cvtnum_err(len, arg);
388             goto fail;
389         }
390 
391         /* should be SIZE_T_MAX, but that doesn't exist */
392         if (len > INT_MAX) {
393             printf("Argument '%s' exceeds maximum size %d\n", arg, INT_MAX);
394             goto fail;
395         }
396 
397         if (len & 0x1ff) {
398             printf("length argument %" PRId64
399                    " is not sector aligned\n", len);
400             goto fail;
401         }
402 
403         sizes[i] = len;
404         count += len;
405     }
406 
407     qemu_iovec_init(qiov, nr_iov);
408 
409     buf = p = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
410 
411     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
412         qemu_iovec_add(qiov, p, sizes[i]);
413         p += sizes[i];
414     }
415 
416 fail:
417     g_free(sizes);
418     return buf;
419 }
420 
421 static int do_read(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
422                    int64_t *total)
423 {
424     int ret;
425 
426     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
427         return -ERANGE;
428     }
429 
430     ret = blk_read(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
431     if (ret < 0) {
432         return ret;
433     }
434     *total = count;
435     return 1;
436 }
437 
438 static int do_write(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
439                     int64_t *total)
440 {
441     int ret;
442 
443     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
444         return -ERANGE;
445     }
446 
447     ret = blk_write(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
448     if (ret < 0) {
449         return ret;
450     }
451     *total = count;
452     return 1;
453 }
454 
455 static int do_pread(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
456                     int64_t count, int64_t *total)
457 {
458     if (count > INT_MAX) {
459         return -ERANGE;
460     }
461 
462     *total = blk_pread(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, count);
463     if (*total < 0) {
464         return *total;
465     }
466     return 1;
467 }
468 
469 static int do_pwrite(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
470                      int64_t count, int64_t *total)
471 {
472     if (count > INT_MAX) {
473         return -ERANGE;
474     }
475 
476     *total = blk_pwrite(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, count);
477     if (*total < 0) {
478         return *total;
479     }
480     return 1;
481 }
482 
483 typedef struct {
484     BlockBackend *blk;
485     int64_t offset;
486     int64_t count;
487     int64_t *total;
488     int ret;
489     bool done;
490 } CoWriteZeroes;
491 
492 static void coroutine_fn co_write_zeroes_entry(void *opaque)
493 {
494     CoWriteZeroes *data = opaque;
495 
496     data->ret = blk_co_write_zeroes(data->blk, data->offset / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
497                                     data->count / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, 0);
498     data->done = true;
499     if (data->ret < 0) {
500         *data->total = data->ret;
501         return;
502     }
503 
504     *data->total = data->count;
505 }
506 
507 static int do_co_write_zeroes(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
508                               int64_t *total)
509 {
510     Coroutine *co;
511     CoWriteZeroes data = {
512         .blk    = blk,
513         .offset = offset,
514         .count  = count,
515         .total  = total,
516         .done   = false,
517     };
518 
519     if (count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS > INT_MAX) {
520         return -ERANGE;
521     }
522 
523     co = qemu_coroutine_create(co_write_zeroes_entry);
524     qemu_coroutine_enter(co, &data);
525     while (!data.done) {
526         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
527     }
528     if (data.ret < 0) {
529         return data.ret;
530     } else {
531         return 1;
532     }
533 }
534 
535 static int do_write_compressed(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
536                                int64_t count, int64_t *total)
537 {
538     int ret;
539 
540     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
541         return -ERANGE;
542     }
543 
544     ret = blk_write_compressed(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
545     if (ret < 0) {
546         return ret;
547     }
548     *total = count;
549     return 1;
550 }
551 
552 static int do_load_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
553                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
554 {
555     if (count > INT_MAX) {
556         return -ERANGE;
557     }
558 
559     *total = blk_load_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
560     if (*total < 0) {
561         return *total;
562     }
563     return 1;
564 }
565 
566 static int do_save_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
567                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
568 {
569     if (count > INT_MAX) {
570         return -ERANGE;
571     }
572 
573     *total = blk_save_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
574     if (*total < 0) {
575         return *total;
576     }
577     return 1;
578 }
579 
580 #define NOT_DONE 0x7fffffff
581 static void aio_rw_done(void *opaque, int ret)
582 {
583     *(int *)opaque = ret;
584 }
585 
586 static int do_aio_readv(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
587                         int64_t offset, int *total)
588 {
589     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
590 
591     blk_aio_readv(blk, offset >> 9, qiov, qiov->size >> 9,
592                   aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
593     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
594         main_loop_wait(false);
595     }
596 
597     *total = qiov->size;
598     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
599 }
600 
601 static int do_aio_writev(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
602                          int64_t offset, int *total)
603 {
604     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
605 
606     blk_aio_writev(blk, offset >> 9, qiov, qiov->size >> 9,
607                    aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
608     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
609         main_loop_wait(false);
610     }
611 
612     *total = qiov->size;
613     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
614 }
615 
616 struct multiwrite_async_ret {
617     int num_done;
618     int error;
619 };
620 
621 static void multiwrite_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
622 {
623     struct multiwrite_async_ret *async_ret = opaque;
624 
625     async_ret->num_done++;
626     if (ret < 0) {
627         async_ret->error = ret;
628     }
629 }
630 
631 static int do_aio_multiwrite(BlockBackend *blk, BlockRequest* reqs,
632                              int num_reqs, int *total)
633 {
634     int i, ret;
635     struct multiwrite_async_ret async_ret = {
636         .num_done = 0,
637         .error = 0,
638     };
639 
640     *total = 0;
641     for (i = 0; i < num_reqs; i++) {
642         reqs[i].cb = multiwrite_cb;
643         reqs[i].opaque = &async_ret;
644         *total += reqs[i].qiov->size;
645     }
646 
647     ret = blk_aio_multiwrite(blk, reqs, num_reqs);
648     if (ret < 0) {
649         return ret;
650     }
651 
652     while (async_ret.num_done < num_reqs) {
653         main_loop_wait(false);
654     }
655 
656     return async_ret.error < 0 ? async_ret.error : 1;
657 }
658 
659 static void read_help(void)
660 {
661     printf(
662 "\n"
663 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
664 "\n"
665 " Example:\n"
666 " 'read -v 512 1k' - dumps 1 kilobyte read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
667 "\n"
668 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
669 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
670 " -b, -- read from the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
671 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
672 " -l, -- length for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
673 " -p, -- use blk_pread to read the file\n"
674 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
675 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
676 " -s, -- start offset for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
677 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
678 "\n");
679 }
680 
681 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
682 
683 static const cmdinfo_t read_cmd = {
684     .name       = "read",
685     .altname    = "r",
686     .cfunc      = read_f,
687     .argmin     = 2,
688     .argmax     = -1,
689     .args       = "[-abCpqv] [-P pattern [-s off] [-l len]] off len",
690     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
691     .help       = read_help,
692 };
693 
694 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
695 {
696     struct timeval t1, t2;
697     int Cflag = 0, pflag = 0, qflag = 0, vflag = 0;
698     int Pflag = 0, sflag = 0, lflag = 0, bflag = 0;
699     int c, cnt;
700     char *buf;
701     int64_t offset;
702     int64_t count;
703     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
704     int64_t total = 0;
705     int pattern = 0;
706     int64_t pattern_offset = 0, pattern_count = 0;
707 
708     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bCl:pP:qs:v")) != -1) {
709         switch (c) {
710         case 'b':
711             bflag = 1;
712             break;
713         case 'C':
714             Cflag = 1;
715             break;
716         case 'l':
717             lflag = 1;
718             pattern_count = cvtnum(optarg);
719             if (pattern_count < 0) {
720                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_count, optarg);
721                 return 0;
722             }
723             break;
724         case 'p':
725             pflag = 1;
726             break;
727         case 'P':
728             Pflag = 1;
729             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
730             if (pattern < 0) {
731                 return 0;
732             }
733             break;
734         case 'q':
735             qflag = 1;
736             break;
737         case 's':
738             sflag = 1;
739             pattern_offset = cvtnum(optarg);
740             if (pattern_offset < 0) {
741                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_offset, optarg);
742                 return 0;
743             }
744             break;
745         case 'v':
746             vflag = 1;
747             break;
748         default:
749             return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
750         }
751     }
752 
753     if (optind != argc - 2) {
754         return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
755     }
756 
757     if (bflag && pflag) {
758         printf("-b and -p cannot be specified at the same time\n");
759         return 0;
760     }
761 
762     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
763     if (offset < 0) {
764         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
765         return 0;
766     }
767 
768     optind++;
769     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
770     if (count < 0) {
771         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
772         return 0;
773     } else if (count > SIZE_MAX) {
774         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
775                (uint64_t) SIZE_MAX, argv[optind]);
776         return 0;
777     }
778 
779     if (!Pflag && (lflag || sflag)) {
780         return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
781     }
782 
783     if (!lflag) {
784         pattern_count = count - pattern_offset;
785     }
786 
787     if ((pattern_count < 0) || (pattern_count + pattern_offset > count))  {
788         printf("pattern verification range exceeds end of read data\n");
789         return 0;
790     }
791 
792     if (!pflag) {
793         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
794             printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
795                    offset);
796             return 0;
797         }
798         if (count & 0x1ff) {
799             printf("count %"PRId64" is not sector aligned\n",
800                    count);
801             return 0;
802         }
803     }
804 
805     buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, 0xab);
806 
807     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
808     if (pflag) {
809         cnt = do_pread(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
810     } else if (bflag) {
811         cnt = do_load_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
812     } else {
813         cnt = do_read(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
814     }
815     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
816 
817     if (cnt < 0) {
818         printf("read failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
819         goto out;
820     }
821 
822     if (Pflag) {
823         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(pattern_count);
824         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, pattern_count);
825         if (memcmp(buf + pattern_offset, cmp_buf, pattern_count)) {
826             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
827                    PRId64 ", %"PRId64" bytes\n",
828                    offset + pattern_offset, pattern_count);
829         }
830         g_free(cmp_buf);
831     }
832 
833     if (qflag) {
834         goto out;
835     }
836 
837     if (vflag) {
838         dump_buffer(buf, offset, count);
839     }
840 
841     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
842     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
843     print_report("read", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
844 
845 out:
846     qemu_io_free(buf);
847 
848     return 0;
849 }
850 
851 static void readv_help(void)
852 {
853     printf(
854 "\n"
855 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset into multiple buffers\n"
856 "\n"
857 " Example:\n"
858 " 'readv -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
859 "\n"
860 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
861 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
862 " Uses multiple iovec buffers if more than one byte range is specified.\n"
863 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
864 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
865 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
866 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
867 "\n");
868 }
869 
870 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
871 
872 static const cmdinfo_t readv_cmd = {
873     .name       = "readv",
874     .cfunc      = readv_f,
875     .argmin     = 2,
876     .argmax     = -1,
877     .args       = "[-Cqv] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
878     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
879     .help       = readv_help,
880 };
881 
882 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
883 {
884     struct timeval t1, t2;
885     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0, vflag = 0;
886     int c, cnt;
887     char *buf;
888     int64_t offset;
889     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
890     int total = 0;
891     int nr_iov;
892     QEMUIOVector qiov;
893     int pattern = 0;
894     int Pflag = 0;
895 
896     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != -1) {
897         switch (c) {
898         case 'C':
899             Cflag = 1;
900             break;
901         case 'P':
902             Pflag = 1;
903             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
904             if (pattern < 0) {
905                 return 0;
906             }
907             break;
908         case 'q':
909             qflag = 1;
910             break;
911         case 'v':
912             vflag = 1;
913             break;
914         default:
915             return qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
916         }
917     }
918 
919     if (optind > argc - 2) {
920         return qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
921     }
922 
923 
924     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
925     if (offset < 0) {
926         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
927         return 0;
928     }
929     optind++;
930 
931     if (offset & 0x1ff) {
932         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
933                offset);
934         return 0;
935     }
936 
937     nr_iov = argc - optind;
938     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
939     if (buf == NULL) {
940         return 0;
941     }
942 
943     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
944     cnt = do_aio_readv(blk, &qiov, offset, &total);
945     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
946 
947     if (cnt < 0) {
948         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
949         goto out;
950     }
951 
952     if (Pflag) {
953         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(qiov.size);
954         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, qiov.size);
955         if (memcmp(buf, cmp_buf, qiov.size)) {
956             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
957                    PRId64 ", %zd bytes\n", offset, qiov.size);
958         }
959         g_free(cmp_buf);
960     }
961 
962     if (qflag) {
963         goto out;
964     }
965 
966     if (vflag) {
967         dump_buffer(buf, offset, qiov.size);
968     }
969 
970     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
971     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
972     print_report("read", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
973 
974 out:
975     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
976     qemu_io_free(buf);
977     return 0;
978 }
979 
980 static void write_help(void)
981 {
982     printf(
983 "\n"
984 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
985 "\n"
986 " Example:\n"
987 " 'write 512 1k' - writes 1 kilobyte at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
988 "\n"
989 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
990 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
991 " -b, -- write to the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
992 " -c, -- write compressed data with blk_write_compressed\n"
993 " -p, -- use blk_pwrite to write the file\n"
994 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
995 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
996 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
997 " -z, -- write zeroes using blk_co_write_zeroes\n"
998 "\n");
999 }
1000 
1001 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1002 
1003 static const cmdinfo_t write_cmd = {
1004     .name       = "write",
1005     .altname    = "w",
1006     .cfunc      = write_f,
1007     .argmin     = 2,
1008     .argmax     = -1,
1009     .args       = "[-bcCpqz] [-P pattern ] off len",
1010     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1011     .help       = write_help,
1012 };
1013 
1014 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1015 {
1016     struct timeval t1, t2;
1017     int Cflag = 0, pflag = 0, qflag = 0, bflag = 0, Pflag = 0, zflag = 0;
1018     int cflag = 0;
1019     int c, cnt;
1020     char *buf = NULL;
1021     int64_t offset;
1022     int64_t count;
1023     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1024     int64_t total = 0;
1025     int pattern = 0xcd;
1026 
1027     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bcCpP:qz")) != -1) {
1028         switch (c) {
1029         case 'b':
1030             bflag = 1;
1031             break;
1032         case 'c':
1033             cflag = 1;
1034             break;
1035         case 'C':
1036             Cflag = 1;
1037             break;
1038         case 'p':
1039             pflag = 1;
1040             break;
1041         case 'P':
1042             Pflag = 1;
1043             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1044             if (pattern < 0) {
1045                 return 0;
1046             }
1047             break;
1048         case 'q':
1049             qflag = 1;
1050             break;
1051         case 'z':
1052             zflag = 1;
1053             break;
1054         default:
1055             return qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1056         }
1057     }
1058 
1059     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1060         return qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1061     }
1062 
1063     if (bflag + pflag + zflag > 1) {
1064         printf("-b, -p, or -z cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1065         return 0;
1066     }
1067 
1068     if (zflag && Pflag) {
1069         printf("-z and -P cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1070         return 0;
1071     }
1072 
1073     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1074     if (offset < 0) {
1075         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1076         return 0;
1077     }
1078 
1079     optind++;
1080     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1081     if (count < 0) {
1082         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1083         return 0;
1084     } else if (count > SIZE_MAX) {
1085         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
1086                (uint64_t) SIZE_MAX, argv[optind]);
1087         return 0;
1088     }
1089 
1090     if (!pflag) {
1091         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1092             printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1093                    offset);
1094             return 0;
1095         }
1096 
1097         if (count & 0x1ff) {
1098             printf("count %"PRId64" is not sector aligned\n",
1099                    count);
1100             return 0;
1101         }
1102     }
1103 
1104     if (!zflag) {
1105         buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
1106     }
1107 
1108     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1109     if (pflag) {
1110         cnt = do_pwrite(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1111     } else if (bflag) {
1112         cnt = do_save_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1113     } else if (zflag) {
1114         cnt = do_co_write_zeroes(blk, offset, count, &total);
1115     } else if (cflag) {
1116         cnt = do_write_compressed(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1117     } else {
1118         cnt = do_write(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1119     }
1120     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1121 
1122     if (cnt < 0) {
1123         printf("write failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1124         goto out;
1125     }
1126 
1127     if (qflag) {
1128         goto out;
1129     }
1130 
1131     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1132     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1133     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
1134 
1135 out:
1136     if (!zflag) {
1137         qemu_io_free(buf);
1138     }
1139 
1140     return 0;
1141 }
1142 
1143 static void
1144 writev_help(void)
1145 {
1146     printf(
1147 "\n"
1148 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers\n"
1149 "\n"
1150 " Example:\n"
1151 " 'writev 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1152 "\n"
1153 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1154 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1155 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1156 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1157 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1158 "\n");
1159 }
1160 
1161 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1162 
1163 static const cmdinfo_t writev_cmd = {
1164     .name       = "writev",
1165     .cfunc      = writev_f,
1166     .argmin     = 2,
1167     .argmax     = -1,
1168     .args       = "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1169     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1170     .help       = writev_help,
1171 };
1172 
1173 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1174 {
1175     struct timeval t1, t2;
1176     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1177     int c, cnt;
1178     char *buf;
1179     int64_t offset;
1180     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1181     int total = 0;
1182     int nr_iov;
1183     int pattern = 0xcd;
1184     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1185 
1186     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != -1) {
1187         switch (c) {
1188         case 'C':
1189             Cflag = 1;
1190             break;
1191         case 'q':
1192             qflag = 1;
1193             break;
1194         case 'P':
1195             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1196             if (pattern < 0) {
1197                 return 0;
1198             }
1199             break;
1200         default:
1201             return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1202         }
1203     }
1204 
1205     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1206         return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1207     }
1208 
1209     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1210     if (offset < 0) {
1211         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1212         return 0;
1213     }
1214     optind++;
1215 
1216     if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1217         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1218                offset);
1219         return 0;
1220     }
1221 
1222     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1223     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1224     if (buf == NULL) {
1225         return 0;
1226     }
1227 
1228     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1229     cnt = do_aio_writev(blk, &qiov, offset, &total);
1230     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1231 
1232     if (cnt < 0) {
1233         printf("writev failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1234         goto out;
1235     }
1236 
1237     if (qflag) {
1238         goto out;
1239     }
1240 
1241     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1242     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1243     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
1244 out:
1245     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
1246     qemu_io_free(buf);
1247     return 0;
1248 }
1249 
1250 static void multiwrite_help(void)
1251 {
1252     printf(
1253 "\n"
1254 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers,\n"
1255 " in a batch of requests that may be merged by qemu\n"
1256 "\n"
1257 " Example:\n"
1258 " 'multiwrite 512 1k 1k ; 4k 1k'\n"
1259 "  writes 2 kB at 512 bytes and 1 kB at 4 kB into the open file\n"
1260 "\n"
1261 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1262 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd). The pattern byte is increased\n"
1263 " by one for each request contained in the multiwrite command.\n"
1264 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1265 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1266 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1267 "\n");
1268 }
1269 
1270 static int multiwrite_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1271 
1272 static const cmdinfo_t multiwrite_cmd = {
1273     .name       = "multiwrite",
1274     .cfunc      = multiwrite_f,
1275     .argmin     = 2,
1276     .argmax     = -1,
1277     .args       = "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..] [; off len [len..]..]",
1278     .oneline    = "issues multiple write requests at once",
1279     .help       = multiwrite_help,
1280 };
1281 
1282 static int multiwrite_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1283 {
1284     struct timeval t1, t2;
1285     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1286     int c, cnt;
1287     char **buf;
1288     int64_t offset, first_offset = 0;
1289     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1290     int total = 0;
1291     int nr_iov;
1292     int nr_reqs;
1293     int pattern = 0xcd;
1294     QEMUIOVector *qiovs;
1295     int i;
1296     BlockRequest *reqs;
1297 
1298     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != -1) {
1299         switch (c) {
1300         case 'C':
1301             Cflag = 1;
1302             break;
1303         case 'q':
1304             qflag = 1;
1305             break;
1306         case 'P':
1307             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1308             if (pattern < 0) {
1309                 return 0;
1310             }
1311             break;
1312         default:
1313             return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1314         }
1315     }
1316 
1317     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1318         return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1319     }
1320 
1321     nr_reqs = 1;
1322     for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
1323         if (!strcmp(argv[i], ";")) {
1324             nr_reqs++;
1325         }
1326     }
1327 
1328     reqs = g_new0(BlockRequest, nr_reqs);
1329     buf = g_new0(char *, nr_reqs);
1330     qiovs = g_new(QEMUIOVector, nr_reqs);
1331 
1332     for (i = 0; i < nr_reqs && optind < argc; i++) {
1333         int j;
1334 
1335         /* Read the offset of the request */
1336         offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1337         if (offset < 0) {
1338             print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1339             goto out;
1340         }
1341         optind++;
1342 
1343         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1344             printf("offset %lld is not sector aligned\n",
1345                    (long long)offset);
1346             goto out;
1347         }
1348 
1349         if (i == 0) {
1350             first_offset = offset;
1351         }
1352 
1353         /* Read lengths for qiov entries */
1354         for (j = optind; j < argc; j++) {
1355             if (!strcmp(argv[j], ";")) {
1356                 break;
1357             }
1358         }
1359 
1360         nr_iov = j - optind;
1361 
1362         /* Build request */
1363         buf[i] = create_iovec(blk, &qiovs[i], &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1364         if (buf[i] == NULL) {
1365             goto out;
1366         }
1367 
1368         reqs[i].qiov = &qiovs[i];
1369         reqs[i].sector = offset >> 9;
1370         reqs[i].nb_sectors = reqs[i].qiov->size >> 9;
1371 
1372         optind = j + 1;
1373 
1374         pattern++;
1375     }
1376 
1377     /* If there were empty requests at the end, ignore them */
1378     nr_reqs = i;
1379 
1380     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1381     cnt = do_aio_multiwrite(blk, reqs, nr_reqs, &total);
1382     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1383 
1384     if (cnt < 0) {
1385         printf("aio_multiwrite failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1386         goto out;
1387     }
1388 
1389     if (qflag) {
1390         goto out;
1391     }
1392 
1393     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1394     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1395     print_report("wrote", &t2, first_offset, total, total, cnt, Cflag);
1396 out:
1397     for (i = 0; i < nr_reqs; i++) {
1398         qemu_io_free(buf[i]);
1399         if (reqs[i].qiov != NULL) {
1400             qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiovs[i]);
1401         }
1402     }
1403     g_free(buf);
1404     g_free(reqs);
1405     g_free(qiovs);
1406     return 0;
1407 }
1408 
1409 struct aio_ctx {
1410     BlockBackend *blk;
1411     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1412     int64_t offset;
1413     char *buf;
1414     int qflag;
1415     int vflag;
1416     int Cflag;
1417     int Pflag;
1418     BlockAcctCookie acct;
1419     int pattern;
1420     struct timeval t1;
1421 };
1422 
1423 static void aio_write_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1424 {
1425     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1426     struct timeval t2;
1427 
1428     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1429 
1430 
1431     if (ret < 0) {
1432         printf("aio_write failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1433         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1434         goto out;
1435     }
1436 
1437     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1438 
1439     if (ctx->qflag) {
1440         goto out;
1441     }
1442 
1443     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1444     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1445     print_report("wrote", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1446                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1447 out:
1448     qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1449     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1450     g_free(ctx);
1451 }
1452 
1453 static void aio_read_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1454 {
1455     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1456     struct timeval t2;
1457 
1458     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1459 
1460     if (ret < 0) {
1461         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1462         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1463         goto out;
1464     }
1465 
1466     if (ctx->Pflag) {
1467         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(ctx->qiov.size);
1468 
1469         memset(cmp_buf, ctx->pattern, ctx->qiov.size);
1470         if (memcmp(ctx->buf, cmp_buf, ctx->qiov.size)) {
1471             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
1472                    PRId64 ", %zd bytes\n", ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1473         }
1474         g_free(cmp_buf);
1475     }
1476 
1477     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1478 
1479     if (ctx->qflag) {
1480         goto out;
1481     }
1482 
1483     if (ctx->vflag) {
1484         dump_buffer(ctx->buf, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1485     }
1486 
1487     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1488     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1489     print_report("read", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1490                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1491 out:
1492     qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1493     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1494     g_free(ctx);
1495 }
1496 
1497 static void aio_read_help(void)
1498 {
1499     printf(
1500 "\n"
1501 " asynchronously reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1502 "\n"
1503 " Example:\n"
1504 " 'aio_read -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1505 "\n"
1506 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
1507 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
1508 " The read is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1509 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1510 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1511 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
1512 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
1513 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1514 "\n");
1515 }
1516 
1517 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1518 
1519 static const cmdinfo_t aio_read_cmd = {
1520     .name       = "aio_read",
1521     .cfunc      = aio_read_f,
1522     .argmin     = 2,
1523     .argmax     = -1,
1524     .args       = "[-Cqv] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1525     .oneline    = "asynchronously reads a number of bytes",
1526     .help       = aio_read_help,
1527 };
1528 
1529 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1530 {
1531     int nr_iov, c;
1532     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1533 
1534     ctx->blk = blk;
1535     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != -1) {
1536         switch (c) {
1537         case 'C':
1538             ctx->Cflag = 1;
1539             break;
1540         case 'P':
1541             ctx->Pflag = 1;
1542             ctx->pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1543             if (ctx->pattern < 0) {
1544                 g_free(ctx);
1545                 return 0;
1546             }
1547             break;
1548         case 'q':
1549             ctx->qflag = 1;
1550             break;
1551         case 'v':
1552             ctx->vflag = 1;
1553             break;
1554         default:
1555             g_free(ctx);
1556             return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1557         }
1558     }
1559 
1560     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1561         g_free(ctx);
1562         return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1563     }
1564 
1565     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1566     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1567         print_cvtnum_err(ctx->offset, argv[optind]);
1568         g_free(ctx);
1569         return 0;
1570     }
1571     optind++;
1572 
1573     if (ctx->offset & 0x1ff) {
1574         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1575                ctx->offset);
1576         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1577         g_free(ctx);
1578         return 0;
1579     }
1580 
1581     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1582     ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
1583     if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1584         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1585         g_free(ctx);
1586         return 0;
1587     }
1588 
1589     gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
1590     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1591                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1592     blk_aio_readv(blk, ctx->offset >> 9, &ctx->qiov,
1593                   ctx->qiov.size >> 9, aio_read_done, ctx);
1594     return 0;
1595 }
1596 
1597 static void aio_write_help(void)
1598 {
1599     printf(
1600 "\n"
1601 " asynchronously writes a range of bytes from the given offset source\n"
1602 " from multiple buffers\n"
1603 "\n"
1604 " Example:\n"
1605 " 'aio_write 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1606 "\n"
1607 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1608 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1609 " The write is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1610 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1611 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1612 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1613 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1614 "\n");
1615 }
1616 
1617 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1618 
1619 static const cmdinfo_t aio_write_cmd = {
1620     .name       = "aio_write",
1621     .cfunc      = aio_write_f,
1622     .argmin     = 2,
1623     .argmax     = -1,
1624     .args       = "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1625     .oneline    = "asynchronously writes a number of bytes",
1626     .help       = aio_write_help,
1627 };
1628 
1629 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1630 {
1631     int nr_iov, c;
1632     int pattern = 0xcd;
1633     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1634 
1635     ctx->blk = blk;
1636     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != -1) {
1637         switch (c) {
1638         case 'C':
1639             ctx->Cflag = 1;
1640             break;
1641         case 'q':
1642             ctx->qflag = 1;
1643             break;
1644         case 'P':
1645             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1646             if (pattern < 0) {
1647                 g_free(ctx);
1648                 return 0;
1649             }
1650             break;
1651         default:
1652             g_free(ctx);
1653             return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1654         }
1655     }
1656 
1657     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1658         g_free(ctx);
1659         return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1660     }
1661 
1662     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1663     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1664         print_cvtnum_err(ctx->offset, argv[optind]);
1665         g_free(ctx);
1666         return 0;
1667     }
1668     optind++;
1669 
1670     if (ctx->offset & 0x1ff) {
1671         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1672                ctx->offset);
1673         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1674         g_free(ctx);
1675         return 0;
1676     }
1677 
1678     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1679     ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1680     if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1681         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1682         g_free(ctx);
1683         return 0;
1684     }
1685 
1686     gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
1687     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1688                      BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1689     blk_aio_writev(blk, ctx->offset >> 9, &ctx->qiov,
1690                    ctx->qiov.size >> 9, aio_write_done, ctx);
1691     return 0;
1692 }
1693 
1694 static int aio_flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1695 {
1696     BlockAcctCookie cookie;
1697     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie, 0, BLOCK_ACCT_FLUSH);
1698     blk_drain_all();
1699     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie);
1700     return 0;
1701 }
1702 
1703 static const cmdinfo_t aio_flush_cmd = {
1704     .name       = "aio_flush",
1705     .cfunc      = aio_flush_f,
1706     .oneline    = "completes all outstanding aio requests"
1707 };
1708 
1709 static int flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1710 {
1711     blk_flush(blk);
1712     return 0;
1713 }
1714 
1715 static const cmdinfo_t flush_cmd = {
1716     .name       = "flush",
1717     .altname    = "f",
1718     .cfunc      = flush_f,
1719     .oneline    = "flush all in-core file state to disk",
1720 };
1721 
1722 static int truncate_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1723 {
1724     int64_t offset;
1725     int ret;
1726 
1727     offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1728     if (offset < 0) {
1729         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1730         return 0;
1731     }
1732 
1733     ret = blk_truncate(blk, offset);
1734     if (ret < 0) {
1735         printf("truncate: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1736         return 0;
1737     }
1738 
1739     return 0;
1740 }
1741 
1742 static const cmdinfo_t truncate_cmd = {
1743     .name       = "truncate",
1744     .altname    = "t",
1745     .cfunc      = truncate_f,
1746     .argmin     = 1,
1747     .argmax     = 1,
1748     .args       = "off",
1749     .oneline    = "truncates the current file at the given offset",
1750 };
1751 
1752 static int length_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1753 {
1754     int64_t size;
1755     char s1[64];
1756 
1757     size = blk_getlength(blk);
1758     if (size < 0) {
1759         printf("getlength: %s\n", strerror(-size));
1760         return 0;
1761     }
1762 
1763     cvtstr(size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1764     printf("%s\n", s1);
1765     return 0;
1766 }
1767 
1768 
1769 static const cmdinfo_t length_cmd = {
1770     .name   = "length",
1771     .altname    = "l",
1772     .cfunc      = length_f,
1773     .oneline    = "gets the length of the current file",
1774 };
1775 
1776 
1777 static int info_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1778 {
1779     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1780     BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1781     ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info;
1782     char s1[64], s2[64];
1783     int ret;
1784 
1785     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->format_name) {
1786         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->format_name);
1787     }
1788     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->protocol_name) {
1789         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->protocol_name);
1790     }
1791 
1792     ret = bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi);
1793     if (ret) {
1794         return 0;
1795     }
1796 
1797     cvtstr(bdi.cluster_size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1798     cvtstr(bdi.vm_state_offset, s2, sizeof(s2));
1799 
1800     printf("cluster size: %s\n", s1);
1801     printf("vm state offset: %s\n", s2);
1802 
1803     spec_info = bdrv_get_specific_info(bs);
1804     if (spec_info) {
1805         printf("Format specific information:\n");
1806         bdrv_image_info_specific_dump(fprintf, stdout, spec_info);
1807         qapi_free_ImageInfoSpecific(spec_info);
1808     }
1809 
1810     return 0;
1811 }
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 static const cmdinfo_t info_cmd = {
1816     .name       = "info",
1817     .altname    = "i",
1818     .cfunc      = info_f,
1819     .oneline    = "prints information about the current file",
1820 };
1821 
1822 static void discard_help(void)
1823 {
1824     printf(
1825 "\n"
1826 " discards a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1827 "\n"
1828 " Example:\n"
1829 " 'discard 512 1k' - discards 1 kilobyte from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1830 "\n"
1831 " Discards a segment of the currently open file.\n"
1832 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1833 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1834 "\n");
1835 }
1836 
1837 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1838 
1839 static const cmdinfo_t discard_cmd = {
1840     .name       = "discard",
1841     .altname    = "d",
1842     .cfunc      = discard_f,
1843     .argmin     = 2,
1844     .argmax     = -1,
1845     .args       = "[-Cq] off len",
1846     .oneline    = "discards a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1847     .help       = discard_help,
1848 };
1849 
1850 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1851 {
1852     struct timeval t1, t2;
1853     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1854     int c, ret;
1855     int64_t offset, count;
1856 
1857     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "Cq")) != -1) {
1858         switch (c) {
1859         case 'C':
1860             Cflag = 1;
1861             break;
1862         case 'q':
1863             qflag = 1;
1864             break;
1865         default:
1866             return qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1867         }
1868     }
1869 
1870     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1871         return qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1872     }
1873 
1874     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1875     if (offset < 0) {
1876         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1877         return 0;
1878     }
1879 
1880     optind++;
1881     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1882     if (count < 0) {
1883         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1884         return 0;
1885     } else if (count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS > INT_MAX) {
1886         printf("length cannot exceed %"PRIu64", given %s\n",
1887                (uint64_t)INT_MAX << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1888                argv[optind]);
1889         return 0;
1890     }
1891 
1892     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1893     ret = blk_discard(blk, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1894                       count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1895     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1896 
1897     if (ret < 0) {
1898         printf("discard failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1899         goto out;
1900     }
1901 
1902     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1903     if (!qflag) {
1904         t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1905         print_report("discard", &t2, offset, count, count, 1, Cflag);
1906     }
1907 
1908 out:
1909     return 0;
1910 }
1911 
1912 static int alloc_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1913 {
1914     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1915     int64_t offset, sector_num, nb_sectors, remaining;
1916     char s1[64];
1917     int num, ret;
1918     int64_t sum_alloc;
1919 
1920     offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1921     if (offset < 0) {
1922         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1923         return 0;
1924     } else if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1925         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1926                offset);
1927         return 0;
1928     }
1929 
1930     if (argc == 3) {
1931         nb_sectors = cvtnum(argv[2]);
1932         if (nb_sectors < 0) {
1933             print_cvtnum_err(nb_sectors, argv[2]);
1934             return 0;
1935         } else if (nb_sectors > INT_MAX) {
1936             printf("length argument cannot exceed %d, given %s\n",
1937                    INT_MAX, argv[2]);
1938             return 0;
1939         }
1940     } else {
1941         nb_sectors = 1;
1942     }
1943 
1944     remaining = nb_sectors;
1945     sum_alloc = 0;
1946     sector_num = offset >> 9;
1947     while (remaining) {
1948         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, remaining, &num);
1949         if (ret < 0) {
1950             printf("is_allocated failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1951             return 0;
1952         }
1953         sector_num += num;
1954         remaining -= num;
1955         if (ret) {
1956             sum_alloc += num;
1957         }
1958         if (num == 0) {
1959             nb_sectors -= remaining;
1960             remaining = 0;
1961         }
1962     }
1963 
1964     cvtstr(offset, s1, sizeof(s1));
1965 
1966     printf("%"PRId64"/%"PRId64" sectors allocated at offset %s\n",
1967            sum_alloc, nb_sectors, s1);
1968     return 0;
1969 }
1970 
1971 static const cmdinfo_t alloc_cmd = {
1972     .name       = "alloc",
1973     .altname    = "a",
1974     .argmin     = 1,
1975     .argmax     = 2,
1976     .cfunc      = alloc_f,
1977     .args       = "off [sectors]",
1978     .oneline    = "checks if a sector is present in the file",
1979 };
1980 
1981 
1982 static int map_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
1983                             int64_t nb_sectors, int64_t *pnum)
1984 {
1985     int num, num_checked;
1986     int ret, firstret;
1987 
1988     num_checked = MIN(nb_sectors, INT_MAX);
1989     ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, num_checked, &num);
1990     if (ret < 0) {
1991         return ret;
1992     }
1993 
1994     firstret = ret;
1995     *pnum = num;
1996 
1997     while (nb_sectors > 0 && ret == firstret) {
1998         sector_num += num;
1999         nb_sectors -= num;
2000 
2001         num_checked = MIN(nb_sectors, INT_MAX);
2002         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, num_checked, &num);
2003         if (ret == firstret && num) {
2004             *pnum += num;
2005         } else {
2006             break;
2007         }
2008     }
2009 
2010     return firstret;
2011 }
2012 
2013 static int map_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2014 {
2015     int64_t offset;
2016     int64_t nb_sectors, total_sectors;
2017     char s1[64];
2018     int64_t num;
2019     int ret;
2020     const char *retstr;
2021 
2022     offset = 0;
2023     total_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk);
2024     if (total_sectors < 0) {
2025         error_report("Failed to query image length: %s",
2026                      strerror(-total_sectors));
2027         return 0;
2028     }
2029 
2030     nb_sectors = total_sectors;
2031 
2032     do {
2033         ret = map_is_allocated(blk_bs(blk), offset, nb_sectors, &num);
2034         if (ret < 0) {
2035             error_report("Failed to get allocation status: %s", strerror(-ret));
2036             return 0;
2037         } else if (!num) {
2038             error_report("Unexpected end of image");
2039             return 0;
2040         }
2041 
2042         retstr = ret ? "    allocated" : "not allocated";
2043         cvtstr(offset << 9ULL, s1, sizeof(s1));
2044         printf("[% 24" PRId64 "] % 8" PRId64 "/% 8" PRId64 " sectors %s "
2045                "at offset %s (%d)\n",
2046                offset << 9ULL, num, nb_sectors, retstr, s1, ret);
2047 
2048         offset += num;
2049         nb_sectors -= num;
2050     } while (offset < total_sectors);
2051 
2052     return 0;
2053 }
2054 
2055 static const cmdinfo_t map_cmd = {
2056        .name           = "map",
2057        .argmin         = 0,
2058        .argmax         = 0,
2059        .cfunc          = map_f,
2060        .args           = "",
2061        .oneline        = "prints the allocated areas of a file",
2062 };
2063 
2064 static void reopen_help(void)
2065 {
2066     printf(
2067 "\n"
2068 " Changes the open options of an already opened image\n"
2069 "\n"
2070 " Example:\n"
2071 " 'reopen -o lazy-refcounts=on' - activates lazy refcount writeback on a qcow2 image\n"
2072 "\n"
2073 " -r, -- Reopen the image read-only\n"
2074 " -c, -- Change the cache mode to the given value\n"
2075 " -o, -- Changes block driver options (cf. 'open' command)\n"
2076 "\n");
2077 }
2078 
2079 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2080 
2081 static QemuOptsList reopen_opts = {
2082     .name = "reopen",
2083     .merge_lists = true,
2084     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(reopen_opts.head),
2085     .desc = {
2086         /* no elements => accept any params */
2087         { /* end of list */ }
2088     },
2089 };
2090 
2091 static const cmdinfo_t reopen_cmd = {
2092        .name           = "reopen",
2093        .argmin         = 0,
2094        .argmax         = -1,
2095        .cfunc          = reopen_f,
2096        .args           = "[-r] [-c cache] [-o options]",
2097        .oneline        = "reopens an image with new options",
2098        .help           = reopen_help,
2099 };
2100 
2101 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2102 {
2103     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
2104     QemuOpts *qopts;
2105     QDict *opts;
2106     int c;
2107     int flags = bs->open_flags;
2108 
2109     BlockReopenQueue *brq;
2110     Error *local_err = NULL;
2111 
2112     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "c:o:r")) != -1) {
2113         switch (c) {
2114         case 'c':
2115             if (bdrv_parse_cache_flags(optarg, &flags) < 0) {
2116                 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", optarg);
2117                 return 0;
2118             }
2119             break;
2120         case 'o':
2121             if (!qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&reopen_opts, optarg, 0)) {
2122                 qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2123                 return 0;
2124             }
2125             break;
2126         case 'r':
2127             flags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR;
2128             break;
2129         default:
2130             qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2131             return qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2132         }
2133     }
2134 
2135     if (optind != argc) {
2136         qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2137         return qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2138     }
2139 
2140     qopts = qemu_opts_find(&reopen_opts, NULL);
2141     opts = qopts ? qemu_opts_to_qdict(qopts, NULL) : NULL;
2142     qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2143 
2144     brq = bdrv_reopen_queue(NULL, bs, opts, flags);
2145     bdrv_reopen_multiple(brq, &local_err);
2146     if (local_err) {
2147         error_report_err(local_err);
2148     }
2149 
2150     return 0;
2151 }
2152 
2153 static int break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2154 {
2155     int ret;
2156 
2157     ret = bdrv_debug_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1], argv[2]);
2158     if (ret < 0) {
2159         printf("Could not set breakpoint: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2160     }
2161 
2162     return 0;
2163 }
2164 
2165 static int remove_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2166 {
2167     int ret;
2168 
2169     ret = bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2170     if (ret < 0) {
2171         printf("Could not remove breakpoint %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(-ret));
2172     }
2173 
2174     return 0;
2175 }
2176 
2177 static const cmdinfo_t break_cmd = {
2178        .name           = "break",
2179        .argmin         = 2,
2180        .argmax         = 2,
2181        .cfunc          = break_f,
2182        .args           = "event tag",
2183        .oneline        = "sets a breakpoint on event and tags the stopped "
2184                          "request as tag",
2185 };
2186 
2187 static const cmdinfo_t remove_break_cmd = {
2188        .name           = "remove_break",
2189        .argmin         = 1,
2190        .argmax         = 1,
2191        .cfunc          = remove_break_f,
2192        .args           = "tag",
2193        .oneline        = "remove a breakpoint by tag",
2194 };
2195 
2196 static int resume_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2197 {
2198     int ret;
2199 
2200     ret = bdrv_debug_resume(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2201     if (ret < 0) {
2202         printf("Could not resume request: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2203     }
2204 
2205     return 0;
2206 }
2207 
2208 static const cmdinfo_t resume_cmd = {
2209        .name           = "resume",
2210        .argmin         = 1,
2211        .argmax         = 1,
2212        .cfunc          = resume_f,
2213        .args           = "tag",
2214        .oneline        = "resumes the request tagged as tag",
2215 };
2216 
2217 static int wait_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2218 {
2219     while (!bdrv_debug_is_suspended(blk_bs(blk), argv[1])) {
2220         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
2221     }
2222 
2223     return 0;
2224 }
2225 
2226 static const cmdinfo_t wait_break_cmd = {
2227        .name           = "wait_break",
2228        .argmin         = 1,
2229        .argmax         = 1,
2230        .cfunc          = wait_break_f,
2231        .args           = "tag",
2232        .oneline        = "waits for the suspension of a request",
2233 };
2234 
2235 static int abort_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2236 {
2237     abort();
2238 }
2239 
2240 static const cmdinfo_t abort_cmd = {
2241        .name           = "abort",
2242        .cfunc          = abort_f,
2243        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2244        .oneline        = "simulate a program crash using abort(3)",
2245 };
2246 
2247 static void sigraise_help(void)
2248 {
2249     printf(
2250 "\n"
2251 " raises the given signal\n"
2252 "\n"
2253 " Example:\n"
2254 " 'sigraise %i' - raises SIGTERM\n"
2255 "\n"
2256 " Invokes raise(signal), where \"signal\" is the mandatory integer argument\n"
2257 " given to sigraise.\n"
2258 "\n", SIGTERM);
2259 }
2260 
2261 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2262 
2263 static const cmdinfo_t sigraise_cmd = {
2264     .name       = "sigraise",
2265     .cfunc      = sigraise_f,
2266     .argmin     = 1,
2267     .argmax     = 1,
2268     .flags      = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2269     .args       = "signal",
2270     .oneline    = "raises a signal",
2271     .help       = sigraise_help,
2272 };
2273 
2274 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2275 {
2276     int64_t sig = cvtnum(argv[1]);
2277     if (sig < 0) {
2278         print_cvtnum_err(sig, argv[1]);
2279         return 0;
2280     } else if (sig > NSIG) {
2281         printf("signal argument '%s' is too large to be a valid signal\n",
2282                argv[1]);
2283         return 0;
2284     }
2285 
2286     /* Using raise() to kill this process does not necessarily flush all open
2287      * streams. At least stdout and stderr (although the latter should be
2288      * non-buffered anyway) should be flushed, though. */
2289     fflush(stdout);
2290     fflush(stderr);
2291 
2292     raise(sig);
2293     return 0;
2294 }
2295 
2296 static void sleep_cb(void *opaque)
2297 {
2298     bool *expired = opaque;
2299     *expired = true;
2300 }
2301 
2302 static int sleep_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2303 {
2304     char *endptr;
2305     long ms;
2306     struct QEMUTimer *timer;
2307     bool expired = false;
2308 
2309     ms = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 0);
2310     if (ms < 0 || *endptr != '\0') {
2311         printf("%s is not a valid number\n", argv[1]);
2312         return 0;
2313     }
2314 
2315     timer = timer_new_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST, sleep_cb, &expired);
2316     timer_mod(timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST) + SCALE_MS * ms);
2317 
2318     while (!expired) {
2319         main_loop_wait(false);
2320     }
2321 
2322     timer_free(timer);
2323 
2324     return 0;
2325 }
2326 
2327 static const cmdinfo_t sleep_cmd = {
2328        .name           = "sleep",
2329        .argmin         = 1,
2330        .argmax         = 1,
2331        .cfunc          = sleep_f,
2332        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2333        .oneline        = "waits for the given value in milliseconds",
2334 };
2335 
2336 static void help_oneline(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2337 {
2338     if (cmd) {
2339         printf("%s ", cmd);
2340     } else {
2341         printf("%s ", ct->name);
2342         if (ct->altname) {
2343             printf("(or %s) ", ct->altname);
2344         }
2345     }
2346 
2347     if (ct->args) {
2348         printf("%s ", ct->args);
2349     }
2350     printf("-- %s\n", ct->oneline);
2351 }
2352 
2353 static void help_onecmd(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2354 {
2355     help_oneline(cmd, ct);
2356     if (ct->help) {
2357         ct->help();
2358     }
2359 }
2360 
2361 static void help_all(void)
2362 {
2363     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2364 
2365     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
2366         help_oneline(ct->name, ct);
2367     }
2368     printf("\nUse 'help commandname' for extended help.\n");
2369 }
2370 
2371 static int help_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2372 {
2373     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2374 
2375     if (argc == 1) {
2376         help_all();
2377         return 0;
2378     }
2379 
2380     ct = find_command(argv[1]);
2381     if (ct == NULL) {
2382         printf("command %s not found\n", argv[1]);
2383         return 0;
2384     }
2385 
2386     help_onecmd(argv[1], ct);
2387     return 0;
2388 }
2389 
2390 static const cmdinfo_t help_cmd = {
2391     .name       = "help",
2392     .altname    = "?",
2393     .cfunc      = help_f,
2394     .argmin     = 0,
2395     .argmax     = 1,
2396     .flags      = CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL,
2397     .args       = "[command]",
2398     .oneline    = "help for one or all commands",
2399 };
2400 
2401 bool qemuio_command(BlockBackend *blk, const char *cmd)
2402 {
2403     char *input;
2404     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2405     char **v;
2406     int c;
2407     bool done = false;
2408 
2409     input = g_strdup(cmd);
2410     v = breakline(input, &c);
2411     if (c) {
2412         ct = find_command(v[0]);
2413         if (ct) {
2414             done = command(blk, ct, c, v);
2415         } else {
2416             fprintf(stderr, "command \"%s\" not found\n", v[0]);
2417         }
2418     }
2419     g_free(input);
2420     g_free(v);
2421 
2422     return done;
2423 }
2424 
2425 static void __attribute((constructor)) init_qemuio_commands(void)
2426 {
2427     /* initialize commands */
2428     qemuio_add_command(&help_cmd);
2429     qemuio_add_command(&read_cmd);
2430     qemuio_add_command(&readv_cmd);
2431     qemuio_add_command(&write_cmd);
2432     qemuio_add_command(&writev_cmd);
2433     qemuio_add_command(&multiwrite_cmd);
2434     qemuio_add_command(&aio_read_cmd);
2435     qemuio_add_command(&aio_write_cmd);
2436     qemuio_add_command(&aio_flush_cmd);
2437     qemuio_add_command(&flush_cmd);
2438     qemuio_add_command(&truncate_cmd);
2439     qemuio_add_command(&length_cmd);
2440     qemuio_add_command(&info_cmd);
2441     qemuio_add_command(&discard_cmd);
2442     qemuio_add_command(&alloc_cmd);
2443     qemuio_add_command(&map_cmd);
2444     qemuio_add_command(&reopen_cmd);
2445     qemuio_add_command(&break_cmd);
2446     qemuio_add_command(&remove_break_cmd);
2447     qemuio_add_command(&resume_cmd);
2448     qemuio_add_command(&wait_break_cmd);
2449     qemuio_add_command(&abort_cmd);
2450     qemuio_add_command(&sleep_cmd);
2451     qemuio_add_command(&sigraise_cmd);
2452 }
2453