xref: /openbmc/qemu/qemu-io-cmds.c (revision bcd82a96)
1 /*
2  * Command line utility to exercise the QEMU I/O path.
3  *
4  * Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat, Inc.
5  * Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
6  *
7  * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
8  * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
9  */
10 
11 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
12 #include "qapi/error.h"
13 #include "qemu-io.h"
14 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
15 #include "block/block.h"
16 #include "block/block_int.h" /* for info_f() */
17 #include "block/qapi.h"
18 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
19 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
20 #include "qemu/timer.h"
21 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
22 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
23 
24 #define CMD_NOFILE_OK   0x01
25 
26 bool qemuio_misalign;
27 
28 static cmdinfo_t *cmdtab;
29 static int ncmds;
30 
31 static int compare_cmdname(const void *a, const void *b)
32 {
33     return strcmp(((const cmdinfo_t *)a)->name,
34                   ((const cmdinfo_t *)b)->name);
35 }
36 
37 void qemuio_add_command(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
38 {
39     cmdtab = g_renew(cmdinfo_t, cmdtab, ++ncmds);
40     cmdtab[ncmds - 1] = *ci;
41     qsort(cmdtab, ncmds, sizeof(*cmdtab), compare_cmdname);
42 }
43 
44 int qemuio_command_usage(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
45 {
46     printf("%s %s -- %s\n", ci->name, ci->args, ci->oneline);
47     return 0;
48 }
49 
50 static int init_check_command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
51 {
52     if (ct->flags & CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL) {
53         return 1;
54     }
55     if (!(ct->flags & CMD_NOFILE_OK) && !blk) {
56         fprintf(stderr, "no file open, try 'help open'\n");
57         return 0;
58     }
59     return 1;
60 }
61 
62 static int command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct, int argc,
63                    char **argv)
64 {
65     char *cmd = argv[0];
66 
67     if (!init_check_command(blk, ct)) {
68         return 0;
69     }
70 
71     if (argc - 1 < ct->argmin || (ct->argmax != -1 && argc - 1 > ct->argmax)) {
72         if (ct->argmax == -1) {
73             fprintf(stderr,
74                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected at least %d arguments\n",
75                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
76         } else if (ct->argmin == ct->argmax) {
77             fprintf(stderr,
78                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected %d arguments\n",
79                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
80         } else {
81             fprintf(stderr,
82                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected between %d and %d arguments\n",
83                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin, ct->argmax);
84         }
85         return 0;
86     }
87     optind = 0;
88     return ct->cfunc(blk, argc, argv);
89 }
90 
91 static const cmdinfo_t *find_command(const char *cmd)
92 {
93     cmdinfo_t *ct;
94 
95     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
96         if (strcmp(ct->name, cmd) == 0 ||
97             (ct->altname && strcmp(ct->altname, cmd) == 0))
98         {
99             return (const cmdinfo_t *)ct;
100         }
101     }
102     return NULL;
103 }
104 
105 /* Invoke fn() for commands with a matching prefix */
106 void qemuio_complete_command(const char *input,
107                              void (*fn)(const char *cmd, void *opaque),
108                              void *opaque)
109 {
110     cmdinfo_t *ct;
111     size_t input_len = strlen(input);
112 
113     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
114         if (strncmp(input, ct->name, input_len) == 0) {
115             fn(ct->name, opaque);
116         }
117     }
118 }
119 
120 static char **breakline(char *input, int *count)
121 {
122     int c = 0;
123     char *p;
124     char **rval = g_new0(char *, 1);
125 
126     while (rval && (p = qemu_strsep(&input, " ")) != NULL) {
127         if (!*p) {
128             continue;
129         }
130         c++;
131         rval = g_renew(char *, rval, (c + 1));
132         rval[c - 1] = p;
133         rval[c] = NULL;
134     }
135     *count = c;
136     return rval;
137 }
138 
139 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *s)
140 {
141     char *end;
142     int64_t ret;
143 
144     ret = qemu_strtosz_suffix(s, &end, QEMU_STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
145     if (*end != '\0') {
146         /* Detritus at the end of the string */
147         return -EINVAL;
148     }
149     return ret;
150 }
151 
152 static void print_cvtnum_err(int64_t rc, const char *arg)
153 {
154     switch (rc) {
155     case -EINVAL:
156         printf("Parsing error: non-numeric argument,"
157                " or extraneous/unrecognized suffix -- %s\n", arg);
158         break;
159     case -ERANGE:
160         printf("Parsing error: argument too large -- %s\n", arg);
161         break;
162     default:
163         printf("Parsing error: %s\n", arg);
164     }
165 }
166 
167 #define EXABYTES(x)     ((long long)(x) << 60)
168 #define PETABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 50)
169 #define TERABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 40)
170 #define GIGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 30)
171 #define MEGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 20)
172 #define KILOBYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 10)
173 
174 #define TO_EXABYTES(x)  ((x) / EXABYTES(1))
175 #define TO_PETABYTES(x) ((x) / PETABYTES(1))
176 #define TO_TERABYTES(x) ((x) / TERABYTES(1))
177 #define TO_GIGABYTES(x) ((x) / GIGABYTES(1))
178 #define TO_MEGABYTES(x) ((x) / MEGABYTES(1))
179 #define TO_KILOBYTES(x) ((x) / KILOBYTES(1))
180 
181 static void cvtstr(double value, char *str, size_t size)
182 {
183     char *trim;
184     const char *suffix;
185 
186     if (value >= EXABYTES(1)) {
187         suffix = " EiB";
188         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_EXABYTES(value));
189     } else if (value >= PETABYTES(1)) {
190         suffix = " PiB";
191         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_PETABYTES(value));
192     } else if (value >= TERABYTES(1)) {
193         suffix = " TiB";
194         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_TERABYTES(value));
195     } else if (value >= GIGABYTES(1)) {
196         suffix = " GiB";
197         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_GIGABYTES(value));
198     } else if (value >= MEGABYTES(1)) {
199         suffix = " MiB";
200         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_MEGABYTES(value));
201     } else if (value >= KILOBYTES(1)) {
202         suffix = " KiB";
203         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_KILOBYTES(value));
204     } else {
205         suffix = " bytes";
206         snprintf(str, size - 6, "%f", value);
207     }
208 
209     trim = strstr(str, ".000");
210     if (trim) {
211         strcpy(trim, suffix);
212     } else {
213         strcat(str, suffix);
214     }
215 }
216 
217 
218 
219 static struct timeval tsub(struct timeval t1, struct timeval t2)
220 {
221     t1.tv_usec -= t2.tv_usec;
222     if (t1.tv_usec < 0) {
223         t1.tv_usec += 1000000;
224         t1.tv_sec--;
225     }
226     t1.tv_sec -= t2.tv_sec;
227     return t1;
228 }
229 
230 static double tdiv(double value, struct timeval tv)
231 {
232     return value / ((double)tv.tv_sec + ((double)tv.tv_usec / 1000000.0));
233 }
234 
235 #define HOURS(sec)      ((sec) / (60 * 60))
236 #define MINUTES(sec)    (((sec) % (60 * 60)) / 60)
237 #define SECONDS(sec)    ((sec) % 60)
238 
239 enum {
240     DEFAULT_TIME        = 0x0,
241     TERSE_FIXED_TIME    = 0x1,
242     VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME  = 0x2,
243 };
244 
245 static void timestr(struct timeval *tv, char *ts, size_t size, int format)
246 {
247     double usec = (double)tv->tv_usec / 1000000.0;
248 
249     if (format & TERSE_FIXED_TIME) {
250         if (!HOURS(tv->tv_sec)) {
251             snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u.%02u",
252                     (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
253                     (unsigned int) SECONDS(tv->tv_sec),
254                     (unsigned int) (usec * 100));
255             return;
256         }
257         format |= VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME; /* fallback if hours needed */
258     }
259 
260     if ((format & VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME) || tv->tv_sec) {
261         snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u:%02u.%02u",
262                 (unsigned int) HOURS(tv->tv_sec),
263                 (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
264                 (unsigned int) SECONDS(tv->tv_sec),
265                 (unsigned int) (usec * 100));
266     } else {
267         snprintf(ts, size, "0.%04u sec", (unsigned int) (usec * 10000));
268     }
269 }
270 
271 /*
272  * Parse the pattern argument to various sub-commands.
273  *
274  * Because the pattern is used as an argument to memset it must evaluate
275  * to an unsigned integer that fits into a single byte.
276  */
277 static int parse_pattern(const char *arg)
278 {
279     char *endptr = NULL;
280     long pattern;
281 
282     pattern = strtol(arg, &endptr, 0);
283     if (pattern < 0 || pattern > UCHAR_MAX || *endptr != '\0') {
284         printf("%s is not a valid pattern byte\n", arg);
285         return -1;
286     }
287 
288     return pattern;
289 }
290 
291 /*
292  * Memory allocation helpers.
293  *
294  * Make sure memory is aligned by default, or purposefully misaligned if
295  * that is specified on the command line.
296  */
297 
298 #define MISALIGN_OFFSET     16
299 static void *qemu_io_alloc(BlockBackend *blk, size_t len, int pattern)
300 {
301     void *buf;
302 
303     if (qemuio_misalign) {
304         len += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
305     }
306     buf = blk_blockalign(blk, len);
307     memset(buf, pattern, len);
308     if (qemuio_misalign) {
309         buf += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
310     }
311     return buf;
312 }
313 
314 static void qemu_io_free(void *p)
315 {
316     if (qemuio_misalign) {
317         p -= MISALIGN_OFFSET;
318     }
319     qemu_vfree(p);
320 }
321 
322 static void dump_buffer(const void *buffer, int64_t offset, int64_t len)
323 {
324     uint64_t i;
325     int j;
326     const uint8_t *p;
327 
328     for (i = 0, p = buffer; i < len; i += 16) {
329         const uint8_t *s = p;
330 
331         printf("%08" PRIx64 ":  ", offset + i);
332         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, p++) {
333             printf("%02x ", *p);
334         }
335         printf(" ");
336         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, s++) {
337             if (isalnum(*s)) {
338                 printf("%c", *s);
339             } else {
340                 printf(".");
341             }
342         }
343         printf("\n");
344     }
345 }
346 
347 static void print_report(const char *op, struct timeval *t, int64_t offset,
348                          int64_t count, int64_t total, int cnt, int Cflag)
349 {
350     char s1[64], s2[64], ts[64];
351 
352     timestr(t, ts, sizeof(ts), Cflag ? VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME : 0);
353     if (!Cflag) {
354         cvtstr((double)total, s1, sizeof(s1));
355         cvtstr(tdiv((double)total, *t), s2, sizeof(s2));
356         printf("%s %"PRId64"/%"PRId64" bytes at offset %" PRId64 "\n",
357                op, total, count, offset);
358         printf("%s, %d ops; %s (%s/sec and %.4f ops/sec)\n",
359                s1, cnt, ts, s2, tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
360     } else {/* bytes,ops,time,bytes/sec,ops/sec */
361         printf("%"PRId64",%d,%s,%.3f,%.3f\n",
362             total, cnt, ts,
363             tdiv((double)total, *t),
364             tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
365     }
366 }
367 
368 /*
369  * Parse multiple length statements for vectored I/O, and construct an I/O
370  * vector matching it.
371  */
372 static void *
373 create_iovec(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov, char **argv, int nr_iov,
374              int pattern)
375 {
376     size_t *sizes = g_new0(size_t, nr_iov);
377     size_t count = 0;
378     void *buf = NULL;
379     void *p;
380     int i;
381 
382     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
383         char *arg = argv[i];
384         int64_t len;
385 
386         len = cvtnum(arg);
387         if (len < 0) {
388             print_cvtnum_err(len, arg);
389             goto fail;
390         }
391 
392         /* should be SIZE_T_MAX, but that doesn't exist */
393         if (len > INT_MAX) {
394             printf("Argument '%s' exceeds maximum size %d\n", arg, INT_MAX);
395             goto fail;
396         }
397 
398         if (len & 0x1ff) {
399             printf("length argument %" PRId64
400                    " is not sector aligned\n", len);
401             goto fail;
402         }
403 
404         sizes[i] = len;
405         count += len;
406     }
407 
408     qemu_iovec_init(qiov, nr_iov);
409 
410     buf = p = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
411 
412     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
413         qemu_iovec_add(qiov, p, sizes[i]);
414         p += sizes[i];
415     }
416 
417 fail:
418     g_free(sizes);
419     return buf;
420 }
421 
422 static int do_read(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
423                    int64_t *total)
424 {
425     int ret;
426 
427     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
428         return -ERANGE;
429     }
430 
431     ret = blk_read(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
432     if (ret < 0) {
433         return ret;
434     }
435     *total = count;
436     return 1;
437 }
438 
439 static int do_write(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
440                     int64_t *total)
441 {
442     int ret;
443 
444     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
445         return -ERANGE;
446     }
447 
448     ret = blk_write(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
449     if (ret < 0) {
450         return ret;
451     }
452     *total = count;
453     return 1;
454 }
455 
456 static int do_pread(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
457                     int64_t count, int64_t *total)
458 {
459     if (count > INT_MAX) {
460         return -ERANGE;
461     }
462 
463     *total = blk_pread(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, count);
464     if (*total < 0) {
465         return *total;
466     }
467     return 1;
468 }
469 
470 static int do_pwrite(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
471                      int64_t count, int64_t *total)
472 {
473     if (count > INT_MAX) {
474         return -ERANGE;
475     }
476 
477     *total = blk_pwrite(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, count);
478     if (*total < 0) {
479         return *total;
480     }
481     return 1;
482 }
483 
484 typedef struct {
485     BlockBackend *blk;
486     int64_t offset;
487     int64_t count;
488     int64_t *total;
489     int ret;
490     bool done;
491 } CoWriteZeroes;
492 
493 static void coroutine_fn co_write_zeroes_entry(void *opaque)
494 {
495     CoWriteZeroes *data = opaque;
496 
497     data->ret = blk_co_write_zeroes(data->blk, data->offset / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
498                                     data->count / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, 0);
499     data->done = true;
500     if (data->ret < 0) {
501         *data->total = data->ret;
502         return;
503     }
504 
505     *data->total = data->count;
506 }
507 
508 static int do_co_write_zeroes(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
509                               int64_t *total)
510 {
511     Coroutine *co;
512     CoWriteZeroes data = {
513         .blk    = blk,
514         .offset = offset,
515         .count  = count,
516         .total  = total,
517         .done   = false,
518     };
519 
520     if (count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS > INT_MAX) {
521         return -ERANGE;
522     }
523 
524     co = qemu_coroutine_create(co_write_zeroes_entry);
525     qemu_coroutine_enter(co, &data);
526     while (!data.done) {
527         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
528     }
529     if (data.ret < 0) {
530         return data.ret;
531     } else {
532         return 1;
533     }
534 }
535 
536 static int do_write_compressed(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
537                                int64_t count, int64_t *total)
538 {
539     int ret;
540 
541     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
542         return -ERANGE;
543     }
544 
545     ret = blk_write_compressed(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
546     if (ret < 0) {
547         return ret;
548     }
549     *total = count;
550     return 1;
551 }
552 
553 static int do_load_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
554                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
555 {
556     if (count > INT_MAX) {
557         return -ERANGE;
558     }
559 
560     *total = blk_load_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
561     if (*total < 0) {
562         return *total;
563     }
564     return 1;
565 }
566 
567 static int do_save_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
568                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
569 {
570     if (count > INT_MAX) {
571         return -ERANGE;
572     }
573 
574     *total = blk_save_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
575     if (*total < 0) {
576         return *total;
577     }
578     return 1;
579 }
580 
581 #define NOT_DONE 0x7fffffff
582 static void aio_rw_done(void *opaque, int ret)
583 {
584     *(int *)opaque = ret;
585 }
586 
587 static int do_aio_readv(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
588                         int64_t offset, int *total)
589 {
590     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
591 
592     blk_aio_readv(blk, offset >> 9, qiov, qiov->size >> 9,
593                   aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
594     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
595         main_loop_wait(false);
596     }
597 
598     *total = qiov->size;
599     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
600 }
601 
602 static int do_aio_writev(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
603                          int64_t offset, int *total)
604 {
605     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
606 
607     blk_aio_writev(blk, offset >> 9, qiov, qiov->size >> 9,
608                    aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
609     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
610         main_loop_wait(false);
611     }
612 
613     *total = qiov->size;
614     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
615 }
616 
617 struct multiwrite_async_ret {
618     int num_done;
619     int error;
620 };
621 
622 static void multiwrite_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
623 {
624     struct multiwrite_async_ret *async_ret = opaque;
625 
626     async_ret->num_done++;
627     if (ret < 0) {
628         async_ret->error = ret;
629     }
630 }
631 
632 static int do_aio_multiwrite(BlockBackend *blk, BlockRequest* reqs,
633                              int num_reqs, int *total)
634 {
635     int i, ret;
636     struct multiwrite_async_ret async_ret = {
637         .num_done = 0,
638         .error = 0,
639     };
640 
641     *total = 0;
642     for (i = 0; i < num_reqs; i++) {
643         reqs[i].cb = multiwrite_cb;
644         reqs[i].opaque = &async_ret;
645         *total += reqs[i].qiov->size;
646     }
647 
648     ret = blk_aio_multiwrite(blk, reqs, num_reqs);
649     if (ret < 0) {
650         return ret;
651     }
652 
653     while (async_ret.num_done < num_reqs) {
654         main_loop_wait(false);
655     }
656 
657     return async_ret.error < 0 ? async_ret.error : 1;
658 }
659 
660 static void read_help(void)
661 {
662     printf(
663 "\n"
664 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
665 "\n"
666 " Example:\n"
667 " 'read -v 512 1k' - dumps 1 kilobyte read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
668 "\n"
669 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
670 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
671 " -b, -- read from the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
672 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
673 " -l, -- length for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
674 " -p, -- use blk_pread to read the file\n"
675 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
676 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
677 " -s, -- start offset for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
678 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
679 "\n");
680 }
681 
682 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
683 
684 static const cmdinfo_t read_cmd = {
685     .name       = "read",
686     .altname    = "r",
687     .cfunc      = read_f,
688     .argmin     = 2,
689     .argmax     = -1,
690     .args       = "[-abCpqv] [-P pattern [-s off] [-l len]] off len",
691     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
692     .help       = read_help,
693 };
694 
695 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
696 {
697     struct timeval t1, t2;
698     int Cflag = 0, pflag = 0, qflag = 0, vflag = 0;
699     int Pflag = 0, sflag = 0, lflag = 0, bflag = 0;
700     int c, cnt;
701     char *buf;
702     int64_t offset;
703     int64_t count;
704     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
705     int64_t total = 0;
706     int pattern = 0;
707     int64_t pattern_offset = 0, pattern_count = 0;
708 
709     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bCl:pP:qs:v")) != -1) {
710         switch (c) {
711         case 'b':
712             bflag = 1;
713             break;
714         case 'C':
715             Cflag = 1;
716             break;
717         case 'l':
718             lflag = 1;
719             pattern_count = cvtnum(optarg);
720             if (pattern_count < 0) {
721                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_count, optarg);
722                 return 0;
723             }
724             break;
725         case 'p':
726             pflag = 1;
727             break;
728         case 'P':
729             Pflag = 1;
730             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
731             if (pattern < 0) {
732                 return 0;
733             }
734             break;
735         case 'q':
736             qflag = 1;
737             break;
738         case 's':
739             sflag = 1;
740             pattern_offset = cvtnum(optarg);
741             if (pattern_offset < 0) {
742                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_offset, optarg);
743                 return 0;
744             }
745             break;
746         case 'v':
747             vflag = 1;
748             break;
749         default:
750             return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
751         }
752     }
753 
754     if (optind != argc - 2) {
755         return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
756     }
757 
758     if (bflag && pflag) {
759         printf("-b and -p cannot be specified at the same time\n");
760         return 0;
761     }
762 
763     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
764     if (offset < 0) {
765         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
766         return 0;
767     }
768 
769     optind++;
770     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
771     if (count < 0) {
772         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
773         return 0;
774     } else if (count > SIZE_MAX) {
775         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
776                (uint64_t) SIZE_MAX, argv[optind]);
777         return 0;
778     }
779 
780     if (!Pflag && (lflag || sflag)) {
781         return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
782     }
783 
784     if (!lflag) {
785         pattern_count = count - pattern_offset;
786     }
787 
788     if ((pattern_count < 0) || (pattern_count + pattern_offset > count))  {
789         printf("pattern verification range exceeds end of read data\n");
790         return 0;
791     }
792 
793     if (!pflag) {
794         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
795             printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
796                    offset);
797             return 0;
798         }
799         if (count & 0x1ff) {
800             printf("count %"PRId64" is not sector aligned\n",
801                    count);
802             return 0;
803         }
804     }
805 
806     buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, 0xab);
807 
808     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
809     if (pflag) {
810         cnt = do_pread(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
811     } else if (bflag) {
812         cnt = do_load_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
813     } else {
814         cnt = do_read(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
815     }
816     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
817 
818     if (cnt < 0) {
819         printf("read failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
820         goto out;
821     }
822 
823     if (Pflag) {
824         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(pattern_count);
825         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, pattern_count);
826         if (memcmp(buf + pattern_offset, cmp_buf, pattern_count)) {
827             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
828                    PRId64 ", %"PRId64" bytes\n",
829                    offset + pattern_offset, pattern_count);
830         }
831         g_free(cmp_buf);
832     }
833 
834     if (qflag) {
835         goto out;
836     }
837 
838     if (vflag) {
839         dump_buffer(buf, offset, count);
840     }
841 
842     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
843     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
844     print_report("read", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
845 
846 out:
847     qemu_io_free(buf);
848 
849     return 0;
850 }
851 
852 static void readv_help(void)
853 {
854     printf(
855 "\n"
856 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset into multiple buffers\n"
857 "\n"
858 " Example:\n"
859 " 'readv -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
860 "\n"
861 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
862 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
863 " Uses multiple iovec buffers if more than one byte range is specified.\n"
864 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
865 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
866 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
867 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
868 "\n");
869 }
870 
871 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
872 
873 static const cmdinfo_t readv_cmd = {
874     .name       = "readv",
875     .cfunc      = readv_f,
876     .argmin     = 2,
877     .argmax     = -1,
878     .args       = "[-Cqv] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
879     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
880     .help       = readv_help,
881 };
882 
883 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
884 {
885     struct timeval t1, t2;
886     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0, vflag = 0;
887     int c, cnt;
888     char *buf;
889     int64_t offset;
890     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
891     int total = 0;
892     int nr_iov;
893     QEMUIOVector qiov;
894     int pattern = 0;
895     int Pflag = 0;
896 
897     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != -1) {
898         switch (c) {
899         case 'C':
900             Cflag = 1;
901             break;
902         case 'P':
903             Pflag = 1;
904             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
905             if (pattern < 0) {
906                 return 0;
907             }
908             break;
909         case 'q':
910             qflag = 1;
911             break;
912         case 'v':
913             vflag = 1;
914             break;
915         default:
916             return qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
917         }
918     }
919 
920     if (optind > argc - 2) {
921         return qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
922     }
923 
924 
925     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
926     if (offset < 0) {
927         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
928         return 0;
929     }
930     optind++;
931 
932     if (offset & 0x1ff) {
933         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
934                offset);
935         return 0;
936     }
937 
938     nr_iov = argc - optind;
939     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
940     if (buf == NULL) {
941         return 0;
942     }
943 
944     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
945     cnt = do_aio_readv(blk, &qiov, offset, &total);
946     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
947 
948     if (cnt < 0) {
949         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
950         goto out;
951     }
952 
953     if (Pflag) {
954         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(qiov.size);
955         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, qiov.size);
956         if (memcmp(buf, cmp_buf, qiov.size)) {
957             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
958                    PRId64 ", %zd bytes\n", offset, qiov.size);
959         }
960         g_free(cmp_buf);
961     }
962 
963     if (qflag) {
964         goto out;
965     }
966 
967     if (vflag) {
968         dump_buffer(buf, offset, qiov.size);
969     }
970 
971     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
972     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
973     print_report("read", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
974 
975 out:
976     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
977     qemu_io_free(buf);
978     return 0;
979 }
980 
981 static void write_help(void)
982 {
983     printf(
984 "\n"
985 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
986 "\n"
987 " Example:\n"
988 " 'write 512 1k' - writes 1 kilobyte at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
989 "\n"
990 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
991 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
992 " -b, -- write to the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
993 " -c, -- write compressed data with blk_write_compressed\n"
994 " -p, -- use blk_pwrite to write the file\n"
995 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
996 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
997 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
998 " -z, -- write zeroes using blk_co_write_zeroes\n"
999 "\n");
1000 }
1001 
1002 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1003 
1004 static const cmdinfo_t write_cmd = {
1005     .name       = "write",
1006     .altname    = "w",
1007     .cfunc      = write_f,
1008     .argmin     = 2,
1009     .argmax     = -1,
1010     .args       = "[-bcCpqz] [-P pattern ] off len",
1011     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1012     .help       = write_help,
1013 };
1014 
1015 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1016 {
1017     struct timeval t1, t2;
1018     int Cflag = 0, pflag = 0, qflag = 0, bflag = 0, Pflag = 0, zflag = 0;
1019     int cflag = 0;
1020     int c, cnt;
1021     char *buf = NULL;
1022     int64_t offset;
1023     int64_t count;
1024     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1025     int64_t total = 0;
1026     int pattern = 0xcd;
1027 
1028     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bcCpP:qz")) != -1) {
1029         switch (c) {
1030         case 'b':
1031             bflag = 1;
1032             break;
1033         case 'c':
1034             cflag = 1;
1035             break;
1036         case 'C':
1037             Cflag = 1;
1038             break;
1039         case 'p':
1040             pflag = 1;
1041             break;
1042         case 'P':
1043             Pflag = 1;
1044             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1045             if (pattern < 0) {
1046                 return 0;
1047             }
1048             break;
1049         case 'q':
1050             qflag = 1;
1051             break;
1052         case 'z':
1053             zflag = 1;
1054             break;
1055         default:
1056             return qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1057         }
1058     }
1059 
1060     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1061         return qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1062     }
1063 
1064     if (bflag + pflag + zflag > 1) {
1065         printf("-b, -p, or -z cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1066         return 0;
1067     }
1068 
1069     if (zflag && Pflag) {
1070         printf("-z and -P cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1071         return 0;
1072     }
1073 
1074     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1075     if (offset < 0) {
1076         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1077         return 0;
1078     }
1079 
1080     optind++;
1081     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1082     if (count < 0) {
1083         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1084         return 0;
1085     } else if (count > SIZE_MAX) {
1086         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
1087                (uint64_t) SIZE_MAX, argv[optind]);
1088         return 0;
1089     }
1090 
1091     if (!pflag) {
1092         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1093             printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1094                    offset);
1095             return 0;
1096         }
1097 
1098         if (count & 0x1ff) {
1099             printf("count %"PRId64" is not sector aligned\n",
1100                    count);
1101             return 0;
1102         }
1103     }
1104 
1105     if (!zflag) {
1106         buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
1107     }
1108 
1109     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1110     if (pflag) {
1111         cnt = do_pwrite(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1112     } else if (bflag) {
1113         cnt = do_save_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1114     } else if (zflag) {
1115         cnt = do_co_write_zeroes(blk, offset, count, &total);
1116     } else if (cflag) {
1117         cnt = do_write_compressed(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1118     } else {
1119         cnt = do_write(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1120     }
1121     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1122 
1123     if (cnt < 0) {
1124         printf("write failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1125         goto out;
1126     }
1127 
1128     if (qflag) {
1129         goto out;
1130     }
1131 
1132     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1133     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1134     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
1135 
1136 out:
1137     if (!zflag) {
1138         qemu_io_free(buf);
1139     }
1140 
1141     return 0;
1142 }
1143 
1144 static void
1145 writev_help(void)
1146 {
1147     printf(
1148 "\n"
1149 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers\n"
1150 "\n"
1151 " Example:\n"
1152 " 'writev 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1153 "\n"
1154 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1155 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1156 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1157 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1158 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1159 "\n");
1160 }
1161 
1162 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1163 
1164 static const cmdinfo_t writev_cmd = {
1165     .name       = "writev",
1166     .cfunc      = writev_f,
1167     .argmin     = 2,
1168     .argmax     = -1,
1169     .args       = "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1170     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1171     .help       = writev_help,
1172 };
1173 
1174 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1175 {
1176     struct timeval t1, t2;
1177     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1178     int c, cnt;
1179     char *buf;
1180     int64_t offset;
1181     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1182     int total = 0;
1183     int nr_iov;
1184     int pattern = 0xcd;
1185     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1186 
1187     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != -1) {
1188         switch (c) {
1189         case 'C':
1190             Cflag = 1;
1191             break;
1192         case 'q':
1193             qflag = 1;
1194             break;
1195         case 'P':
1196             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1197             if (pattern < 0) {
1198                 return 0;
1199             }
1200             break;
1201         default:
1202             return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1203         }
1204     }
1205 
1206     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1207         return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1208     }
1209 
1210     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1211     if (offset < 0) {
1212         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1213         return 0;
1214     }
1215     optind++;
1216 
1217     if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1218         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1219                offset);
1220         return 0;
1221     }
1222 
1223     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1224     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1225     if (buf == NULL) {
1226         return 0;
1227     }
1228 
1229     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1230     cnt = do_aio_writev(blk, &qiov, offset, &total);
1231     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1232 
1233     if (cnt < 0) {
1234         printf("writev failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1235         goto out;
1236     }
1237 
1238     if (qflag) {
1239         goto out;
1240     }
1241 
1242     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1243     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1244     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
1245 out:
1246     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
1247     qemu_io_free(buf);
1248     return 0;
1249 }
1250 
1251 static void multiwrite_help(void)
1252 {
1253     printf(
1254 "\n"
1255 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers,\n"
1256 " in a batch of requests that may be merged by qemu\n"
1257 "\n"
1258 " Example:\n"
1259 " 'multiwrite 512 1k 1k ; 4k 1k'\n"
1260 "  writes 2 kB at 512 bytes and 1 kB at 4 kB into the open file\n"
1261 "\n"
1262 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1263 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd). The pattern byte is increased\n"
1264 " by one for each request contained in the multiwrite command.\n"
1265 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1266 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1267 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1268 "\n");
1269 }
1270 
1271 static int multiwrite_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1272 
1273 static const cmdinfo_t multiwrite_cmd = {
1274     .name       = "multiwrite",
1275     .cfunc      = multiwrite_f,
1276     .argmin     = 2,
1277     .argmax     = -1,
1278     .args       = "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..] [; off len [len..]..]",
1279     .oneline    = "issues multiple write requests at once",
1280     .help       = multiwrite_help,
1281 };
1282 
1283 static int multiwrite_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1284 {
1285     struct timeval t1, t2;
1286     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1287     int c, cnt;
1288     char **buf;
1289     int64_t offset, first_offset = 0;
1290     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1291     int total = 0;
1292     int nr_iov;
1293     int nr_reqs;
1294     int pattern = 0xcd;
1295     QEMUIOVector *qiovs;
1296     int i;
1297     BlockRequest *reqs;
1298 
1299     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != -1) {
1300         switch (c) {
1301         case 'C':
1302             Cflag = 1;
1303             break;
1304         case 'q':
1305             qflag = 1;
1306             break;
1307         case 'P':
1308             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1309             if (pattern < 0) {
1310                 return 0;
1311             }
1312             break;
1313         default:
1314             return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1315         }
1316     }
1317 
1318     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1319         return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1320     }
1321 
1322     nr_reqs = 1;
1323     for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
1324         if (!strcmp(argv[i], ";")) {
1325             nr_reqs++;
1326         }
1327     }
1328 
1329     reqs = g_new0(BlockRequest, nr_reqs);
1330     buf = g_new0(char *, nr_reqs);
1331     qiovs = g_new(QEMUIOVector, nr_reqs);
1332 
1333     for (i = 0; i < nr_reqs && optind < argc; i++) {
1334         int j;
1335 
1336         /* Read the offset of the request */
1337         offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1338         if (offset < 0) {
1339             print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1340             goto out;
1341         }
1342         optind++;
1343 
1344         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1345             printf("offset %lld is not sector aligned\n",
1346                    (long long)offset);
1347             goto out;
1348         }
1349 
1350         if (i == 0) {
1351             first_offset = offset;
1352         }
1353 
1354         /* Read lengths for qiov entries */
1355         for (j = optind; j < argc; j++) {
1356             if (!strcmp(argv[j], ";")) {
1357                 break;
1358             }
1359         }
1360 
1361         nr_iov = j - optind;
1362 
1363         /* Build request */
1364         buf[i] = create_iovec(blk, &qiovs[i], &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1365         if (buf[i] == NULL) {
1366             goto out;
1367         }
1368 
1369         reqs[i].qiov = &qiovs[i];
1370         reqs[i].sector = offset >> 9;
1371         reqs[i].nb_sectors = reqs[i].qiov->size >> 9;
1372 
1373         optind = j + 1;
1374 
1375         pattern++;
1376     }
1377 
1378     /* If there were empty requests at the end, ignore them */
1379     nr_reqs = i;
1380 
1381     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1382     cnt = do_aio_multiwrite(blk, reqs, nr_reqs, &total);
1383     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1384 
1385     if (cnt < 0) {
1386         printf("aio_multiwrite failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1387         goto out;
1388     }
1389 
1390     if (qflag) {
1391         goto out;
1392     }
1393 
1394     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1395     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1396     print_report("wrote", &t2, first_offset, total, total, cnt, Cflag);
1397 out:
1398     for (i = 0; i < nr_reqs; i++) {
1399         qemu_io_free(buf[i]);
1400         if (reqs[i].qiov != NULL) {
1401             qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiovs[i]);
1402         }
1403     }
1404     g_free(buf);
1405     g_free(reqs);
1406     g_free(qiovs);
1407     return 0;
1408 }
1409 
1410 struct aio_ctx {
1411     BlockBackend *blk;
1412     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1413     int64_t offset;
1414     char *buf;
1415     int qflag;
1416     int vflag;
1417     int Cflag;
1418     int Pflag;
1419     int zflag;
1420     BlockAcctCookie acct;
1421     int pattern;
1422     struct timeval t1;
1423 };
1424 
1425 static void aio_write_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1426 {
1427     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1428     struct timeval t2;
1429 
1430     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1431 
1432 
1433     if (ret < 0) {
1434         printf("aio_write failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1435         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1436         goto out;
1437     }
1438 
1439     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1440 
1441     if (ctx->qflag) {
1442         goto out;
1443     }
1444 
1445     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1446     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1447     print_report("wrote", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1448                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1449 out:
1450     if (!ctx->zflag) {
1451         qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1452         qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1453     }
1454     g_free(ctx);
1455 }
1456 
1457 static void aio_read_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1458 {
1459     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1460     struct timeval t2;
1461 
1462     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1463 
1464     if (ret < 0) {
1465         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1466         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1467         goto out;
1468     }
1469 
1470     if (ctx->Pflag) {
1471         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(ctx->qiov.size);
1472 
1473         memset(cmp_buf, ctx->pattern, ctx->qiov.size);
1474         if (memcmp(ctx->buf, cmp_buf, ctx->qiov.size)) {
1475             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
1476                    PRId64 ", %zd bytes\n", ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1477         }
1478         g_free(cmp_buf);
1479     }
1480 
1481     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1482 
1483     if (ctx->qflag) {
1484         goto out;
1485     }
1486 
1487     if (ctx->vflag) {
1488         dump_buffer(ctx->buf, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1489     }
1490 
1491     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1492     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1493     print_report("read", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1494                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1495 out:
1496     qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1497     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1498     g_free(ctx);
1499 }
1500 
1501 static void aio_read_help(void)
1502 {
1503     printf(
1504 "\n"
1505 " asynchronously reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1506 "\n"
1507 " Example:\n"
1508 " 'aio_read -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1509 "\n"
1510 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
1511 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
1512 " The read is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1513 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1514 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1515 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
1516 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
1517 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1518 "\n");
1519 }
1520 
1521 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1522 
1523 static const cmdinfo_t aio_read_cmd = {
1524     .name       = "aio_read",
1525     .cfunc      = aio_read_f,
1526     .argmin     = 2,
1527     .argmax     = -1,
1528     .args       = "[-Cqv] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1529     .oneline    = "asynchronously reads a number of bytes",
1530     .help       = aio_read_help,
1531 };
1532 
1533 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1534 {
1535     int nr_iov, c;
1536     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1537 
1538     ctx->blk = blk;
1539     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != -1) {
1540         switch (c) {
1541         case 'C':
1542             ctx->Cflag = 1;
1543             break;
1544         case 'P':
1545             ctx->Pflag = 1;
1546             ctx->pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1547             if (ctx->pattern < 0) {
1548                 g_free(ctx);
1549                 return 0;
1550             }
1551             break;
1552         case 'q':
1553             ctx->qflag = 1;
1554             break;
1555         case 'v':
1556             ctx->vflag = 1;
1557             break;
1558         default:
1559             g_free(ctx);
1560             return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1561         }
1562     }
1563 
1564     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1565         g_free(ctx);
1566         return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1567     }
1568 
1569     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1570     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1571         print_cvtnum_err(ctx->offset, argv[optind]);
1572         g_free(ctx);
1573         return 0;
1574     }
1575     optind++;
1576 
1577     if (ctx->offset & 0x1ff) {
1578         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1579                ctx->offset);
1580         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1581         g_free(ctx);
1582         return 0;
1583     }
1584 
1585     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1586     ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
1587     if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1588         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1589         g_free(ctx);
1590         return 0;
1591     }
1592 
1593     gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
1594     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1595                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1596     blk_aio_readv(blk, ctx->offset >> 9, &ctx->qiov,
1597                   ctx->qiov.size >> 9, aio_read_done, ctx);
1598     return 0;
1599 }
1600 
1601 static void aio_write_help(void)
1602 {
1603     printf(
1604 "\n"
1605 " asynchronously writes a range of bytes from the given offset source\n"
1606 " from multiple buffers\n"
1607 "\n"
1608 " Example:\n"
1609 " 'aio_write 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1610 "\n"
1611 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1612 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1613 " The write is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1614 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1615 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1616 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1617 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1618 " -z, -- write zeroes using blk_aio_write_zeroes\n"
1619 "\n");
1620 }
1621 
1622 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1623 
1624 static const cmdinfo_t aio_write_cmd = {
1625     .name       = "aio_write",
1626     .cfunc      = aio_write_f,
1627     .argmin     = 2,
1628     .argmax     = -1,
1629     .args       = "[-Cqz] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1630     .oneline    = "asynchronously writes a number of bytes",
1631     .help       = aio_write_help,
1632 };
1633 
1634 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1635 {
1636     int nr_iov, c;
1637     int pattern = 0xcd;
1638     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1639 
1640     ctx->blk = blk;
1641     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:z")) != -1) {
1642         switch (c) {
1643         case 'C':
1644             ctx->Cflag = 1;
1645             break;
1646         case 'q':
1647             ctx->qflag = 1;
1648             break;
1649         case 'P':
1650             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1651             if (pattern < 0) {
1652                 g_free(ctx);
1653                 return 0;
1654             }
1655             break;
1656         case 'z':
1657             ctx->zflag = 1;
1658             break;
1659         default:
1660             g_free(ctx);
1661             return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1662         }
1663     }
1664 
1665     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1666         g_free(ctx);
1667         return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1668     }
1669 
1670     if (ctx->zflag && optind != argc - 2) {
1671         printf("-z supports only a single length parameter\n");
1672         g_free(ctx);
1673         return 0;
1674     }
1675 
1676     if (ctx->zflag && ctx->Pflag) {
1677         printf("-z and -P cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1678         g_free(ctx);
1679         return 0;
1680     }
1681 
1682     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1683     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1684         print_cvtnum_err(ctx->offset, argv[optind]);
1685         g_free(ctx);
1686         return 0;
1687     }
1688     optind++;
1689 
1690     if (ctx->offset & 0x1ff) {
1691         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1692                ctx->offset);
1693         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1694         g_free(ctx);
1695         return 0;
1696     }
1697 
1698     if (ctx->zflag) {
1699         int64_t count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1700         if (count < 0) {
1701             print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1702             return 0;
1703         }
1704 
1705         ctx->qiov.size = count;
1706         blk_aio_write_zeroes(blk, ctx->offset >> 9, count >> 9, 0,
1707                              aio_write_done, ctx);
1708     } else {
1709         nr_iov = argc - optind;
1710         ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov,
1711                                 pattern);
1712         if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1713             block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1714             g_free(ctx);
1715             return 0;
1716         }
1717 
1718         gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
1719         block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1720                          BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1721 
1722         blk_aio_writev(blk, ctx->offset >> 9, &ctx->qiov,
1723                        ctx->qiov.size >> 9, aio_write_done, ctx);
1724     }
1725     return 0;
1726 }
1727 
1728 static int aio_flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1729 {
1730     BlockAcctCookie cookie;
1731     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie, 0, BLOCK_ACCT_FLUSH);
1732     blk_drain_all();
1733     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie);
1734     return 0;
1735 }
1736 
1737 static const cmdinfo_t aio_flush_cmd = {
1738     .name       = "aio_flush",
1739     .cfunc      = aio_flush_f,
1740     .oneline    = "completes all outstanding aio requests"
1741 };
1742 
1743 static int flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1744 {
1745     blk_flush(blk);
1746     return 0;
1747 }
1748 
1749 static const cmdinfo_t flush_cmd = {
1750     .name       = "flush",
1751     .altname    = "f",
1752     .cfunc      = flush_f,
1753     .oneline    = "flush all in-core file state to disk",
1754 };
1755 
1756 static int truncate_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1757 {
1758     int64_t offset;
1759     int ret;
1760 
1761     offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1762     if (offset < 0) {
1763         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1764         return 0;
1765     }
1766 
1767     ret = blk_truncate(blk, offset);
1768     if (ret < 0) {
1769         printf("truncate: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1770         return 0;
1771     }
1772 
1773     return 0;
1774 }
1775 
1776 static const cmdinfo_t truncate_cmd = {
1777     .name       = "truncate",
1778     .altname    = "t",
1779     .cfunc      = truncate_f,
1780     .argmin     = 1,
1781     .argmax     = 1,
1782     .args       = "off",
1783     .oneline    = "truncates the current file at the given offset",
1784 };
1785 
1786 static int length_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1787 {
1788     int64_t size;
1789     char s1[64];
1790 
1791     size = blk_getlength(blk);
1792     if (size < 0) {
1793         printf("getlength: %s\n", strerror(-size));
1794         return 0;
1795     }
1796 
1797     cvtstr(size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1798     printf("%s\n", s1);
1799     return 0;
1800 }
1801 
1802 
1803 static const cmdinfo_t length_cmd = {
1804     .name   = "length",
1805     .altname    = "l",
1806     .cfunc      = length_f,
1807     .oneline    = "gets the length of the current file",
1808 };
1809 
1810 
1811 static int info_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1812 {
1813     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1814     BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1815     ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info;
1816     char s1[64], s2[64];
1817     int ret;
1818 
1819     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->format_name) {
1820         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->format_name);
1821     }
1822     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->protocol_name) {
1823         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->protocol_name);
1824     }
1825 
1826     ret = bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi);
1827     if (ret) {
1828         return 0;
1829     }
1830 
1831     cvtstr(bdi.cluster_size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1832     cvtstr(bdi.vm_state_offset, s2, sizeof(s2));
1833 
1834     printf("cluster size: %s\n", s1);
1835     printf("vm state offset: %s\n", s2);
1836 
1837     spec_info = bdrv_get_specific_info(bs);
1838     if (spec_info) {
1839         printf("Format specific information:\n");
1840         bdrv_image_info_specific_dump(fprintf, stdout, spec_info);
1841         qapi_free_ImageInfoSpecific(spec_info);
1842     }
1843 
1844     return 0;
1845 }
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 static const cmdinfo_t info_cmd = {
1850     .name       = "info",
1851     .altname    = "i",
1852     .cfunc      = info_f,
1853     .oneline    = "prints information about the current file",
1854 };
1855 
1856 static void discard_help(void)
1857 {
1858     printf(
1859 "\n"
1860 " discards a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1861 "\n"
1862 " Example:\n"
1863 " 'discard 512 1k' - discards 1 kilobyte from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1864 "\n"
1865 " Discards a segment of the currently open file.\n"
1866 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1867 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1868 "\n");
1869 }
1870 
1871 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1872 
1873 static const cmdinfo_t discard_cmd = {
1874     .name       = "discard",
1875     .altname    = "d",
1876     .cfunc      = discard_f,
1877     .argmin     = 2,
1878     .argmax     = -1,
1879     .args       = "[-Cq] off len",
1880     .oneline    = "discards a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1881     .help       = discard_help,
1882 };
1883 
1884 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1885 {
1886     struct timeval t1, t2;
1887     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1888     int c, ret;
1889     int64_t offset, count;
1890 
1891     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "Cq")) != -1) {
1892         switch (c) {
1893         case 'C':
1894             Cflag = 1;
1895             break;
1896         case 'q':
1897             qflag = 1;
1898             break;
1899         default:
1900             return qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1901         }
1902     }
1903 
1904     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1905         return qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1906     }
1907 
1908     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1909     if (offset < 0) {
1910         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1911         return 0;
1912     }
1913 
1914     optind++;
1915     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1916     if (count < 0) {
1917         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1918         return 0;
1919     } else if (count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS > INT_MAX) {
1920         printf("length cannot exceed %"PRIu64", given %s\n",
1921                (uint64_t)INT_MAX << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1922                argv[optind]);
1923         return 0;
1924     }
1925 
1926     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1927     ret = blk_discard(blk, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1928                       count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1929     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1930 
1931     if (ret < 0) {
1932         printf("discard failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1933         goto out;
1934     }
1935 
1936     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1937     if (!qflag) {
1938         t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1939         print_report("discard", &t2, offset, count, count, 1, Cflag);
1940     }
1941 
1942 out:
1943     return 0;
1944 }
1945 
1946 static int alloc_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1947 {
1948     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1949     int64_t offset, sector_num, nb_sectors, remaining;
1950     char s1[64];
1951     int num, ret;
1952     int64_t sum_alloc;
1953 
1954     offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1955     if (offset < 0) {
1956         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1957         return 0;
1958     } else if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1959         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1960                offset);
1961         return 0;
1962     }
1963 
1964     if (argc == 3) {
1965         nb_sectors = cvtnum(argv[2]);
1966         if (nb_sectors < 0) {
1967             print_cvtnum_err(nb_sectors, argv[2]);
1968             return 0;
1969         } else if (nb_sectors > INT_MAX) {
1970             printf("length argument cannot exceed %d, given %s\n",
1971                    INT_MAX, argv[2]);
1972             return 0;
1973         }
1974     } else {
1975         nb_sectors = 1;
1976     }
1977 
1978     remaining = nb_sectors;
1979     sum_alloc = 0;
1980     sector_num = offset >> 9;
1981     while (remaining) {
1982         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, remaining, &num);
1983         if (ret < 0) {
1984             printf("is_allocated failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1985             return 0;
1986         }
1987         sector_num += num;
1988         remaining -= num;
1989         if (ret) {
1990             sum_alloc += num;
1991         }
1992         if (num == 0) {
1993             nb_sectors -= remaining;
1994             remaining = 0;
1995         }
1996     }
1997 
1998     cvtstr(offset, s1, sizeof(s1));
1999 
2000     printf("%"PRId64"/%"PRId64" sectors allocated at offset %s\n",
2001            sum_alloc, nb_sectors, s1);
2002     return 0;
2003 }
2004 
2005 static const cmdinfo_t alloc_cmd = {
2006     .name       = "alloc",
2007     .altname    = "a",
2008     .argmin     = 1,
2009     .argmax     = 2,
2010     .cfunc      = alloc_f,
2011     .args       = "off [sectors]",
2012     .oneline    = "checks if a sector is present in the file",
2013 };
2014 
2015 
2016 static int map_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
2017                             int64_t nb_sectors, int64_t *pnum)
2018 {
2019     int num, num_checked;
2020     int ret, firstret;
2021 
2022     num_checked = MIN(nb_sectors, INT_MAX);
2023     ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, num_checked, &num);
2024     if (ret < 0) {
2025         return ret;
2026     }
2027 
2028     firstret = ret;
2029     *pnum = num;
2030 
2031     while (nb_sectors > 0 && ret == firstret) {
2032         sector_num += num;
2033         nb_sectors -= num;
2034 
2035         num_checked = MIN(nb_sectors, INT_MAX);
2036         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, num_checked, &num);
2037         if (ret == firstret && num) {
2038             *pnum += num;
2039         } else {
2040             break;
2041         }
2042     }
2043 
2044     return firstret;
2045 }
2046 
2047 static int map_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2048 {
2049     int64_t offset;
2050     int64_t nb_sectors, total_sectors;
2051     char s1[64];
2052     int64_t num;
2053     int ret;
2054     const char *retstr;
2055 
2056     offset = 0;
2057     total_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk);
2058     if (total_sectors < 0) {
2059         error_report("Failed to query image length: %s",
2060                      strerror(-total_sectors));
2061         return 0;
2062     }
2063 
2064     nb_sectors = total_sectors;
2065 
2066     do {
2067         ret = map_is_allocated(blk_bs(blk), offset, nb_sectors, &num);
2068         if (ret < 0) {
2069             error_report("Failed to get allocation status: %s", strerror(-ret));
2070             return 0;
2071         } else if (!num) {
2072             error_report("Unexpected end of image");
2073             return 0;
2074         }
2075 
2076         retstr = ret ? "    allocated" : "not allocated";
2077         cvtstr(offset << 9ULL, s1, sizeof(s1));
2078         printf("[% 24" PRId64 "] % 8" PRId64 "/% 8" PRId64 " sectors %s "
2079                "at offset %s (%d)\n",
2080                offset << 9ULL, num, nb_sectors, retstr, s1, ret);
2081 
2082         offset += num;
2083         nb_sectors -= num;
2084     } while (offset < total_sectors);
2085 
2086     return 0;
2087 }
2088 
2089 static const cmdinfo_t map_cmd = {
2090        .name           = "map",
2091        .argmin         = 0,
2092        .argmax         = 0,
2093        .cfunc          = map_f,
2094        .args           = "",
2095        .oneline        = "prints the allocated areas of a file",
2096 };
2097 
2098 static void reopen_help(void)
2099 {
2100     printf(
2101 "\n"
2102 " Changes the open options of an already opened image\n"
2103 "\n"
2104 " Example:\n"
2105 " 'reopen -o lazy-refcounts=on' - activates lazy refcount writeback on a qcow2 image\n"
2106 "\n"
2107 " -r, -- Reopen the image read-only\n"
2108 " -c, -- Change the cache mode to the given value\n"
2109 " -o, -- Changes block driver options (cf. 'open' command)\n"
2110 "\n");
2111 }
2112 
2113 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2114 
2115 static QemuOptsList reopen_opts = {
2116     .name = "reopen",
2117     .merge_lists = true,
2118     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(reopen_opts.head),
2119     .desc = {
2120         /* no elements => accept any params */
2121         { /* end of list */ }
2122     },
2123 };
2124 
2125 static const cmdinfo_t reopen_cmd = {
2126        .name           = "reopen",
2127        .argmin         = 0,
2128        .argmax         = -1,
2129        .cfunc          = reopen_f,
2130        .args           = "[-r] [-c cache] [-o options]",
2131        .oneline        = "reopens an image with new options",
2132        .help           = reopen_help,
2133 };
2134 
2135 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2136 {
2137     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
2138     QemuOpts *qopts;
2139     QDict *opts;
2140     int c;
2141     int flags = bs->open_flags;
2142     bool writethrough = !blk_enable_write_cache(blk);
2143 
2144     BlockReopenQueue *brq;
2145     Error *local_err = NULL;
2146 
2147     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "c:o:r")) != -1) {
2148         switch (c) {
2149         case 'c':
2150             if (bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough) < 0) {
2151                 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", optarg);
2152                 return 0;
2153             }
2154             break;
2155         case 'o':
2156             if (!qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&reopen_opts, optarg, 0)) {
2157                 qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2158                 return 0;
2159             }
2160             break;
2161         case 'r':
2162             flags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR;
2163             break;
2164         default:
2165             qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2166             return qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2167         }
2168     }
2169 
2170     if (optind != argc) {
2171         qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2172         return qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2173     }
2174 
2175     if (writethrough != blk_enable_write_cache(blk) &&
2176         blk_get_attached_dev(blk))
2177     {
2178         error_report("Cannot change cache.writeback: Device attached");
2179         qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2180         return 0;
2181     }
2182 
2183     qopts = qemu_opts_find(&reopen_opts, NULL);
2184     opts = qopts ? qemu_opts_to_qdict(qopts, NULL) : NULL;
2185     qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2186 
2187     brq = bdrv_reopen_queue(NULL, bs, opts, flags);
2188     bdrv_reopen_multiple(brq, &local_err);
2189     if (local_err) {
2190         error_report_err(local_err);
2191     } else {
2192         blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
2193     }
2194 
2195     return 0;
2196 }
2197 
2198 static int break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2199 {
2200     int ret;
2201 
2202     ret = bdrv_debug_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1], argv[2]);
2203     if (ret < 0) {
2204         printf("Could not set breakpoint: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2205     }
2206 
2207     return 0;
2208 }
2209 
2210 static int remove_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2211 {
2212     int ret;
2213 
2214     ret = bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2215     if (ret < 0) {
2216         printf("Could not remove breakpoint %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(-ret));
2217     }
2218 
2219     return 0;
2220 }
2221 
2222 static const cmdinfo_t break_cmd = {
2223        .name           = "break",
2224        .argmin         = 2,
2225        .argmax         = 2,
2226        .cfunc          = break_f,
2227        .args           = "event tag",
2228        .oneline        = "sets a breakpoint on event and tags the stopped "
2229                          "request as tag",
2230 };
2231 
2232 static const cmdinfo_t remove_break_cmd = {
2233        .name           = "remove_break",
2234        .argmin         = 1,
2235        .argmax         = 1,
2236        .cfunc          = remove_break_f,
2237        .args           = "tag",
2238        .oneline        = "remove a breakpoint by tag",
2239 };
2240 
2241 static int resume_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2242 {
2243     int ret;
2244 
2245     ret = bdrv_debug_resume(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2246     if (ret < 0) {
2247         printf("Could not resume request: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2248     }
2249 
2250     return 0;
2251 }
2252 
2253 static const cmdinfo_t resume_cmd = {
2254        .name           = "resume",
2255        .argmin         = 1,
2256        .argmax         = 1,
2257        .cfunc          = resume_f,
2258        .args           = "tag",
2259        .oneline        = "resumes the request tagged as tag",
2260 };
2261 
2262 static int wait_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2263 {
2264     while (!bdrv_debug_is_suspended(blk_bs(blk), argv[1])) {
2265         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
2266     }
2267 
2268     return 0;
2269 }
2270 
2271 static const cmdinfo_t wait_break_cmd = {
2272        .name           = "wait_break",
2273        .argmin         = 1,
2274        .argmax         = 1,
2275        .cfunc          = wait_break_f,
2276        .args           = "tag",
2277        .oneline        = "waits for the suspension of a request",
2278 };
2279 
2280 static int abort_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2281 {
2282     abort();
2283 }
2284 
2285 static const cmdinfo_t abort_cmd = {
2286        .name           = "abort",
2287        .cfunc          = abort_f,
2288        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2289        .oneline        = "simulate a program crash using abort(3)",
2290 };
2291 
2292 static void sigraise_help(void)
2293 {
2294     printf(
2295 "\n"
2296 " raises the given signal\n"
2297 "\n"
2298 " Example:\n"
2299 " 'sigraise %i' - raises SIGTERM\n"
2300 "\n"
2301 " Invokes raise(signal), where \"signal\" is the mandatory integer argument\n"
2302 " given to sigraise.\n"
2303 "\n", SIGTERM);
2304 }
2305 
2306 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2307 
2308 static const cmdinfo_t sigraise_cmd = {
2309     .name       = "sigraise",
2310     .cfunc      = sigraise_f,
2311     .argmin     = 1,
2312     .argmax     = 1,
2313     .flags      = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2314     .args       = "signal",
2315     .oneline    = "raises a signal",
2316     .help       = sigraise_help,
2317 };
2318 
2319 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2320 {
2321     int64_t sig = cvtnum(argv[1]);
2322     if (sig < 0) {
2323         print_cvtnum_err(sig, argv[1]);
2324         return 0;
2325     } else if (sig > NSIG) {
2326         printf("signal argument '%s' is too large to be a valid signal\n",
2327                argv[1]);
2328         return 0;
2329     }
2330 
2331     /* Using raise() to kill this process does not necessarily flush all open
2332      * streams. At least stdout and stderr (although the latter should be
2333      * non-buffered anyway) should be flushed, though. */
2334     fflush(stdout);
2335     fflush(stderr);
2336 
2337     raise(sig);
2338     return 0;
2339 }
2340 
2341 static void sleep_cb(void *opaque)
2342 {
2343     bool *expired = opaque;
2344     *expired = true;
2345 }
2346 
2347 static int sleep_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2348 {
2349     char *endptr;
2350     long ms;
2351     struct QEMUTimer *timer;
2352     bool expired = false;
2353 
2354     ms = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 0);
2355     if (ms < 0 || *endptr != '\0') {
2356         printf("%s is not a valid number\n", argv[1]);
2357         return 0;
2358     }
2359 
2360     timer = timer_new_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST, sleep_cb, &expired);
2361     timer_mod(timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST) + SCALE_MS * ms);
2362 
2363     while (!expired) {
2364         main_loop_wait(false);
2365     }
2366 
2367     timer_free(timer);
2368 
2369     return 0;
2370 }
2371 
2372 static const cmdinfo_t sleep_cmd = {
2373        .name           = "sleep",
2374        .argmin         = 1,
2375        .argmax         = 1,
2376        .cfunc          = sleep_f,
2377        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2378        .oneline        = "waits for the given value in milliseconds",
2379 };
2380 
2381 static void help_oneline(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2382 {
2383     if (cmd) {
2384         printf("%s ", cmd);
2385     } else {
2386         printf("%s ", ct->name);
2387         if (ct->altname) {
2388             printf("(or %s) ", ct->altname);
2389         }
2390     }
2391 
2392     if (ct->args) {
2393         printf("%s ", ct->args);
2394     }
2395     printf("-- %s\n", ct->oneline);
2396 }
2397 
2398 static void help_onecmd(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2399 {
2400     help_oneline(cmd, ct);
2401     if (ct->help) {
2402         ct->help();
2403     }
2404 }
2405 
2406 static void help_all(void)
2407 {
2408     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2409 
2410     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
2411         help_oneline(ct->name, ct);
2412     }
2413     printf("\nUse 'help commandname' for extended help.\n");
2414 }
2415 
2416 static int help_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2417 {
2418     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2419 
2420     if (argc == 1) {
2421         help_all();
2422         return 0;
2423     }
2424 
2425     ct = find_command(argv[1]);
2426     if (ct == NULL) {
2427         printf("command %s not found\n", argv[1]);
2428         return 0;
2429     }
2430 
2431     help_onecmd(argv[1], ct);
2432     return 0;
2433 }
2434 
2435 static const cmdinfo_t help_cmd = {
2436     .name       = "help",
2437     .altname    = "?",
2438     .cfunc      = help_f,
2439     .argmin     = 0,
2440     .argmax     = 1,
2441     .flags      = CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL,
2442     .args       = "[command]",
2443     .oneline    = "help for one or all commands",
2444 };
2445 
2446 bool qemuio_command(BlockBackend *blk, const char *cmd)
2447 {
2448     char *input;
2449     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2450     char **v;
2451     int c;
2452     bool done = false;
2453 
2454     input = g_strdup(cmd);
2455     v = breakline(input, &c);
2456     if (c) {
2457         ct = find_command(v[0]);
2458         if (ct) {
2459             done = command(blk, ct, c, v);
2460         } else {
2461             fprintf(stderr, "command \"%s\" not found\n", v[0]);
2462         }
2463     }
2464     g_free(input);
2465     g_free(v);
2466 
2467     return done;
2468 }
2469 
2470 static void __attribute((constructor)) init_qemuio_commands(void)
2471 {
2472     /* initialize commands */
2473     qemuio_add_command(&help_cmd);
2474     qemuio_add_command(&read_cmd);
2475     qemuio_add_command(&readv_cmd);
2476     qemuio_add_command(&write_cmd);
2477     qemuio_add_command(&writev_cmd);
2478     qemuio_add_command(&multiwrite_cmd);
2479     qemuio_add_command(&aio_read_cmd);
2480     qemuio_add_command(&aio_write_cmd);
2481     qemuio_add_command(&aio_flush_cmd);
2482     qemuio_add_command(&flush_cmd);
2483     qemuio_add_command(&truncate_cmd);
2484     qemuio_add_command(&length_cmd);
2485     qemuio_add_command(&info_cmd);
2486     qemuio_add_command(&discard_cmd);
2487     qemuio_add_command(&alloc_cmd);
2488     qemuio_add_command(&map_cmd);
2489     qemuio_add_command(&reopen_cmd);
2490     qemuio_add_command(&break_cmd);
2491     qemuio_add_command(&remove_break_cmd);
2492     qemuio_add_command(&resume_cmd);
2493     qemuio_add_command(&wait_break_cmd);
2494     qemuio_add_command(&abort_cmd);
2495     qemuio_add_command(&sleep_cmd);
2496     qemuio_add_command(&sigraise_cmd);
2497 }
2498