xref: /openbmc/qemu/qemu-io-cmds.c (revision b43047a2)
1 /*
2  * Command line utility to exercise the QEMU I/O path.
3  *
4  * Copyright (C) 2009-2016 Red Hat, Inc.
5  * Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
6  *
7  * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
8  * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
9  */
10 
11 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
12 #include "qapi/error.h"
13 #include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
14 #include "qemu-io.h"
15 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
16 #include "block/block.h"
17 #include "block/block_int.h" /* for info_f() */
18 #include "block/qapi.h"
19 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
20 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
21 #include "qemu/option.h"
22 #include "qemu/timer.h"
23 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
24 
25 #define CMD_NOFILE_OK   0x01
26 
27 bool qemuio_misalign;
28 
29 static cmdinfo_t *cmdtab;
30 static int ncmds;
31 
32 static int compare_cmdname(const void *a, const void *b)
33 {
34     return strcmp(((const cmdinfo_t *)a)->name,
35                   ((const cmdinfo_t *)b)->name);
36 }
37 
38 void qemuio_add_command(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
39 {
40     /* ci->perm assumes a file is open, but the GLOBAL and NOFILE_OK
41      * flags allow it not to be, so that combination is invalid.
42      * Catch it now rather than letting it manifest as a crash if a
43      * particular set of command line options are used.
44      */
45     assert(ci->perm == 0 ||
46            (ci->flags & (CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL | CMD_NOFILE_OK)) == 0);
47     cmdtab = g_renew(cmdinfo_t, cmdtab, ++ncmds);
48     cmdtab[ncmds - 1] = *ci;
49     qsort(cmdtab, ncmds, sizeof(*cmdtab), compare_cmdname);
50 }
51 
52 void qemuio_command_usage(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
53 {
54     printf("%s %s -- %s\n", ci->name, ci->args, ci->oneline);
55 }
56 
57 static int init_check_command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
58 {
59     if (ct->flags & CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL) {
60         return 1;
61     }
62     if (!(ct->flags & CMD_NOFILE_OK) && !blk) {
63         fprintf(stderr, "no file open, try 'help open'\n");
64         return 0;
65     }
66     return 1;
67 }
68 
69 static int command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct, int argc,
70                    char **argv)
71 {
72     char *cmd = argv[0];
73 
74     if (!init_check_command(blk, ct)) {
75         return -EINVAL;
76     }
77 
78     if (argc - 1 < ct->argmin || (ct->argmax != -1 && argc - 1 > ct->argmax)) {
79         if (ct->argmax == -1) {
80             fprintf(stderr,
81                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected at least %d arguments\n",
82                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
83         } else if (ct->argmin == ct->argmax) {
84             fprintf(stderr,
85                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected %d arguments\n",
86                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
87         } else {
88             fprintf(stderr,
89                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected between %d and %d arguments\n",
90                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin, ct->argmax);
91         }
92         return -EINVAL;
93     }
94 
95     /* Request additional permissions if necessary for this command. The caller
96      * is responsible for restoring the original permissions afterwards if this
97      * is what it wants. */
98     if (ct->perm && blk_is_available(blk)) {
99         uint64_t orig_perm, orig_shared_perm;
100         blk_get_perm(blk, &orig_perm, &orig_shared_perm);
101 
102         if (ct->perm & ~orig_perm) {
103             uint64_t new_perm;
104             Error *local_err = NULL;
105             int ret;
106 
107             new_perm = orig_perm | ct->perm;
108 
109             ret = blk_set_perm(blk, new_perm, orig_shared_perm, &local_err);
110             if (ret < 0) {
111                 error_report_err(local_err);
112                 return ret;
113             }
114         }
115     }
116 
117     qemu_reset_optind();
118     return ct->cfunc(blk, argc, argv);
119 }
120 
121 static const cmdinfo_t *find_command(const char *cmd)
122 {
123     cmdinfo_t *ct;
124 
125     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
126         if (strcmp(ct->name, cmd) == 0 ||
127             (ct->altname && strcmp(ct->altname, cmd) == 0))
128         {
129             return (const cmdinfo_t *)ct;
130         }
131     }
132     return NULL;
133 }
134 
135 /* Invoke fn() for commands with a matching prefix */
136 void qemuio_complete_command(const char *input,
137                              void (*fn)(const char *cmd, void *opaque),
138                              void *opaque)
139 {
140     cmdinfo_t *ct;
141     size_t input_len = strlen(input);
142 
143     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
144         if (strncmp(input, ct->name, input_len) == 0) {
145             fn(ct->name, opaque);
146         }
147     }
148 }
149 
150 static char **breakline(char *input, int *count)
151 {
152     int c = 0;
153     char *p;
154     char **rval = g_new0(char *, 1);
155 
156     while (rval && (p = qemu_strsep(&input, " ")) != NULL) {
157         if (!*p) {
158             continue;
159         }
160         c++;
161         rval = g_renew(char *, rval, (c + 1));
162         rval[c - 1] = p;
163         rval[c] = NULL;
164     }
165     *count = c;
166     return rval;
167 }
168 
169 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *s)
170 {
171     int err;
172     uint64_t value;
173 
174     err = qemu_strtosz(s, NULL, &value);
175     if (err < 0) {
176         return err;
177     }
178     if (value > INT64_MAX) {
179         return -ERANGE;
180     }
181     return value;
182 }
183 
184 static void print_cvtnum_err(int64_t rc, const char *arg)
185 {
186     switch (rc) {
187     case -EINVAL:
188         printf("Parsing error: non-numeric argument,"
189                " or extraneous/unrecognized suffix -- %s\n", arg);
190         break;
191     case -ERANGE:
192         printf("Parsing error: argument too large -- %s\n", arg);
193         break;
194     default:
195         printf("Parsing error: %s\n", arg);
196     }
197 }
198 
199 #define EXABYTES(x)     ((long long)(x) << 60)
200 #define PETABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 50)
201 #define TERABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 40)
202 #define GIGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 30)
203 #define MEGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 20)
204 #define KILOBYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 10)
205 
206 #define TO_EXABYTES(x)  ((x) / EXABYTES(1))
207 #define TO_PETABYTES(x) ((x) / PETABYTES(1))
208 #define TO_TERABYTES(x) ((x) / TERABYTES(1))
209 #define TO_GIGABYTES(x) ((x) / GIGABYTES(1))
210 #define TO_MEGABYTES(x) ((x) / MEGABYTES(1))
211 #define TO_KILOBYTES(x) ((x) / KILOBYTES(1))
212 
213 static void cvtstr(double value, char *str, size_t size)
214 {
215     char *trim;
216     const char *suffix;
217 
218     if (value >= EXABYTES(1)) {
219         suffix = " EiB";
220         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_EXABYTES(value));
221     } else if (value >= PETABYTES(1)) {
222         suffix = " PiB";
223         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_PETABYTES(value));
224     } else if (value >= TERABYTES(1)) {
225         suffix = " TiB";
226         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_TERABYTES(value));
227     } else if (value >= GIGABYTES(1)) {
228         suffix = " GiB";
229         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_GIGABYTES(value));
230     } else if (value >= MEGABYTES(1)) {
231         suffix = " MiB";
232         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_MEGABYTES(value));
233     } else if (value >= KILOBYTES(1)) {
234         suffix = " KiB";
235         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_KILOBYTES(value));
236     } else {
237         suffix = " bytes";
238         snprintf(str, size - 6, "%f", value);
239     }
240 
241     trim = strstr(str, ".000");
242     if (trim) {
243         strcpy(trim, suffix);
244     } else {
245         strcat(str, suffix);
246     }
247 }
248 
249 
250 
251 static struct timespec tsub(struct timespec t1, struct timespec t2)
252 {
253     t1.tv_nsec -= t2.tv_nsec;
254     if (t1.tv_nsec < 0) {
255         t1.tv_nsec += NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND;
256         t1.tv_sec--;
257     }
258     t1.tv_sec -= t2.tv_sec;
259     return t1;
260 }
261 
262 static double tdiv(double value, struct timespec tv)
263 {
264     double seconds = tv.tv_sec + (tv.tv_nsec / 1e9);
265     return value / seconds;
266 }
267 
268 #define HOURS(sec)      ((sec) / (60 * 60))
269 #define MINUTES(sec)    (((sec) % (60 * 60)) / 60)
270 #define SECONDS(sec)    ((sec) % 60)
271 
272 enum {
273     DEFAULT_TIME        = 0x0,
274     TERSE_FIXED_TIME    = 0x1,
275     VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME  = 0x2,
276 };
277 
278 static void timestr(struct timespec *tv, char *ts, size_t size, int format)
279 {
280     double frac_sec = tv->tv_nsec / 1e9;
281 
282     if (format & TERSE_FIXED_TIME) {
283         if (!HOURS(tv->tv_sec)) {
284             snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%05.2f",
285                      (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
286                      SECONDS(tv->tv_sec) + frac_sec);
287             return;
288         }
289         format |= VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME; /* fallback if hours needed */
290     }
291 
292     if ((format & VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME) || tv->tv_sec) {
293         snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u:%05.2f",
294                 (unsigned int) HOURS(tv->tv_sec),
295                 (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
296                  SECONDS(tv->tv_sec) + frac_sec);
297     } else {
298         snprintf(ts, size, "%05.2f sec", frac_sec);
299     }
300 }
301 
302 /*
303  * Parse the pattern argument to various sub-commands.
304  *
305  * Because the pattern is used as an argument to memset it must evaluate
306  * to an unsigned integer that fits into a single byte.
307  */
308 static int parse_pattern(const char *arg)
309 {
310     char *endptr = NULL;
311     long pattern;
312 
313     pattern = strtol(arg, &endptr, 0);
314     if (pattern < 0 || pattern > UCHAR_MAX || *endptr != '\0') {
315         printf("%s is not a valid pattern byte\n", arg);
316         return -1;
317     }
318 
319     return pattern;
320 }
321 
322 /*
323  * Memory allocation helpers.
324  *
325  * Make sure memory is aligned by default, or purposefully misaligned if
326  * that is specified on the command line.
327  */
328 
329 #define MISALIGN_OFFSET     16
330 static void *qemu_io_alloc(BlockBackend *blk, size_t len, int pattern)
331 {
332     void *buf;
333 
334     if (qemuio_misalign) {
335         len += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
336     }
337     buf = blk_blockalign(blk, len);
338     memset(buf, pattern, len);
339     if (qemuio_misalign) {
340         buf += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
341     }
342     return buf;
343 }
344 
345 static void qemu_io_free(void *p)
346 {
347     if (qemuio_misalign) {
348         p -= MISALIGN_OFFSET;
349     }
350     qemu_vfree(p);
351 }
352 
353 /*
354  * qemu_io_alloc_from_file()
355  *
356  * Allocates the buffer and populates it with the content of the given file
357  * up to @len bytes. If the file length is less than @len, then the buffer
358  * is populated with the file content cyclically.
359  *
360  * @blk - the block backend where the buffer content is going to be written to
361  * @len - the buffer length
362  * @file_name - the file to read the content from
363  *
364  * Returns: the buffer pointer on success
365  *          NULL on error
366  */
367 static void *qemu_io_alloc_from_file(BlockBackend *blk, size_t len,
368                                      const char *file_name)
369 {
370     char *buf, *buf_origin;
371     FILE *f = fopen(file_name, "r");
372     int pattern_len;
373 
374     if (!f) {
375         perror(file_name);
376         return NULL;
377     }
378 
379     if (qemuio_misalign) {
380         len += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
381     }
382 
383     buf_origin = buf = blk_blockalign(blk, len);
384 
385     if (qemuio_misalign) {
386         buf_origin += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
387         buf += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
388         len -= MISALIGN_OFFSET;
389     }
390 
391     pattern_len = fread(buf_origin, 1, len, f);
392 
393     if (ferror(f)) {
394         perror(file_name);
395         goto error;
396     }
397 
398     if (pattern_len == 0) {
399         fprintf(stderr, "%s: file is empty\n", file_name);
400         goto error;
401     }
402 
403     fclose(f);
404 
405     if (len > pattern_len) {
406         len -= pattern_len;
407         buf += pattern_len;
408 
409         while (len > 0) {
410             size_t len_to_copy = MIN(pattern_len, len);
411 
412             memcpy(buf, buf_origin, len_to_copy);
413 
414             len -= len_to_copy;
415             buf += len_to_copy;
416         }
417     }
418 
419     return buf_origin;
420 
421 error:
422     qemu_io_free(buf_origin);
423     return NULL;
424 }
425 
426 static void dump_buffer(const void *buffer, int64_t offset, int64_t len)
427 {
428     uint64_t i;
429     int j;
430     const uint8_t *p;
431 
432     for (i = 0, p = buffer; i < len; i += 16) {
433         const uint8_t *s = p;
434 
435         printf("%08" PRIx64 ":  ", offset + i);
436         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, p++) {
437             printf("%02x ", *p);
438         }
439         printf(" ");
440         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, s++) {
441             if (isalnum(*s)) {
442                 printf("%c", *s);
443             } else {
444                 printf(".");
445             }
446         }
447         printf("\n");
448     }
449 }
450 
451 static void print_report(const char *op, struct timespec *t, int64_t offset,
452                          int64_t count, int64_t total, int cnt, bool Cflag)
453 {
454     char s1[64], s2[64], ts[64];
455 
456     timestr(t, ts, sizeof(ts), Cflag ? VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME : 0);
457     if (!Cflag) {
458         cvtstr((double)total, s1, sizeof(s1));
459         cvtstr(tdiv((double)total, *t), s2, sizeof(s2));
460         printf("%s %"PRId64"/%"PRId64" bytes at offset %" PRId64 "\n",
461                op, total, count, offset);
462         printf("%s, %d ops; %s (%s/sec and %.4f ops/sec)\n",
463                s1, cnt, ts, s2, tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
464     } else {/* bytes,ops,time,bytes/sec,ops/sec */
465         printf("%"PRId64",%d,%s,%.3f,%.3f\n",
466             total, cnt, ts,
467             tdiv((double)total, *t),
468             tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
469     }
470 }
471 
472 /*
473  * Parse multiple length statements for vectored I/O, and construct an I/O
474  * vector matching it.
475  */
476 static void *
477 create_iovec(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov, char **argv, int nr_iov,
478              int pattern)
479 {
480     size_t *sizes = g_new0(size_t, nr_iov);
481     size_t count = 0;
482     void *buf = NULL;
483     void *p;
484     int i;
485 
486     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
487         char *arg = argv[i];
488         int64_t len;
489 
490         len = cvtnum(arg);
491         if (len < 0) {
492             print_cvtnum_err(len, arg);
493             goto fail;
494         }
495 
496         if (len > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
497             printf("Argument '%s' exceeds maximum size %" PRIu64 "\n", arg,
498                    (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES);
499             goto fail;
500         }
501 
502         if (count > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES - len) {
503             printf("The total number of bytes exceed the maximum size %" PRIu64
504                    "\n", (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES);
505             goto fail;
506         }
507 
508         sizes[i] = len;
509         count += len;
510     }
511 
512     qemu_iovec_init(qiov, nr_iov);
513 
514     buf = p = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
515 
516     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
517         qemu_iovec_add(qiov, p, sizes[i]);
518         p += sizes[i];
519     }
520 
521 fail:
522     g_free(sizes);
523     return buf;
524 }
525 
526 static int do_pread(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
527                     int64_t bytes, int64_t *total)
528 {
529     if (bytes > INT_MAX) {
530         return -ERANGE;
531     }
532 
533     *total = blk_pread(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, bytes);
534     if (*total < 0) {
535         return *total;
536     }
537     return 1;
538 }
539 
540 static int do_pwrite(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
541                      int64_t bytes, int flags, int64_t *total)
542 {
543     if (bytes > INT_MAX) {
544         return -ERANGE;
545     }
546 
547     *total = blk_pwrite(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, bytes, flags);
548     if (*total < 0) {
549         return *total;
550     }
551     return 1;
552 }
553 
554 typedef struct {
555     BlockBackend *blk;
556     int64_t offset;
557     int64_t bytes;
558     int64_t *total;
559     int flags;
560     int ret;
561     bool done;
562 } CoWriteZeroes;
563 
564 static void coroutine_fn co_pwrite_zeroes_entry(void *opaque)
565 {
566     CoWriteZeroes *data = opaque;
567 
568     data->ret = blk_co_pwrite_zeroes(data->blk, data->offset, data->bytes,
569                                      data->flags);
570     data->done = true;
571     if (data->ret < 0) {
572         *data->total = data->ret;
573         return;
574     }
575 
576     *data->total = data->bytes;
577 }
578 
579 static int do_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
580                                int64_t bytes, int flags, int64_t *total)
581 {
582     Coroutine *co;
583     CoWriteZeroes data = {
584         .blk    = blk,
585         .offset = offset,
586         .bytes  = bytes,
587         .total  = total,
588         .flags  = flags,
589         .done   = false,
590     };
591 
592     if (bytes > INT_MAX) {
593         return -ERANGE;
594     }
595 
596     co = qemu_coroutine_create(co_pwrite_zeroes_entry, &data);
597     bdrv_coroutine_enter(blk_bs(blk), co);
598     while (!data.done) {
599         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
600     }
601     if (data.ret < 0) {
602         return data.ret;
603     } else {
604         return 1;
605     }
606 }
607 
608 static int do_write_compressed(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
609                                int64_t bytes, int64_t *total)
610 {
611     int ret;
612 
613     if (bytes > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
614         return -ERANGE;
615     }
616 
617     ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(blk, offset, buf, bytes);
618     if (ret < 0) {
619         return ret;
620     }
621     *total = bytes;
622     return 1;
623 }
624 
625 static int do_load_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
626                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
627 {
628     if (count > INT_MAX) {
629         return -ERANGE;
630     }
631 
632     *total = blk_load_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
633     if (*total < 0) {
634         return *total;
635     }
636     return 1;
637 }
638 
639 static int do_save_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
640                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
641 {
642     if (count > INT_MAX) {
643         return -ERANGE;
644     }
645 
646     *total = blk_save_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
647     if (*total < 0) {
648         return *total;
649     }
650     return 1;
651 }
652 
653 #define NOT_DONE 0x7fffffff
654 static void aio_rw_done(void *opaque, int ret)
655 {
656     *(int *)opaque = ret;
657 }
658 
659 static int do_aio_readv(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
660                         int64_t offset, int *total)
661 {
662     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
663 
664     blk_aio_preadv(blk, offset, qiov, 0, aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
665     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
666         main_loop_wait(false);
667     }
668 
669     *total = qiov->size;
670     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
671 }
672 
673 static int do_aio_writev(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
674                          int64_t offset, int flags, int *total)
675 {
676     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
677 
678     blk_aio_pwritev(blk, offset, qiov, flags, aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
679     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
680         main_loop_wait(false);
681     }
682 
683     *total = qiov->size;
684     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
685 }
686 
687 static void read_help(void)
688 {
689     printf(
690 "\n"
691 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
692 "\n"
693 " Example:\n"
694 " 'read -v 512 1k' - dumps 1 kilobyte read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
695 "\n"
696 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
697 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
698 " -b, -- read from the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
699 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
700 " -l, -- length for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
701 " -p, -- ignored for backwards compatibility\n"
702 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
703 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
704 " -s, -- start offset for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
705 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
706 "\n");
707 }
708 
709 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
710 
711 static const cmdinfo_t read_cmd = {
712     .name       = "read",
713     .altname    = "r",
714     .cfunc      = read_f,
715     .argmin     = 2,
716     .argmax     = -1,
717     .args       = "[-abCqv] [-P pattern [-s off] [-l len]] off len",
718     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
719     .help       = read_help,
720 };
721 
722 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
723 {
724     struct timespec t1, t2;
725     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false, vflag = false;
726     bool Pflag = false, sflag = false, lflag = false, bflag = false;
727     int c, cnt, ret;
728     char *buf;
729     int64_t offset;
730     int64_t count;
731     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
732     int64_t total = 0;
733     int pattern = 0;
734     int64_t pattern_offset = 0, pattern_count = 0;
735 
736     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bCl:pP:qs:v")) != -1) {
737         switch (c) {
738         case 'b':
739             bflag = true;
740             break;
741         case 'C':
742             Cflag = true;
743             break;
744         case 'l':
745             lflag = true;
746             pattern_count = cvtnum(optarg);
747             if (pattern_count < 0) {
748                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_count, optarg);
749                 return pattern_count;
750             }
751             break;
752         case 'p':
753             /* Ignored for backwards compatibility */
754             break;
755         case 'P':
756             Pflag = true;
757             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
758             if (pattern < 0) {
759                 return -EINVAL;
760             }
761             break;
762         case 'q':
763             qflag = true;
764             break;
765         case 's':
766             sflag = true;
767             pattern_offset = cvtnum(optarg);
768             if (pattern_offset < 0) {
769                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_offset, optarg);
770                 return pattern_offset;
771             }
772             break;
773         case 'v':
774             vflag = true;
775             break;
776         default:
777             qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
778             return -EINVAL;
779         }
780     }
781 
782     if (optind != argc - 2) {
783         qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
784         return -EINVAL;
785     }
786 
787     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
788     if (offset < 0) {
789         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
790         return offset;
791     }
792 
793     optind++;
794     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
795     if (count < 0) {
796         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
797         return count;
798     } else if (count > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
799         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
800                (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES, argv[optind]);
801         return -EINVAL;
802     }
803 
804     if (!Pflag && (lflag || sflag)) {
805         qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
806         return -EINVAL;
807     }
808 
809     if (!lflag) {
810         pattern_count = count - pattern_offset;
811     }
812 
813     if ((pattern_count < 0) || (pattern_count + pattern_offset > count))  {
814         printf("pattern verification range exceeds end of read data\n");
815         return -EINVAL;
816     }
817 
818     if (bflag) {
819         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(offset, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
820             printf("%" PRId64 " is not a sector-aligned value for 'offset'\n",
821                    offset);
822             return -EINVAL;
823         }
824         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(count, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
825             printf("%"PRId64" is not a sector-aligned value for 'count'\n",
826                    count);
827             return -EINVAL;
828         }
829     }
830 
831     buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, 0xab);
832 
833     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t1);
834     if (bflag) {
835         ret = do_load_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
836     } else {
837         ret = do_pread(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
838     }
839     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2);
840 
841     if (ret < 0) {
842         printf("read failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
843         goto out;
844     }
845     cnt = ret;
846 
847     ret = 0;
848 
849     if (Pflag) {
850         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(pattern_count);
851         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, pattern_count);
852         if (memcmp(buf + pattern_offset, cmp_buf, pattern_count)) {
853             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
854                    PRId64 ", %"PRId64" bytes\n",
855                    offset + pattern_offset, pattern_count);
856             ret = -EINVAL;
857         }
858         g_free(cmp_buf);
859     }
860 
861     if (qflag) {
862         goto out;
863     }
864 
865     if (vflag) {
866         dump_buffer(buf, offset, count);
867     }
868 
869     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
870     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
871     print_report("read", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
872 
873 out:
874     qemu_io_free(buf);
875     return ret;
876 }
877 
878 static void readv_help(void)
879 {
880     printf(
881 "\n"
882 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset into multiple buffers\n"
883 "\n"
884 " Example:\n"
885 " 'readv -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
886 "\n"
887 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
888 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
889 " Uses multiple iovec buffers if more than one byte range is specified.\n"
890 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
891 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
892 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
893 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
894 "\n");
895 }
896 
897 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
898 
899 static const cmdinfo_t readv_cmd = {
900     .name       = "readv",
901     .cfunc      = readv_f,
902     .argmin     = 2,
903     .argmax     = -1,
904     .args       = "[-Cqv] [-P pattern] off len [len..]",
905     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
906     .help       = readv_help,
907 };
908 
909 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
910 {
911     struct timespec t1, t2;
912     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false, vflag = false;
913     int c, cnt, ret;
914     char *buf;
915     int64_t offset;
916     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
917     int total = 0;
918     int nr_iov;
919     QEMUIOVector qiov;
920     int pattern = 0;
921     bool Pflag = false;
922 
923     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != -1) {
924         switch (c) {
925         case 'C':
926             Cflag = true;
927             break;
928         case 'P':
929             Pflag = true;
930             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
931             if (pattern < 0) {
932                 return -EINVAL;
933             }
934             break;
935         case 'q':
936             qflag = true;
937             break;
938         case 'v':
939             vflag = true;
940             break;
941         default:
942             qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
943             return -EINVAL;
944         }
945     }
946 
947     if (optind > argc - 2) {
948         qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
949         return -EINVAL;
950     }
951 
952 
953     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
954     if (offset < 0) {
955         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
956         return offset;
957     }
958     optind++;
959 
960     nr_iov = argc - optind;
961     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
962     if (buf == NULL) {
963         return -EINVAL;
964     }
965 
966     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t1);
967     ret = do_aio_readv(blk, &qiov, offset, &total);
968     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2);
969 
970     if (ret < 0) {
971         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
972         goto out;
973     }
974     cnt = ret;
975 
976     ret = 0;
977 
978     if (Pflag) {
979         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(qiov.size);
980         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, qiov.size);
981         if (memcmp(buf, cmp_buf, qiov.size)) {
982             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
983                    PRId64 ", %zu bytes\n", offset, qiov.size);
984             ret = -EINVAL;
985         }
986         g_free(cmp_buf);
987     }
988 
989     if (qflag) {
990         goto out;
991     }
992 
993     if (vflag) {
994         dump_buffer(buf, offset, qiov.size);
995     }
996 
997     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
998     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
999     print_report("read", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
1000 
1001 out:
1002     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
1003     qemu_io_free(buf);
1004     return ret;
1005 }
1006 
1007 static void write_help(void)
1008 {
1009     printf(
1010 "\n"
1011 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1012 "\n"
1013 " Example:\n"
1014 " 'write 512 1k' - writes 1 kilobyte at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1015 "\n"
1016 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1017 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1018 " -b, -- write to the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
1019 " -c, -- write compressed data with blk_write_compressed\n"
1020 " -f, -- use Force Unit Access semantics\n"
1021 " -n, -- with -z, don't allow slow fallback\n"
1022 " -p, -- ignored for backwards compatibility\n"
1023 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1024 " -s, -- use a pattern file to fill the write buffer\n"
1025 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1026 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1027 " -u, -- with -z, allow unmapping\n"
1028 " -z, -- write zeroes using blk_co_pwrite_zeroes\n"
1029 "\n");
1030 }
1031 
1032 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1033 
1034 static const cmdinfo_t write_cmd = {
1035     .name       = "write",
1036     .altname    = "w",
1037     .cfunc      = write_f,
1038     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE,
1039     .argmin     = 2,
1040     .argmax     = -1,
1041     .args       = "[-bcCfnquz] [-P pattern | -s source_file] off len",
1042     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1043     .help       = write_help,
1044 };
1045 
1046 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1047 {
1048     struct timespec t1, t2;
1049     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false, bflag = false;
1050     bool Pflag = false, zflag = false, cflag = false, sflag = false;
1051     int flags = 0;
1052     int c, cnt, ret;
1053     char *buf = NULL;
1054     int64_t offset;
1055     int64_t count;
1056     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1057     int64_t total = 0;
1058     int pattern = 0xcd;
1059     const char *file_name = NULL;
1060 
1061     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bcCfnpP:qs:uz")) != -1) {
1062         switch (c) {
1063         case 'b':
1064             bflag = true;
1065             break;
1066         case 'c':
1067             cflag = true;
1068             break;
1069         case 'C':
1070             Cflag = true;
1071             break;
1072         case 'f':
1073             flags |= BDRV_REQ_FUA;
1074             break;
1075         case 'n':
1076             flags |= BDRV_REQ_NO_FALLBACK;
1077             break;
1078         case 'p':
1079             /* Ignored for backwards compatibility */
1080             break;
1081         case 'P':
1082             Pflag = true;
1083             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1084             if (pattern < 0) {
1085                 return -EINVAL;
1086             }
1087             break;
1088         case 'q':
1089             qflag = true;
1090             break;
1091         case 's':
1092             sflag = true;
1093             file_name = optarg;
1094             break;
1095         case 'u':
1096             flags |= BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP;
1097             break;
1098         case 'z':
1099             zflag = true;
1100             break;
1101         default:
1102             qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1103             return -EINVAL;
1104         }
1105     }
1106 
1107     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1108         qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1109         return -EINVAL;
1110     }
1111 
1112     if (bflag && zflag) {
1113         printf("-b and -z cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1114         return -EINVAL;
1115     }
1116 
1117     if ((flags & BDRV_REQ_FUA) && (bflag || cflag)) {
1118         printf("-f and -b or -c cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1119         return -EINVAL;
1120     }
1121 
1122     if ((flags & BDRV_REQ_NO_FALLBACK) && !zflag) {
1123         printf("-n requires -z to be specified\n");
1124         return -EINVAL;
1125     }
1126 
1127     if ((flags & BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP) && !zflag) {
1128         printf("-u requires -z to be specified\n");
1129         return -EINVAL;
1130     }
1131 
1132     if (zflag + Pflag + sflag > 1) {
1133         printf("Only one of -z, -P, and -s "
1134                "can be specified at the same time\n");
1135         return -EINVAL;
1136     }
1137 
1138     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1139     if (offset < 0) {
1140         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1141         return offset;
1142     }
1143 
1144     optind++;
1145     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1146     if (count < 0) {
1147         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1148         return count;
1149     } else if (count > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
1150         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
1151                (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES, argv[optind]);
1152         return -EINVAL;
1153     }
1154 
1155     if (bflag || cflag) {
1156         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(offset, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
1157             printf("%" PRId64 " is not a sector-aligned value for 'offset'\n",
1158                    offset);
1159             return -EINVAL;
1160         }
1161 
1162         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(count, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
1163             printf("%"PRId64" is not a sector-aligned value for 'count'\n",
1164                    count);
1165             return -EINVAL;
1166         }
1167     }
1168 
1169     if (!zflag) {
1170         if (sflag) {
1171             buf = qemu_io_alloc_from_file(blk, count, file_name);
1172             if (!buf) {
1173                 return -EINVAL;
1174             }
1175         } else {
1176             buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
1177         }
1178     }
1179 
1180     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t1);
1181     if (bflag) {
1182         ret = do_save_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1183     } else if (zflag) {
1184         ret = do_co_pwrite_zeroes(blk, offset, count, flags, &total);
1185     } else if (cflag) {
1186         ret = do_write_compressed(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1187     } else {
1188         ret = do_pwrite(blk, buf, offset, count, flags, &total);
1189     }
1190     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2);
1191 
1192     if (ret < 0) {
1193         printf("write failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1194         goto out;
1195     }
1196     cnt = ret;
1197 
1198     ret = 0;
1199 
1200     if (qflag) {
1201         goto out;
1202     }
1203 
1204     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1205     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1206     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
1207 
1208 out:
1209     if (!zflag) {
1210         qemu_io_free(buf);
1211     }
1212     return ret;
1213 }
1214 
1215 static void
1216 writev_help(void)
1217 {
1218     printf(
1219 "\n"
1220 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers\n"
1221 "\n"
1222 " Example:\n"
1223 " 'writev 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1224 "\n"
1225 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1226 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1227 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1228 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1229 " -f, -- use Force Unit Access semantics\n"
1230 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1231 "\n");
1232 }
1233 
1234 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1235 
1236 static const cmdinfo_t writev_cmd = {
1237     .name       = "writev",
1238     .cfunc      = writev_f,
1239     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE,
1240     .argmin     = 2,
1241     .argmax     = -1,
1242     .args       = "[-Cfq] [-P pattern] off len [len..]",
1243     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1244     .help       = writev_help,
1245 };
1246 
1247 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1248 {
1249     struct timespec t1, t2;
1250     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false;
1251     int flags = 0;
1252     int c, cnt, ret;
1253     char *buf;
1254     int64_t offset;
1255     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1256     int total = 0;
1257     int nr_iov;
1258     int pattern = 0xcd;
1259     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1260 
1261     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CfqP:")) != -1) {
1262         switch (c) {
1263         case 'C':
1264             Cflag = true;
1265             break;
1266         case 'f':
1267             flags |= BDRV_REQ_FUA;
1268             break;
1269         case 'q':
1270             qflag = true;
1271             break;
1272         case 'P':
1273             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1274             if (pattern < 0) {
1275                 return -EINVAL;
1276             }
1277             break;
1278         default:
1279             qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1280             return -EINVAL;
1281         }
1282     }
1283 
1284     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1285         qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1286         return -EINVAL;
1287     }
1288 
1289     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1290     if (offset < 0) {
1291         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1292         return offset;
1293     }
1294     optind++;
1295 
1296     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1297     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1298     if (buf == NULL) {
1299         return -EINVAL;
1300     }
1301 
1302     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t1);
1303     ret = do_aio_writev(blk, &qiov, offset, flags, &total);
1304     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2);
1305 
1306     if (ret < 0) {
1307         printf("writev failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1308         goto out;
1309     }
1310     cnt = ret;
1311 
1312     ret = 0;
1313 
1314     if (qflag) {
1315         goto out;
1316     }
1317 
1318     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1319     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1320     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
1321 out:
1322     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
1323     qemu_io_free(buf);
1324     return ret;
1325 }
1326 
1327 struct aio_ctx {
1328     BlockBackend *blk;
1329     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1330     int64_t offset;
1331     char *buf;
1332     bool qflag;
1333     bool vflag;
1334     bool Cflag;
1335     bool Pflag;
1336     bool zflag;
1337     BlockAcctCookie acct;
1338     int pattern;
1339     struct timespec t1;
1340 };
1341 
1342 static void aio_write_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1343 {
1344     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1345     struct timespec t2;
1346 
1347     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2);
1348 
1349 
1350     if (ret < 0) {
1351         printf("aio_write failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1352         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1353         goto out;
1354     }
1355 
1356     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1357 
1358     if (ctx->qflag) {
1359         goto out;
1360     }
1361 
1362     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1363     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1364     print_report("wrote", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1365                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1366 out:
1367     if (!ctx->zflag) {
1368         qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1369         qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1370     }
1371     g_free(ctx);
1372 }
1373 
1374 static void aio_read_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1375 {
1376     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1377     struct timespec t2;
1378 
1379     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2);
1380 
1381     if (ret < 0) {
1382         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1383         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1384         goto out;
1385     }
1386 
1387     if (ctx->Pflag) {
1388         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(ctx->qiov.size);
1389 
1390         memset(cmp_buf, ctx->pattern, ctx->qiov.size);
1391         if (memcmp(ctx->buf, cmp_buf, ctx->qiov.size)) {
1392             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
1393                    PRId64 ", %zu bytes\n", ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1394         }
1395         g_free(cmp_buf);
1396     }
1397 
1398     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1399 
1400     if (ctx->qflag) {
1401         goto out;
1402     }
1403 
1404     if (ctx->vflag) {
1405         dump_buffer(ctx->buf, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1406     }
1407 
1408     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1409     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1410     print_report("read", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1411                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1412 out:
1413     qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1414     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1415     g_free(ctx);
1416 }
1417 
1418 static void aio_read_help(void)
1419 {
1420     printf(
1421 "\n"
1422 " asynchronously reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1423 "\n"
1424 " Example:\n"
1425 " 'aio_read -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1426 "\n"
1427 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
1428 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
1429 " The read is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1430 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1431 " Note that due to its asynchronous nature, this command will be\n"
1432 " considered successful once the request is submitted, independently\n"
1433 " of potential I/O errors or pattern mismatches.\n"
1434 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1435 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
1436 " -i, -- treat request as invalid, for exercising stats\n"
1437 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
1438 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1439 "\n");
1440 }
1441 
1442 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1443 
1444 static const cmdinfo_t aio_read_cmd = {
1445     .name       = "aio_read",
1446     .cfunc      = aio_read_f,
1447     .argmin     = 2,
1448     .argmax     = -1,
1449     .args       = "[-Ciqv] [-P pattern] off len [len..]",
1450     .oneline    = "asynchronously reads a number of bytes",
1451     .help       = aio_read_help,
1452 };
1453 
1454 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1455 {
1456     int nr_iov, c;
1457     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1458 
1459     ctx->blk = blk;
1460     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:iqv")) != -1) {
1461         switch (c) {
1462         case 'C':
1463             ctx->Cflag = true;
1464             break;
1465         case 'P':
1466             ctx->Pflag = true;
1467             ctx->pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1468             if (ctx->pattern < 0) {
1469                 g_free(ctx);
1470                 return -EINVAL;
1471             }
1472             break;
1473         case 'i':
1474             printf("injecting invalid read request\n");
1475             block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1476             g_free(ctx);
1477             return 0;
1478         case 'q':
1479             ctx->qflag = true;
1480             break;
1481         case 'v':
1482             ctx->vflag = true;
1483             break;
1484         default:
1485             g_free(ctx);
1486             qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1487             return -EINVAL;
1488         }
1489     }
1490 
1491     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1492         g_free(ctx);
1493         qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1494         return -EINVAL;
1495     }
1496 
1497     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1498     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1499         int ret = ctx->offset;
1500         print_cvtnum_err(ret, argv[optind]);
1501         g_free(ctx);
1502         return ret;
1503     }
1504     optind++;
1505 
1506     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1507     ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
1508     if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1509         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1510         g_free(ctx);
1511         return -EINVAL;
1512     }
1513 
1514     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ctx->t1);
1515     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1516                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1517     blk_aio_preadv(blk, ctx->offset, &ctx->qiov, 0, aio_read_done, ctx);
1518     return 0;
1519 }
1520 
1521 static void aio_write_help(void)
1522 {
1523     printf(
1524 "\n"
1525 " asynchronously writes a range of bytes from the given offset source\n"
1526 " from multiple buffers\n"
1527 "\n"
1528 " Example:\n"
1529 " 'aio_write 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1530 "\n"
1531 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1532 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1533 " The write is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1534 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1535 " Note that due to its asynchronous nature, this command will be\n"
1536 " considered successful once the request is submitted, independently\n"
1537 " of potential I/O errors or pattern mismatches.\n"
1538 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1539 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1540 " -f, -- use Force Unit Access semantics\n"
1541 " -i, -- treat request as invalid, for exercising stats\n"
1542 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1543 " -u, -- with -z, allow unmapping\n"
1544 " -z, -- write zeroes using blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes\n"
1545 "\n");
1546 }
1547 
1548 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1549 
1550 static const cmdinfo_t aio_write_cmd = {
1551     .name       = "aio_write",
1552     .cfunc      = aio_write_f,
1553     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE,
1554     .argmin     = 2,
1555     .argmax     = -1,
1556     .args       = "[-Cfiquz] [-P pattern] off len [len..]",
1557     .oneline    = "asynchronously writes a number of bytes",
1558     .help       = aio_write_help,
1559 };
1560 
1561 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1562 {
1563     int nr_iov, c;
1564     int pattern = 0xcd;
1565     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1566     int flags = 0;
1567 
1568     ctx->blk = blk;
1569     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CfiqP:uz")) != -1) {
1570         switch (c) {
1571         case 'C':
1572             ctx->Cflag = true;
1573             break;
1574         case 'f':
1575             flags |= BDRV_REQ_FUA;
1576             break;
1577         case 'q':
1578             ctx->qflag = true;
1579             break;
1580         case 'u':
1581             flags |= BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP;
1582             break;
1583         case 'P':
1584             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1585             if (pattern < 0) {
1586                 g_free(ctx);
1587                 return -EINVAL;
1588             }
1589             break;
1590         case 'i':
1591             printf("injecting invalid write request\n");
1592             block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1593             g_free(ctx);
1594             return 0;
1595         case 'z':
1596             ctx->zflag = true;
1597             break;
1598         default:
1599             g_free(ctx);
1600             qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1601             return -EINVAL;
1602         }
1603     }
1604 
1605     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1606         g_free(ctx);
1607         qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1608         return -EINVAL;
1609     }
1610 
1611     if (ctx->zflag && optind != argc - 2) {
1612         printf("-z supports only a single length parameter\n");
1613         g_free(ctx);
1614         return -EINVAL;
1615     }
1616 
1617     if ((flags & BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP) && !ctx->zflag) {
1618         printf("-u requires -z to be specified\n");
1619         g_free(ctx);
1620         return -EINVAL;
1621     }
1622 
1623     if (ctx->zflag && ctx->Pflag) {
1624         printf("-z and -P cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1625         g_free(ctx);
1626         return -EINVAL;
1627     }
1628 
1629     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1630     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1631         int ret = ctx->offset;
1632         print_cvtnum_err(ret, argv[optind]);
1633         g_free(ctx);
1634         return ret;
1635     }
1636     optind++;
1637 
1638     if (ctx->zflag) {
1639         int64_t count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1640         if (count < 0) {
1641             print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1642             g_free(ctx);
1643             return count;
1644         }
1645 
1646         ctx->qiov.size = count;
1647         blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes(blk, ctx->offset, count, flags, aio_write_done,
1648                               ctx);
1649     } else {
1650         nr_iov = argc - optind;
1651         ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov,
1652                                 pattern);
1653         if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1654             block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1655             g_free(ctx);
1656             return -EINVAL;
1657         }
1658 
1659         clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ctx->t1);
1660         block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1661                          BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1662 
1663         blk_aio_pwritev(blk, ctx->offset, &ctx->qiov, flags, aio_write_done,
1664                         ctx);
1665     }
1666 
1667     return 0;
1668 }
1669 
1670 static int aio_flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1671 {
1672     BlockAcctCookie cookie;
1673     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie, 0, BLOCK_ACCT_FLUSH);
1674     blk_drain_all();
1675     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie);
1676     return 0;
1677 }
1678 
1679 static const cmdinfo_t aio_flush_cmd = {
1680     .name       = "aio_flush",
1681     .cfunc      = aio_flush_f,
1682     .oneline    = "completes all outstanding aio requests"
1683 };
1684 
1685 static int flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1686 {
1687     return blk_flush(blk);
1688 }
1689 
1690 static const cmdinfo_t flush_cmd = {
1691     .name       = "flush",
1692     .altname    = "f",
1693     .cfunc      = flush_f,
1694     .oneline    = "flush all in-core file state to disk",
1695 };
1696 
1697 static int truncate_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1698 {
1699     Error *local_err = NULL;
1700     int64_t offset;
1701     int ret;
1702 
1703     offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1704     if (offset < 0) {
1705         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1706         return offset;
1707     }
1708 
1709     ret = blk_truncate(blk, offset, PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, &local_err);
1710     if (ret < 0) {
1711         error_report_err(local_err);
1712         return ret;
1713     }
1714 
1715     return 0;
1716 }
1717 
1718 static const cmdinfo_t truncate_cmd = {
1719     .name       = "truncate",
1720     .altname    = "t",
1721     .cfunc      = truncate_f,
1722     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_RESIZE,
1723     .argmin     = 1,
1724     .argmax     = 1,
1725     .args       = "off",
1726     .oneline    = "truncates the current file at the given offset",
1727 };
1728 
1729 static int length_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1730 {
1731     int64_t size;
1732     char s1[64];
1733 
1734     size = blk_getlength(blk);
1735     if (size < 0) {
1736         printf("getlength: %s\n", strerror(-size));
1737         return size;
1738     }
1739 
1740     cvtstr(size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1741     printf("%s\n", s1);
1742     return 0;
1743 }
1744 
1745 
1746 static const cmdinfo_t length_cmd = {
1747     .name   = "length",
1748     .altname    = "l",
1749     .cfunc      = length_f,
1750     .oneline    = "gets the length of the current file",
1751 };
1752 
1753 
1754 static int info_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1755 {
1756     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1757     BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1758     ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info;
1759     Error *local_err = NULL;
1760     char s1[64], s2[64];
1761     int ret;
1762 
1763     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->format_name) {
1764         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->format_name);
1765     }
1766     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->protocol_name) {
1767         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->protocol_name);
1768     }
1769 
1770     ret = bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi);
1771     if (ret) {
1772         return ret;
1773     }
1774 
1775     cvtstr(bdi.cluster_size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1776     cvtstr(bdi.vm_state_offset, s2, sizeof(s2));
1777 
1778     printf("cluster size: %s\n", s1);
1779     printf("vm state offset: %s\n", s2);
1780 
1781     spec_info = bdrv_get_specific_info(bs, &local_err);
1782     if (local_err) {
1783         error_report_err(local_err);
1784         return -EIO;
1785     }
1786     if (spec_info) {
1787         printf("Format specific information:\n");
1788         bdrv_image_info_specific_dump(spec_info);
1789         qapi_free_ImageInfoSpecific(spec_info);
1790     }
1791 
1792     return 0;
1793 }
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 static const cmdinfo_t info_cmd = {
1798     .name       = "info",
1799     .altname    = "i",
1800     .cfunc      = info_f,
1801     .oneline    = "prints information about the current file",
1802 };
1803 
1804 static void discard_help(void)
1805 {
1806     printf(
1807 "\n"
1808 " discards a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1809 "\n"
1810 " Example:\n"
1811 " 'discard 512 1k' - discards 1 kilobyte from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1812 "\n"
1813 " Discards a segment of the currently open file.\n"
1814 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1815 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1816 "\n");
1817 }
1818 
1819 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1820 
1821 static const cmdinfo_t discard_cmd = {
1822     .name       = "discard",
1823     .altname    = "d",
1824     .cfunc      = discard_f,
1825     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE,
1826     .argmin     = 2,
1827     .argmax     = -1,
1828     .args       = "[-Cq] off len",
1829     .oneline    = "discards a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1830     .help       = discard_help,
1831 };
1832 
1833 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1834 {
1835     struct timespec t1, t2;
1836     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false;
1837     int c, ret;
1838     int64_t offset, bytes;
1839 
1840     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "Cq")) != -1) {
1841         switch (c) {
1842         case 'C':
1843             Cflag = true;
1844             break;
1845         case 'q':
1846             qflag = true;
1847             break;
1848         default:
1849             qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1850             return -EINVAL;
1851         }
1852     }
1853 
1854     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1855         qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1856         return -EINVAL;
1857     }
1858 
1859     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1860     if (offset < 0) {
1861         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1862         return offset;
1863     }
1864 
1865     optind++;
1866     bytes = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1867     if (bytes < 0) {
1868         print_cvtnum_err(bytes, argv[optind]);
1869         return bytes;
1870     } else if (bytes > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
1871         printf("length cannot exceed %"PRIu64", given %s\n",
1872                (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES, argv[optind]);
1873         return -EINVAL;
1874     }
1875 
1876     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t1);
1877     ret = blk_pdiscard(blk, offset, bytes);
1878     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2);
1879 
1880     if (ret < 0) {
1881         printf("discard failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1882         return ret;
1883     }
1884 
1885     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1886     if (!qflag) {
1887         t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1888         print_report("discard", &t2, offset, bytes, bytes, 1, Cflag);
1889     }
1890 
1891     return 0;
1892 }
1893 
1894 static int alloc_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1895 {
1896     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1897     int64_t offset, start, remaining, count;
1898     char s1[64];
1899     int ret;
1900     int64_t num, sum_alloc;
1901 
1902     start = offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1903     if (offset < 0) {
1904         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1905         return offset;
1906     }
1907 
1908     if (argc == 3) {
1909         count = cvtnum(argv[2]);
1910         if (count < 0) {
1911             print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[2]);
1912             return count;
1913         }
1914     } else {
1915         count = BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1916     }
1917 
1918     remaining = count;
1919     sum_alloc = 0;
1920     while (remaining) {
1921         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, remaining, &num);
1922         if (ret < 0) {
1923             printf("is_allocated failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1924             return ret;
1925         }
1926         offset += num;
1927         remaining -= num;
1928         if (ret) {
1929             sum_alloc += num;
1930         }
1931         if (num == 0) {
1932             count -= remaining;
1933             remaining = 0;
1934         }
1935     }
1936 
1937     cvtstr(start, s1, sizeof(s1));
1938 
1939     printf("%"PRId64"/%"PRId64" bytes allocated at offset %s\n",
1940            sum_alloc, count, s1);
1941     return 0;
1942 }
1943 
1944 static const cmdinfo_t alloc_cmd = {
1945     .name       = "alloc",
1946     .altname    = "a",
1947     .argmin     = 1,
1948     .argmax     = 2,
1949     .cfunc      = alloc_f,
1950     .args       = "offset [count]",
1951     .oneline    = "checks if offset is allocated in the file",
1952 };
1953 
1954 
1955 static int map_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
1956                             int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
1957 {
1958     int64_t num;
1959     int num_checked;
1960     int ret, firstret;
1961 
1962     num_checked = MIN(bytes, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES);
1963     ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, num_checked, &num);
1964     if (ret < 0) {
1965         return ret;
1966     }
1967 
1968     firstret = ret;
1969     *pnum = num;
1970 
1971     while (bytes > 0 && ret == firstret) {
1972         offset += num;
1973         bytes -= num;
1974 
1975         num_checked = MIN(bytes, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES);
1976         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, num_checked, &num);
1977         if (ret == firstret && num) {
1978             *pnum += num;
1979         } else {
1980             break;
1981         }
1982     }
1983 
1984     return firstret;
1985 }
1986 
1987 static int map_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1988 {
1989     int64_t offset, bytes;
1990     char s1[64], s2[64];
1991     int64_t num;
1992     int ret;
1993     const char *retstr;
1994 
1995     offset = 0;
1996     bytes = blk_getlength(blk);
1997     if (bytes < 0) {
1998         error_report("Failed to query image length: %s", strerror(-bytes));
1999         return bytes;
2000     }
2001 
2002     while (bytes) {
2003         ret = map_is_allocated(blk_bs(blk), offset, bytes, &num);
2004         if (ret < 0) {
2005             error_report("Failed to get allocation status: %s", strerror(-ret));
2006             return ret;
2007         } else if (!num) {
2008             error_report("Unexpected end of image");
2009             return -EIO;
2010         }
2011 
2012         retstr = ret ? "    allocated" : "not allocated";
2013         cvtstr(num, s1, sizeof(s1));
2014         cvtstr(offset, s2, sizeof(s2));
2015         printf("%s (0x%" PRIx64 ") bytes %s at offset %s (0x%" PRIx64 ")\n",
2016                s1, num, retstr, s2, offset);
2017 
2018         offset += num;
2019         bytes -= num;
2020     }
2021 
2022     return 0;
2023 }
2024 
2025 static const cmdinfo_t map_cmd = {
2026        .name           = "map",
2027        .argmin         = 0,
2028        .argmax         = 0,
2029        .cfunc          = map_f,
2030        .args           = "",
2031        .oneline        = "prints the allocated areas of a file",
2032 };
2033 
2034 static void reopen_help(void)
2035 {
2036     printf(
2037 "\n"
2038 " Changes the open options of an already opened image\n"
2039 "\n"
2040 " Example:\n"
2041 " 'reopen -o lazy-refcounts=on' - activates lazy refcount writeback on a qcow2 image\n"
2042 "\n"
2043 " -r, -- Reopen the image read-only\n"
2044 " -w, -- Reopen the image read-write\n"
2045 " -c, -- Change the cache mode to the given value\n"
2046 " -o, -- Changes block driver options (cf. 'open' command)\n"
2047 "\n");
2048 }
2049 
2050 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2051 
2052 static QemuOptsList reopen_opts = {
2053     .name = "reopen",
2054     .merge_lists = true,
2055     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(reopen_opts.head),
2056     .desc = {
2057         /* no elements => accept any params */
2058         { /* end of list */ }
2059     },
2060 };
2061 
2062 static const cmdinfo_t reopen_cmd = {
2063        .name           = "reopen",
2064        .argmin         = 0,
2065        .argmax         = -1,
2066        .cfunc          = reopen_f,
2067        .args           = "[(-r|-w)] [-c cache] [-o options]",
2068        .oneline        = "reopens an image with new options",
2069        .help           = reopen_help,
2070 };
2071 
2072 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2073 {
2074     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
2075     QemuOpts *qopts;
2076     QDict *opts;
2077     int c;
2078     int flags = bs->open_flags;
2079     bool writethrough = !blk_enable_write_cache(blk);
2080     bool has_rw_option = false;
2081     bool has_cache_option = false;
2082 
2083     BlockReopenQueue *brq;
2084     Error *local_err = NULL;
2085 
2086     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "c:o:rw")) != -1) {
2087         switch (c) {
2088         case 'c':
2089             if (bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough) < 0) {
2090                 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", optarg);
2091                 return -EINVAL;
2092             }
2093             has_cache_option = true;
2094             break;
2095         case 'o':
2096             if (!qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&reopen_opts, optarg, 0)) {
2097                 qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2098                 return -EINVAL;
2099             }
2100             break;
2101         case 'r':
2102             if (has_rw_option) {
2103                 error_report("Only one -r/-w option may be given");
2104                 return -EINVAL;
2105             }
2106             flags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR;
2107             has_rw_option = true;
2108             break;
2109         case 'w':
2110             if (has_rw_option) {
2111                 error_report("Only one -r/-w option may be given");
2112                 return -EINVAL;
2113             }
2114             flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
2115             has_rw_option = true;
2116             break;
2117         default:
2118             qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2119             qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2120             return -EINVAL;
2121         }
2122     }
2123 
2124     if (optind != argc) {
2125         qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2126         qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2127         return -EINVAL;
2128     }
2129 
2130     if (!writethrough != blk_enable_write_cache(blk) &&
2131         blk_get_attached_dev(blk))
2132     {
2133         error_report("Cannot change cache.writeback: Device attached");
2134         qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2135         return -EBUSY;
2136     }
2137 
2138     if (!(flags & BDRV_O_RDWR)) {
2139         uint64_t orig_perm, orig_shared_perm;
2140 
2141         bdrv_drain(bs);
2142 
2143         blk_get_perm(blk, &orig_perm, &orig_shared_perm);
2144         blk_set_perm(blk,
2145                      orig_perm & ~(BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_WRITE_UNCHANGED),
2146                      orig_shared_perm,
2147                      &error_abort);
2148     }
2149 
2150     qopts = qemu_opts_find(&reopen_opts, NULL);
2151     opts = qopts ? qemu_opts_to_qdict(qopts, NULL) : qdict_new();
2152     qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2153 
2154     if (qdict_haskey(opts, BDRV_OPT_READ_ONLY)) {
2155         if (has_rw_option) {
2156             error_report("Cannot set both -r/-w and '" BDRV_OPT_READ_ONLY "'");
2157             qobject_unref(opts);
2158             return -EINVAL;
2159         }
2160     } else {
2161         qdict_put_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_READ_ONLY, !(flags & BDRV_O_RDWR));
2162     }
2163 
2164     if (qdict_haskey(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT) ||
2165         qdict_haskey(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH)) {
2166         if (has_cache_option) {
2167             error_report("Cannot set both -c and the cache options");
2168             qobject_unref(opts);
2169             return -EINVAL;
2170         }
2171     } else {
2172         qdict_put_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT, flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE);
2173         qdict_put_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH, flags & BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH);
2174     }
2175 
2176     bdrv_subtree_drained_begin(bs);
2177     brq = bdrv_reopen_queue(NULL, bs, opts, true);
2178     bdrv_reopen_multiple(brq, &local_err);
2179     bdrv_subtree_drained_end(bs);
2180 
2181     if (local_err) {
2182         error_report_err(local_err);
2183         return -EINVAL;
2184     }
2185 
2186     blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
2187     return 0;
2188 }
2189 
2190 static int break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2191 {
2192     int ret;
2193 
2194     ret = bdrv_debug_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1], argv[2]);
2195     if (ret < 0) {
2196         printf("Could not set breakpoint: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2197         return ret;
2198     }
2199 
2200     return 0;
2201 }
2202 
2203 static int remove_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2204 {
2205     int ret;
2206 
2207     ret = bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2208     if (ret < 0) {
2209         printf("Could not remove breakpoint %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(-ret));
2210         return ret;
2211     }
2212 
2213     return 0;
2214 }
2215 
2216 static const cmdinfo_t break_cmd = {
2217        .name           = "break",
2218        .argmin         = 2,
2219        .argmax         = 2,
2220        .cfunc          = break_f,
2221        .args           = "event tag",
2222        .oneline        = "sets a breakpoint on event and tags the stopped "
2223                          "request as tag",
2224 };
2225 
2226 static const cmdinfo_t remove_break_cmd = {
2227        .name           = "remove_break",
2228        .argmin         = 1,
2229        .argmax         = 1,
2230        .cfunc          = remove_break_f,
2231        .args           = "tag",
2232        .oneline        = "remove a breakpoint by tag",
2233 };
2234 
2235 static int resume_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2236 {
2237     int ret;
2238 
2239     ret = bdrv_debug_resume(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2240     if (ret < 0) {
2241         printf("Could not resume request: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2242         return ret;
2243     }
2244 
2245     return 0;
2246 }
2247 
2248 static const cmdinfo_t resume_cmd = {
2249        .name           = "resume",
2250        .argmin         = 1,
2251        .argmax         = 1,
2252        .cfunc          = resume_f,
2253        .args           = "tag",
2254        .oneline        = "resumes the request tagged as tag",
2255 };
2256 
2257 static int wait_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2258 {
2259     while (!bdrv_debug_is_suspended(blk_bs(blk), argv[1])) {
2260         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
2261     }
2262     return 0;
2263 }
2264 
2265 static const cmdinfo_t wait_break_cmd = {
2266        .name           = "wait_break",
2267        .argmin         = 1,
2268        .argmax         = 1,
2269        .cfunc          = wait_break_f,
2270        .args           = "tag",
2271        .oneline        = "waits for the suspension of a request",
2272 };
2273 
2274 static int abort_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2275 {
2276     abort();
2277 }
2278 
2279 static const cmdinfo_t abort_cmd = {
2280        .name           = "abort",
2281        .cfunc          = abort_f,
2282        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2283        .oneline        = "simulate a program crash using abort(3)",
2284 };
2285 
2286 static void sigraise_help(void)
2287 {
2288     printf(
2289 "\n"
2290 " raises the given signal\n"
2291 "\n"
2292 " Example:\n"
2293 " 'sigraise %i' - raises SIGTERM\n"
2294 "\n"
2295 " Invokes raise(signal), where \"signal\" is the mandatory integer argument\n"
2296 " given to sigraise.\n"
2297 "\n", SIGTERM);
2298 }
2299 
2300 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2301 
2302 static const cmdinfo_t sigraise_cmd = {
2303     .name       = "sigraise",
2304     .cfunc      = sigraise_f,
2305     .argmin     = 1,
2306     .argmax     = 1,
2307     .flags      = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2308     .args       = "signal",
2309     .oneline    = "raises a signal",
2310     .help       = sigraise_help,
2311 };
2312 
2313 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2314 {
2315     int64_t sig = cvtnum(argv[1]);
2316     if (sig < 0) {
2317         print_cvtnum_err(sig, argv[1]);
2318         return sig;
2319     } else if (sig > NSIG) {
2320         printf("signal argument '%s' is too large to be a valid signal\n",
2321                argv[1]);
2322         return -EINVAL;
2323     }
2324 
2325     /* Using raise() to kill this process does not necessarily flush all open
2326      * streams. At least stdout and stderr (although the latter should be
2327      * non-buffered anyway) should be flushed, though. */
2328     fflush(stdout);
2329     fflush(stderr);
2330 
2331     raise(sig);
2332 
2333     return 0;
2334 }
2335 
2336 static void sleep_cb(void *opaque)
2337 {
2338     bool *expired = opaque;
2339     *expired = true;
2340 }
2341 
2342 static int sleep_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2343 {
2344     char *endptr;
2345     long ms;
2346     struct QEMUTimer *timer;
2347     bool expired = false;
2348 
2349     ms = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 0);
2350     if (ms < 0 || *endptr != '\0') {
2351         printf("%s is not a valid number\n", argv[1]);
2352         return -EINVAL;
2353     }
2354 
2355     timer = timer_new_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST, sleep_cb, &expired);
2356     timer_mod(timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST) + SCALE_MS * ms);
2357 
2358     while (!expired) {
2359         main_loop_wait(false);
2360     }
2361 
2362     timer_free(timer);
2363     return 0;
2364 }
2365 
2366 static const cmdinfo_t sleep_cmd = {
2367        .name           = "sleep",
2368        .argmin         = 1,
2369        .argmax         = 1,
2370        .cfunc          = sleep_f,
2371        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2372        .oneline        = "waits for the given value in milliseconds",
2373 };
2374 
2375 static void help_oneline(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2376 {
2377     if (cmd) {
2378         printf("%s ", cmd);
2379     } else {
2380         printf("%s ", ct->name);
2381         if (ct->altname) {
2382             printf("(or %s) ", ct->altname);
2383         }
2384     }
2385 
2386     if (ct->args) {
2387         printf("%s ", ct->args);
2388     }
2389     printf("-- %s\n", ct->oneline);
2390 }
2391 
2392 static void help_onecmd(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2393 {
2394     help_oneline(cmd, ct);
2395     if (ct->help) {
2396         ct->help();
2397     }
2398 }
2399 
2400 static void help_all(void)
2401 {
2402     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2403 
2404     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
2405         help_oneline(ct->name, ct);
2406     }
2407     printf("\nUse 'help commandname' for extended help.\n");
2408 }
2409 
2410 static int help_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2411 {
2412     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2413 
2414     if (argc == 1) {
2415         help_all();
2416         return 0;
2417     }
2418 
2419     ct = find_command(argv[1]);
2420     if (ct == NULL) {
2421         printf("command %s not found\n", argv[1]);
2422         return -EINVAL;
2423     }
2424 
2425     help_onecmd(argv[1], ct);
2426     return 0;
2427 }
2428 
2429 static const cmdinfo_t help_cmd = {
2430     .name       = "help",
2431     .altname    = "?",
2432     .cfunc      = help_f,
2433     .argmin     = 0,
2434     .argmax     = 1,
2435     .flags      = CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL,
2436     .args       = "[command]",
2437     .oneline    = "help for one or all commands",
2438 };
2439 
2440 int qemuio_command(BlockBackend *blk, const char *cmd)
2441 {
2442     AioContext *ctx;
2443     char *input;
2444     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2445     char **v;
2446     int c;
2447     int ret = 0;
2448 
2449     input = g_strdup(cmd);
2450     v = breakline(input, &c);
2451     if (c) {
2452         ct = find_command(v[0]);
2453         if (ct) {
2454             ctx = blk ? blk_get_aio_context(blk) : qemu_get_aio_context();
2455             aio_context_acquire(ctx);
2456             ret = command(blk, ct, c, v);
2457             aio_context_release(ctx);
2458         } else {
2459             fprintf(stderr, "command \"%s\" not found\n", v[0]);
2460             ret = -EINVAL;
2461         }
2462     }
2463     g_free(input);
2464     g_free(v);
2465 
2466     return ret;
2467 }
2468 
2469 static void __attribute((constructor)) init_qemuio_commands(void)
2470 {
2471     /* initialize commands */
2472     qemuio_add_command(&help_cmd);
2473     qemuio_add_command(&read_cmd);
2474     qemuio_add_command(&readv_cmd);
2475     qemuio_add_command(&write_cmd);
2476     qemuio_add_command(&writev_cmd);
2477     qemuio_add_command(&aio_read_cmd);
2478     qemuio_add_command(&aio_write_cmd);
2479     qemuio_add_command(&aio_flush_cmd);
2480     qemuio_add_command(&flush_cmd);
2481     qemuio_add_command(&truncate_cmd);
2482     qemuio_add_command(&length_cmd);
2483     qemuio_add_command(&info_cmd);
2484     qemuio_add_command(&discard_cmd);
2485     qemuio_add_command(&alloc_cmd);
2486     qemuio_add_command(&map_cmd);
2487     qemuio_add_command(&reopen_cmd);
2488     qemuio_add_command(&break_cmd);
2489     qemuio_add_command(&remove_break_cmd);
2490     qemuio_add_command(&resume_cmd);
2491     qemuio_add_command(&wait_break_cmd);
2492     qemuio_add_command(&abort_cmd);
2493     qemuio_add_command(&sleep_cmd);
2494     qemuio_add_command(&sigraise_cmd);
2495 }
2496