xref: /openbmc/qemu/qemu-io-cmds.c (revision 4f2d31fb)
1 /*
2  * Command line utility to exercise the QEMU I/O path.
3  *
4  * Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat, Inc.
5  * Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
6  *
7  * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
8  * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
9  */
10 
11 #include "qemu-io.h"
12 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
13 #include "block/block.h"
14 #include "block/block_int.h" /* for info_f() */
15 #include "block/qapi.h"
16 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
17 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
18 #include "qemu/timer.h"
19 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
20 
21 #define CMD_NOFILE_OK   0x01
22 
23 bool qemuio_misalign;
24 
25 static cmdinfo_t *cmdtab;
26 static int ncmds;
27 
28 static int compare_cmdname(const void *a, const void *b)
29 {
30     return strcmp(((const cmdinfo_t *)a)->name,
31                   ((const cmdinfo_t *)b)->name);
32 }
33 
34 void qemuio_add_command(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
35 {
36     cmdtab = g_renew(cmdinfo_t, cmdtab, ++ncmds);
37     cmdtab[ncmds - 1] = *ci;
38     qsort(cmdtab, ncmds, sizeof(*cmdtab), compare_cmdname);
39 }
40 
41 int qemuio_command_usage(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
42 {
43     printf("%s %s -- %s\n", ci->name, ci->args, ci->oneline);
44     return 0;
45 }
46 
47 static int init_check_command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
48 {
49     if (ct->flags & CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL) {
50         return 1;
51     }
52     if (!(ct->flags & CMD_NOFILE_OK) && !blk) {
53         fprintf(stderr, "no file open, try 'help open'\n");
54         return 0;
55     }
56     return 1;
57 }
58 
59 static int command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct, int argc,
60                    char **argv)
61 {
62     char *cmd = argv[0];
63 
64     if (!init_check_command(blk, ct)) {
65         return 0;
66     }
67 
68     if (argc - 1 < ct->argmin || (ct->argmax != -1 && argc - 1 > ct->argmax)) {
69         if (ct->argmax == -1) {
70             fprintf(stderr,
71                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected at least %d arguments\n",
72                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
73         } else if (ct->argmin == ct->argmax) {
74             fprintf(stderr,
75                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected %d arguments\n",
76                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
77         } else {
78             fprintf(stderr,
79                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected between %d and %d arguments\n",
80                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin, ct->argmax);
81         }
82         return 0;
83     }
84     optind = 0;
85     return ct->cfunc(blk, argc, argv);
86 }
87 
88 static const cmdinfo_t *find_command(const char *cmd)
89 {
90     cmdinfo_t *ct;
91 
92     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
93         if (strcmp(ct->name, cmd) == 0 ||
94             (ct->altname && strcmp(ct->altname, cmd) == 0))
95         {
96             return (const cmdinfo_t *)ct;
97         }
98     }
99     return NULL;
100 }
101 
102 /* Invoke fn() for commands with a matching prefix */
103 void qemuio_complete_command(const char *input,
104                              void (*fn)(const char *cmd, void *opaque),
105                              void *opaque)
106 {
107     cmdinfo_t *ct;
108     size_t input_len = strlen(input);
109 
110     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
111         if (strncmp(input, ct->name, input_len) == 0) {
112             fn(ct->name, opaque);
113         }
114     }
115 }
116 
117 static char **breakline(char *input, int *count)
118 {
119     int c = 0;
120     char *p;
121     char **rval = g_new0(char *, 1);
122 
123     while (rval && (p = qemu_strsep(&input, " ")) != NULL) {
124         if (!*p) {
125             continue;
126         }
127         c++;
128         rval = g_renew(char *, rval, (c + 1));
129         rval[c - 1] = p;
130         rval[c] = NULL;
131     }
132     *count = c;
133     return rval;
134 }
135 
136 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *s)
137 {
138     char *end;
139     int64_t ret;
140 
141     ret = qemu_strtosz_suffix(s, &end, QEMU_STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
142     if (*end != '\0') {
143         /* Detritus at the end of the string */
144         return -EINVAL;
145     }
146     return ret;
147 }
148 
149 static void print_cvtnum_err(int64_t rc, const char *arg)
150 {
151     switch (rc) {
152     case -EINVAL:
153         printf("Parsing error: non-numeric argument,"
154                " or extraneous/unrecognized suffix -- %s\n", arg);
155         break;
156     case -ERANGE:
157         printf("Parsing error: argument too large -- %s\n", arg);
158         break;
159     default:
160         printf("Parsing error: %s\n", arg);
161     }
162 }
163 
164 #define EXABYTES(x)     ((long long)(x) << 60)
165 #define PETABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 50)
166 #define TERABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 40)
167 #define GIGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 30)
168 #define MEGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 20)
169 #define KILOBYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 10)
170 
171 #define TO_EXABYTES(x)  ((x) / EXABYTES(1))
172 #define TO_PETABYTES(x) ((x) / PETABYTES(1))
173 #define TO_TERABYTES(x) ((x) / TERABYTES(1))
174 #define TO_GIGABYTES(x) ((x) / GIGABYTES(1))
175 #define TO_MEGABYTES(x) ((x) / MEGABYTES(1))
176 #define TO_KILOBYTES(x) ((x) / KILOBYTES(1))
177 
178 static void cvtstr(double value, char *str, size_t size)
179 {
180     char *trim;
181     const char *suffix;
182 
183     if (value >= EXABYTES(1)) {
184         suffix = " EiB";
185         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_EXABYTES(value));
186     } else if (value >= PETABYTES(1)) {
187         suffix = " PiB";
188         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_PETABYTES(value));
189     } else if (value >= TERABYTES(1)) {
190         suffix = " TiB";
191         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_TERABYTES(value));
192     } else if (value >= GIGABYTES(1)) {
193         suffix = " GiB";
194         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_GIGABYTES(value));
195     } else if (value >= MEGABYTES(1)) {
196         suffix = " MiB";
197         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_MEGABYTES(value));
198     } else if (value >= KILOBYTES(1)) {
199         suffix = " KiB";
200         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_KILOBYTES(value));
201     } else {
202         suffix = " bytes";
203         snprintf(str, size - 6, "%f", value);
204     }
205 
206     trim = strstr(str, ".000");
207     if (trim) {
208         strcpy(trim, suffix);
209     } else {
210         strcat(str, suffix);
211     }
212 }
213 
214 
215 
216 static struct timeval tsub(struct timeval t1, struct timeval t2)
217 {
218     t1.tv_usec -= t2.tv_usec;
219     if (t1.tv_usec < 0) {
220         t1.tv_usec += 1000000;
221         t1.tv_sec--;
222     }
223     t1.tv_sec -= t2.tv_sec;
224     return t1;
225 }
226 
227 static double tdiv(double value, struct timeval tv)
228 {
229     return value / ((double)tv.tv_sec + ((double)tv.tv_usec / 1000000.0));
230 }
231 
232 #define HOURS(sec)      ((sec) / (60 * 60))
233 #define MINUTES(sec)    (((sec) % (60 * 60)) / 60)
234 #define SECONDS(sec)    ((sec) % 60)
235 
236 enum {
237     DEFAULT_TIME        = 0x0,
238     TERSE_FIXED_TIME    = 0x1,
239     VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME  = 0x2,
240 };
241 
242 static void timestr(struct timeval *tv, char *ts, size_t size, int format)
243 {
244     double usec = (double)tv->tv_usec / 1000000.0;
245 
246     if (format & TERSE_FIXED_TIME) {
247         if (!HOURS(tv->tv_sec)) {
248             snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u.%02u",
249                     (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
250                     (unsigned int) SECONDS(tv->tv_sec),
251                     (unsigned int) (usec * 100));
252             return;
253         }
254         format |= VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME; /* fallback if hours needed */
255     }
256 
257     if ((format & VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME) || tv->tv_sec) {
258         snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u:%02u.%02u",
259                 (unsigned int) HOURS(tv->tv_sec),
260                 (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
261                 (unsigned int) SECONDS(tv->tv_sec),
262                 (unsigned int) (usec * 100));
263     } else {
264         snprintf(ts, size, "0.%04u sec", (unsigned int) (usec * 10000));
265     }
266 }
267 
268 /*
269  * Parse the pattern argument to various sub-commands.
270  *
271  * Because the pattern is used as an argument to memset it must evaluate
272  * to an unsigned integer that fits into a single byte.
273  */
274 static int parse_pattern(const char *arg)
275 {
276     char *endptr = NULL;
277     long pattern;
278 
279     pattern = strtol(arg, &endptr, 0);
280     if (pattern < 0 || pattern > UCHAR_MAX || *endptr != '\0') {
281         printf("%s is not a valid pattern byte\n", arg);
282         return -1;
283     }
284 
285     return pattern;
286 }
287 
288 /*
289  * Memory allocation helpers.
290  *
291  * Make sure memory is aligned by default, or purposefully misaligned if
292  * that is specified on the command line.
293  */
294 
295 #define MISALIGN_OFFSET     16
296 static void *qemu_io_alloc(BlockBackend *blk, size_t len, int pattern)
297 {
298     void *buf;
299 
300     if (qemuio_misalign) {
301         len += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
302     }
303     buf = blk_blockalign(blk, len);
304     memset(buf, pattern, len);
305     if (qemuio_misalign) {
306         buf += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
307     }
308     return buf;
309 }
310 
311 static void qemu_io_free(void *p)
312 {
313     if (qemuio_misalign) {
314         p -= MISALIGN_OFFSET;
315     }
316     qemu_vfree(p);
317 }
318 
319 static void dump_buffer(const void *buffer, int64_t offset, int64_t len)
320 {
321     uint64_t i;
322     int j;
323     const uint8_t *p;
324 
325     for (i = 0, p = buffer; i < len; i += 16) {
326         const uint8_t *s = p;
327 
328         printf("%08" PRIx64 ":  ", offset + i);
329         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, p++) {
330             printf("%02x ", *p);
331         }
332         printf(" ");
333         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, s++) {
334             if (isalnum(*s)) {
335                 printf("%c", *s);
336             } else {
337                 printf(".");
338             }
339         }
340         printf("\n");
341     }
342 }
343 
344 static void print_report(const char *op, struct timeval *t, int64_t offset,
345                          int64_t count, int64_t total, int cnt, int Cflag)
346 {
347     char s1[64], s2[64], ts[64];
348 
349     timestr(t, ts, sizeof(ts), Cflag ? VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME : 0);
350     if (!Cflag) {
351         cvtstr((double)total, s1, sizeof(s1));
352         cvtstr(tdiv((double)total, *t), s2, sizeof(s2));
353         printf("%s %"PRId64"/%"PRId64" bytes at offset %" PRId64 "\n",
354                op, total, count, offset);
355         printf("%s, %d ops; %s (%s/sec and %.4f ops/sec)\n",
356                s1, cnt, ts, s2, tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
357     } else {/* bytes,ops,time,bytes/sec,ops/sec */
358         printf("%"PRId64",%d,%s,%.3f,%.3f\n",
359             total, cnt, ts,
360             tdiv((double)total, *t),
361             tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
362     }
363 }
364 
365 /*
366  * Parse multiple length statements for vectored I/O, and construct an I/O
367  * vector matching it.
368  */
369 static void *
370 create_iovec(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov, char **argv, int nr_iov,
371              int pattern)
372 {
373     size_t *sizes = g_new0(size_t, nr_iov);
374     size_t count = 0;
375     void *buf = NULL;
376     void *p;
377     int i;
378 
379     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
380         char *arg = argv[i];
381         int64_t len;
382 
383         len = cvtnum(arg);
384         if (len < 0) {
385             print_cvtnum_err(len, arg);
386             goto fail;
387         }
388 
389         /* should be SIZE_T_MAX, but that doesn't exist */
390         if (len > INT_MAX) {
391             printf("Argument '%s' exceeds maximum size %d\n", arg, INT_MAX);
392             goto fail;
393         }
394 
395         if (len & 0x1ff) {
396             printf("length argument %" PRId64
397                    " is not sector aligned\n", len);
398             goto fail;
399         }
400 
401         sizes[i] = len;
402         count += len;
403     }
404 
405     qemu_iovec_init(qiov, nr_iov);
406 
407     buf = p = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
408 
409     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
410         qemu_iovec_add(qiov, p, sizes[i]);
411         p += sizes[i];
412     }
413 
414 fail:
415     g_free(sizes);
416     return buf;
417 }
418 
419 static int do_read(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
420                    int64_t *total)
421 {
422     int ret;
423 
424     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
425         return -ERANGE;
426     }
427 
428     ret = blk_read(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
429     if (ret < 0) {
430         return ret;
431     }
432     *total = count;
433     return 1;
434 }
435 
436 static int do_write(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
437                     int64_t *total)
438 {
439     int ret;
440 
441     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
442         return -ERANGE;
443     }
444 
445     ret = blk_write(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
446     if (ret < 0) {
447         return ret;
448     }
449     *total = count;
450     return 1;
451 }
452 
453 static int do_pread(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
454                     int64_t count, int64_t *total)
455 {
456     if (count > INT_MAX) {
457         return -ERANGE;
458     }
459 
460     *total = blk_pread(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, count);
461     if (*total < 0) {
462         return *total;
463     }
464     return 1;
465 }
466 
467 static int do_pwrite(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
468                      int64_t count, int64_t *total)
469 {
470     if (count > INT_MAX) {
471         return -ERANGE;
472     }
473 
474     *total = blk_pwrite(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, count);
475     if (*total < 0) {
476         return *total;
477     }
478     return 1;
479 }
480 
481 typedef struct {
482     BlockBackend *blk;
483     int64_t offset;
484     int64_t count;
485     int64_t *total;
486     int ret;
487     bool done;
488 } CoWriteZeroes;
489 
490 static void coroutine_fn co_write_zeroes_entry(void *opaque)
491 {
492     CoWriteZeroes *data = opaque;
493 
494     data->ret = blk_co_write_zeroes(data->blk, data->offset / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
495                                     data->count / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, 0);
496     data->done = true;
497     if (data->ret < 0) {
498         *data->total = data->ret;
499         return;
500     }
501 
502     *data->total = data->count;
503 }
504 
505 static int do_co_write_zeroes(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset, int64_t count,
506                               int64_t *total)
507 {
508     Coroutine *co;
509     CoWriteZeroes data = {
510         .blk    = blk,
511         .offset = offset,
512         .count  = count,
513         .total  = total,
514         .done   = false,
515     };
516 
517     if (count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS > INT_MAX) {
518         return -ERANGE;
519     }
520 
521     co = qemu_coroutine_create(co_write_zeroes_entry);
522     qemu_coroutine_enter(co, &data);
523     while (!data.done) {
524         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
525     }
526     if (data.ret < 0) {
527         return data.ret;
528     } else {
529         return 1;
530     }
531 }
532 
533 static int do_write_compressed(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
534                                int64_t count, int64_t *total)
535 {
536     int ret;
537 
538     if (count >> 9 > INT_MAX) {
539         return -ERANGE;
540     }
541 
542     ret = blk_write_compressed(blk, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
543     if (ret < 0) {
544         return ret;
545     }
546     *total = count;
547     return 1;
548 }
549 
550 static int do_load_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
551                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
552 {
553     if (count > INT_MAX) {
554         return -ERANGE;
555     }
556 
557     *total = blk_load_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
558     if (*total < 0) {
559         return *total;
560     }
561     return 1;
562 }
563 
564 static int do_save_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
565                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
566 {
567     if (count > INT_MAX) {
568         return -ERANGE;
569     }
570 
571     *total = blk_save_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
572     if (*total < 0) {
573         return *total;
574     }
575     return 1;
576 }
577 
578 #define NOT_DONE 0x7fffffff
579 static void aio_rw_done(void *opaque, int ret)
580 {
581     *(int *)opaque = ret;
582 }
583 
584 static int do_aio_readv(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
585                         int64_t offset, int *total)
586 {
587     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
588 
589     blk_aio_readv(blk, offset >> 9, qiov, qiov->size >> 9,
590                   aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
591     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
592         main_loop_wait(false);
593     }
594 
595     *total = qiov->size;
596     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
597 }
598 
599 static int do_aio_writev(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
600                          int64_t offset, int *total)
601 {
602     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
603 
604     blk_aio_writev(blk, offset >> 9, qiov, qiov->size >> 9,
605                    aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
606     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
607         main_loop_wait(false);
608     }
609 
610     *total = qiov->size;
611     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
612 }
613 
614 struct multiwrite_async_ret {
615     int num_done;
616     int error;
617 };
618 
619 static void multiwrite_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
620 {
621     struct multiwrite_async_ret *async_ret = opaque;
622 
623     async_ret->num_done++;
624     if (ret < 0) {
625         async_ret->error = ret;
626     }
627 }
628 
629 static int do_aio_multiwrite(BlockBackend *blk, BlockRequest* reqs,
630                              int num_reqs, int *total)
631 {
632     int i, ret;
633     struct multiwrite_async_ret async_ret = {
634         .num_done = 0,
635         .error = 0,
636     };
637 
638     *total = 0;
639     for (i = 0; i < num_reqs; i++) {
640         reqs[i].cb = multiwrite_cb;
641         reqs[i].opaque = &async_ret;
642         *total += reqs[i].qiov->size;
643     }
644 
645     ret = blk_aio_multiwrite(blk, reqs, num_reqs);
646     if (ret < 0) {
647         return ret;
648     }
649 
650     while (async_ret.num_done < num_reqs) {
651         main_loop_wait(false);
652     }
653 
654     return async_ret.error < 0 ? async_ret.error : 1;
655 }
656 
657 static void read_help(void)
658 {
659     printf(
660 "\n"
661 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
662 "\n"
663 " Example:\n"
664 " 'read -v 512 1k' - dumps 1 kilobyte read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
665 "\n"
666 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
667 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
668 " -b, -- read from the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
669 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
670 " -l, -- length for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
671 " -p, -- use blk_pread to read the file\n"
672 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
673 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
674 " -s, -- start offset for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
675 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
676 "\n");
677 }
678 
679 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
680 
681 static const cmdinfo_t read_cmd = {
682     .name       = "read",
683     .altname    = "r",
684     .cfunc      = read_f,
685     .argmin     = 2,
686     .argmax     = -1,
687     .args       = "[-abCpqv] [-P pattern [-s off] [-l len]] off len",
688     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
689     .help       = read_help,
690 };
691 
692 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
693 {
694     struct timeval t1, t2;
695     int Cflag = 0, pflag = 0, qflag = 0, vflag = 0;
696     int Pflag = 0, sflag = 0, lflag = 0, bflag = 0;
697     int c, cnt;
698     char *buf;
699     int64_t offset;
700     int64_t count;
701     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
702     int64_t total = 0;
703     int pattern = 0;
704     int64_t pattern_offset = 0, pattern_count = 0;
705 
706     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bCl:pP:qs:v")) != -1) {
707         switch (c) {
708         case 'b':
709             bflag = 1;
710             break;
711         case 'C':
712             Cflag = 1;
713             break;
714         case 'l':
715             lflag = 1;
716             pattern_count = cvtnum(optarg);
717             if (pattern_count < 0) {
718                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_count, optarg);
719                 return 0;
720             }
721             break;
722         case 'p':
723             pflag = 1;
724             break;
725         case 'P':
726             Pflag = 1;
727             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
728             if (pattern < 0) {
729                 return 0;
730             }
731             break;
732         case 'q':
733             qflag = 1;
734             break;
735         case 's':
736             sflag = 1;
737             pattern_offset = cvtnum(optarg);
738             if (pattern_offset < 0) {
739                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_offset, optarg);
740                 return 0;
741             }
742             break;
743         case 'v':
744             vflag = 1;
745             break;
746         default:
747             return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
748         }
749     }
750 
751     if (optind != argc - 2) {
752         return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
753     }
754 
755     if (bflag && pflag) {
756         printf("-b and -p cannot be specified at the same time\n");
757         return 0;
758     }
759 
760     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
761     if (offset < 0) {
762         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
763         return 0;
764     }
765 
766     optind++;
767     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
768     if (count < 0) {
769         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
770         return 0;
771     } else if (count > SIZE_MAX) {
772         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
773                (uint64_t) SIZE_MAX, argv[optind]);
774         return 0;
775     }
776 
777     if (!Pflag && (lflag || sflag)) {
778         return qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
779     }
780 
781     if (!lflag) {
782         pattern_count = count - pattern_offset;
783     }
784 
785     if ((pattern_count < 0) || (pattern_count + pattern_offset > count))  {
786         printf("pattern verification range exceeds end of read data\n");
787         return 0;
788     }
789 
790     if (!pflag) {
791         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
792             printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
793                    offset);
794             return 0;
795         }
796         if (count & 0x1ff) {
797             printf("count %"PRId64" is not sector aligned\n",
798                    count);
799             return 0;
800         }
801     }
802 
803     buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, 0xab);
804 
805     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
806     if (pflag) {
807         cnt = do_pread(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
808     } else if (bflag) {
809         cnt = do_load_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
810     } else {
811         cnt = do_read(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
812     }
813     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
814 
815     if (cnt < 0) {
816         printf("read failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
817         goto out;
818     }
819 
820     if (Pflag) {
821         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(pattern_count);
822         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, pattern_count);
823         if (memcmp(buf + pattern_offset, cmp_buf, pattern_count)) {
824             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
825                    PRId64 ", %"PRId64" bytes\n",
826                    offset + pattern_offset, pattern_count);
827         }
828         g_free(cmp_buf);
829     }
830 
831     if (qflag) {
832         goto out;
833     }
834 
835     if (vflag) {
836         dump_buffer(buf, offset, count);
837     }
838 
839     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
840     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
841     print_report("read", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
842 
843 out:
844     qemu_io_free(buf);
845 
846     return 0;
847 }
848 
849 static void readv_help(void)
850 {
851     printf(
852 "\n"
853 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset into multiple buffers\n"
854 "\n"
855 " Example:\n"
856 " 'readv -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
857 "\n"
858 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
859 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
860 " Uses multiple iovec buffers if more than one byte range is specified.\n"
861 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
862 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
863 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
864 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
865 "\n");
866 }
867 
868 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
869 
870 static const cmdinfo_t readv_cmd = {
871     .name       = "readv",
872     .cfunc      = readv_f,
873     .argmin     = 2,
874     .argmax     = -1,
875     .args       = "[-Cqv] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
876     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
877     .help       = readv_help,
878 };
879 
880 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
881 {
882     struct timeval t1, t2;
883     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0, vflag = 0;
884     int c, cnt;
885     char *buf;
886     int64_t offset;
887     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
888     int total = 0;
889     int nr_iov;
890     QEMUIOVector qiov;
891     int pattern = 0;
892     int Pflag = 0;
893 
894     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != -1) {
895         switch (c) {
896         case 'C':
897             Cflag = 1;
898             break;
899         case 'P':
900             Pflag = 1;
901             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
902             if (pattern < 0) {
903                 return 0;
904             }
905             break;
906         case 'q':
907             qflag = 1;
908             break;
909         case 'v':
910             vflag = 1;
911             break;
912         default:
913             return qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
914         }
915     }
916 
917     if (optind > argc - 2) {
918         return qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
919     }
920 
921 
922     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
923     if (offset < 0) {
924         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
925         return 0;
926     }
927     optind++;
928 
929     if (offset & 0x1ff) {
930         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
931                offset);
932         return 0;
933     }
934 
935     nr_iov = argc - optind;
936     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
937     if (buf == NULL) {
938         return 0;
939     }
940 
941     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
942     cnt = do_aio_readv(blk, &qiov, offset, &total);
943     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
944 
945     if (cnt < 0) {
946         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
947         goto out;
948     }
949 
950     if (Pflag) {
951         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(qiov.size);
952         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, qiov.size);
953         if (memcmp(buf, cmp_buf, qiov.size)) {
954             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
955                    PRId64 ", %zd bytes\n", offset, qiov.size);
956         }
957         g_free(cmp_buf);
958     }
959 
960     if (qflag) {
961         goto out;
962     }
963 
964     if (vflag) {
965         dump_buffer(buf, offset, qiov.size);
966     }
967 
968     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
969     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
970     print_report("read", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
971 
972 out:
973     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
974     qemu_io_free(buf);
975     return 0;
976 }
977 
978 static void write_help(void)
979 {
980     printf(
981 "\n"
982 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
983 "\n"
984 " Example:\n"
985 " 'write 512 1k' - writes 1 kilobyte at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
986 "\n"
987 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
988 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
989 " -b, -- write to the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
990 " -c, -- write compressed data with blk_write_compressed\n"
991 " -p, -- use blk_pwrite to write the file\n"
992 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
993 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
994 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
995 " -z, -- write zeroes using blk_co_write_zeroes\n"
996 "\n");
997 }
998 
999 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1000 
1001 static const cmdinfo_t write_cmd = {
1002     .name       = "write",
1003     .altname    = "w",
1004     .cfunc      = write_f,
1005     .argmin     = 2,
1006     .argmax     = -1,
1007     .args       = "[-bcCpqz] [-P pattern ] off len",
1008     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1009     .help       = write_help,
1010 };
1011 
1012 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1013 {
1014     struct timeval t1, t2;
1015     int Cflag = 0, pflag = 0, qflag = 0, bflag = 0, Pflag = 0, zflag = 0;
1016     int cflag = 0;
1017     int c, cnt;
1018     char *buf = NULL;
1019     int64_t offset;
1020     int64_t count;
1021     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1022     int64_t total = 0;
1023     int pattern = 0xcd;
1024 
1025     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bcCpP:qz")) != -1) {
1026         switch (c) {
1027         case 'b':
1028             bflag = 1;
1029             break;
1030         case 'c':
1031             cflag = 1;
1032             break;
1033         case 'C':
1034             Cflag = 1;
1035             break;
1036         case 'p':
1037             pflag = 1;
1038             break;
1039         case 'P':
1040             Pflag = 1;
1041             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1042             if (pattern < 0) {
1043                 return 0;
1044             }
1045             break;
1046         case 'q':
1047             qflag = 1;
1048             break;
1049         case 'z':
1050             zflag = 1;
1051             break;
1052         default:
1053             return qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1054         }
1055     }
1056 
1057     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1058         return qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1059     }
1060 
1061     if (bflag + pflag + zflag > 1) {
1062         printf("-b, -p, or -z cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1063         return 0;
1064     }
1065 
1066     if (zflag && Pflag) {
1067         printf("-z and -P cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1068         return 0;
1069     }
1070 
1071     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1072     if (offset < 0) {
1073         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1074         return 0;
1075     }
1076 
1077     optind++;
1078     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1079     if (count < 0) {
1080         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1081         return 0;
1082     } else if (count > SIZE_MAX) {
1083         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
1084                (uint64_t) SIZE_MAX, argv[optind]);
1085         return 0;
1086     }
1087 
1088     if (!pflag) {
1089         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1090             printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1091                    offset);
1092             return 0;
1093         }
1094 
1095         if (count & 0x1ff) {
1096             printf("count %"PRId64" is not sector aligned\n",
1097                    count);
1098             return 0;
1099         }
1100     }
1101 
1102     if (!zflag) {
1103         buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
1104     }
1105 
1106     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1107     if (pflag) {
1108         cnt = do_pwrite(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1109     } else if (bflag) {
1110         cnt = do_save_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1111     } else if (zflag) {
1112         cnt = do_co_write_zeroes(blk, offset, count, &total);
1113     } else if (cflag) {
1114         cnt = do_write_compressed(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1115     } else {
1116         cnt = do_write(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1117     }
1118     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1119 
1120     if (cnt < 0) {
1121         printf("write failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1122         goto out;
1123     }
1124 
1125     if (qflag) {
1126         goto out;
1127     }
1128 
1129     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1130     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1131     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
1132 
1133 out:
1134     if (!zflag) {
1135         qemu_io_free(buf);
1136     }
1137 
1138     return 0;
1139 }
1140 
1141 static void
1142 writev_help(void)
1143 {
1144     printf(
1145 "\n"
1146 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers\n"
1147 "\n"
1148 " Example:\n"
1149 " 'writev 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1150 "\n"
1151 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1152 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1153 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1154 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1155 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1156 "\n");
1157 }
1158 
1159 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1160 
1161 static const cmdinfo_t writev_cmd = {
1162     .name       = "writev",
1163     .cfunc      = writev_f,
1164     .argmin     = 2,
1165     .argmax     = -1,
1166     .args       = "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1167     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1168     .help       = writev_help,
1169 };
1170 
1171 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1172 {
1173     struct timeval t1, t2;
1174     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1175     int c, cnt;
1176     char *buf;
1177     int64_t offset;
1178     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1179     int total = 0;
1180     int nr_iov;
1181     int pattern = 0xcd;
1182     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1183 
1184     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != -1) {
1185         switch (c) {
1186         case 'C':
1187             Cflag = 1;
1188             break;
1189         case 'q':
1190             qflag = 1;
1191             break;
1192         case 'P':
1193             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1194             if (pattern < 0) {
1195                 return 0;
1196             }
1197             break;
1198         default:
1199             return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1200         }
1201     }
1202 
1203     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1204         return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1205     }
1206 
1207     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1208     if (offset < 0) {
1209         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1210         return 0;
1211     }
1212     optind++;
1213 
1214     if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1215         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1216                offset);
1217         return 0;
1218     }
1219 
1220     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1221     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1222     if (buf == NULL) {
1223         return 0;
1224     }
1225 
1226     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1227     cnt = do_aio_writev(blk, &qiov, offset, &total);
1228     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1229 
1230     if (cnt < 0) {
1231         printf("writev failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1232         goto out;
1233     }
1234 
1235     if (qflag) {
1236         goto out;
1237     }
1238 
1239     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1240     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1241     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
1242 out:
1243     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
1244     qemu_io_free(buf);
1245     return 0;
1246 }
1247 
1248 static void multiwrite_help(void)
1249 {
1250     printf(
1251 "\n"
1252 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers,\n"
1253 " in a batch of requests that may be merged by qemu\n"
1254 "\n"
1255 " Example:\n"
1256 " 'multiwrite 512 1k 1k ; 4k 1k'\n"
1257 "  writes 2 kB at 512 bytes and 1 kB at 4 kB into the open file\n"
1258 "\n"
1259 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1260 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd). The pattern byte is increased\n"
1261 " by one for each request contained in the multiwrite command.\n"
1262 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1263 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1264 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1265 "\n");
1266 }
1267 
1268 static int multiwrite_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1269 
1270 static const cmdinfo_t multiwrite_cmd = {
1271     .name       = "multiwrite",
1272     .cfunc      = multiwrite_f,
1273     .argmin     = 2,
1274     .argmax     = -1,
1275     .args       = "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..] [; off len [len..]..]",
1276     .oneline    = "issues multiple write requests at once",
1277     .help       = multiwrite_help,
1278 };
1279 
1280 static int multiwrite_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1281 {
1282     struct timeval t1, t2;
1283     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1284     int c, cnt;
1285     char **buf;
1286     int64_t offset, first_offset = 0;
1287     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1288     int total = 0;
1289     int nr_iov;
1290     int nr_reqs;
1291     int pattern = 0xcd;
1292     QEMUIOVector *qiovs;
1293     int i;
1294     BlockRequest *reqs;
1295 
1296     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != -1) {
1297         switch (c) {
1298         case 'C':
1299             Cflag = 1;
1300             break;
1301         case 'q':
1302             qflag = 1;
1303             break;
1304         case 'P':
1305             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1306             if (pattern < 0) {
1307                 return 0;
1308             }
1309             break;
1310         default:
1311             return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1312         }
1313     }
1314 
1315     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1316         return qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1317     }
1318 
1319     nr_reqs = 1;
1320     for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
1321         if (!strcmp(argv[i], ";")) {
1322             nr_reqs++;
1323         }
1324     }
1325 
1326     reqs = g_new0(BlockRequest, nr_reqs);
1327     buf = g_new0(char *, nr_reqs);
1328     qiovs = g_new(QEMUIOVector, nr_reqs);
1329 
1330     for (i = 0; i < nr_reqs && optind < argc; i++) {
1331         int j;
1332 
1333         /* Read the offset of the request */
1334         offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1335         if (offset < 0) {
1336             print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1337             goto out;
1338         }
1339         optind++;
1340 
1341         if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1342             printf("offset %lld is not sector aligned\n",
1343                    (long long)offset);
1344             goto out;
1345         }
1346 
1347         if (i == 0) {
1348             first_offset = offset;
1349         }
1350 
1351         /* Read lengths for qiov entries */
1352         for (j = optind; j < argc; j++) {
1353             if (!strcmp(argv[j], ";")) {
1354                 break;
1355             }
1356         }
1357 
1358         nr_iov = j - optind;
1359 
1360         /* Build request */
1361         buf[i] = create_iovec(blk, &qiovs[i], &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1362         if (buf[i] == NULL) {
1363             goto out;
1364         }
1365 
1366         reqs[i].qiov = &qiovs[i];
1367         reqs[i].sector = offset >> 9;
1368         reqs[i].nb_sectors = reqs[i].qiov->size >> 9;
1369 
1370         optind = j + 1;
1371 
1372         pattern++;
1373     }
1374 
1375     /* If there were empty requests at the end, ignore them */
1376     nr_reqs = i;
1377 
1378     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1379     cnt = do_aio_multiwrite(blk, reqs, nr_reqs, &total);
1380     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1381 
1382     if (cnt < 0) {
1383         printf("aio_multiwrite failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
1384         goto out;
1385     }
1386 
1387     if (qflag) {
1388         goto out;
1389     }
1390 
1391     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1392     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1393     print_report("wrote", &t2, first_offset, total, total, cnt, Cflag);
1394 out:
1395     for (i = 0; i < nr_reqs; i++) {
1396         qemu_io_free(buf[i]);
1397         if (reqs[i].qiov != NULL) {
1398             qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiovs[i]);
1399         }
1400     }
1401     g_free(buf);
1402     g_free(reqs);
1403     g_free(qiovs);
1404     return 0;
1405 }
1406 
1407 struct aio_ctx {
1408     BlockBackend *blk;
1409     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1410     int64_t offset;
1411     char *buf;
1412     int qflag;
1413     int vflag;
1414     int Cflag;
1415     int Pflag;
1416     BlockAcctCookie acct;
1417     int pattern;
1418     struct timeval t1;
1419 };
1420 
1421 static void aio_write_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1422 {
1423     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1424     struct timeval t2;
1425 
1426     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1427 
1428 
1429     if (ret < 0) {
1430         printf("aio_write failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1431         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1432         goto out;
1433     }
1434 
1435     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1436 
1437     if (ctx->qflag) {
1438         goto out;
1439     }
1440 
1441     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1442     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1443     print_report("wrote", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1444                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1445 out:
1446     qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1447     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1448     g_free(ctx);
1449 }
1450 
1451 static void aio_read_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1452 {
1453     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1454     struct timeval t2;
1455 
1456     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1457 
1458     if (ret < 0) {
1459         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1460         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1461         goto out;
1462     }
1463 
1464     if (ctx->Pflag) {
1465         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(ctx->qiov.size);
1466 
1467         memset(cmp_buf, ctx->pattern, ctx->qiov.size);
1468         if (memcmp(ctx->buf, cmp_buf, ctx->qiov.size)) {
1469             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
1470                    PRId64 ", %zd bytes\n", ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1471         }
1472         g_free(cmp_buf);
1473     }
1474 
1475     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1476 
1477     if (ctx->qflag) {
1478         goto out;
1479     }
1480 
1481     if (ctx->vflag) {
1482         dump_buffer(ctx->buf, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1483     }
1484 
1485     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1486     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1487     print_report("read", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1488                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1489 out:
1490     qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1491     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1492     g_free(ctx);
1493 }
1494 
1495 static void aio_read_help(void)
1496 {
1497     printf(
1498 "\n"
1499 " asynchronously reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1500 "\n"
1501 " Example:\n"
1502 " 'aio_read -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1503 "\n"
1504 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
1505 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
1506 " The read is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1507 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1508 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1509 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
1510 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
1511 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1512 "\n");
1513 }
1514 
1515 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1516 
1517 static const cmdinfo_t aio_read_cmd = {
1518     .name       = "aio_read",
1519     .cfunc      = aio_read_f,
1520     .argmin     = 2,
1521     .argmax     = -1,
1522     .args       = "[-Cqv] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1523     .oneline    = "asynchronously reads a number of bytes",
1524     .help       = aio_read_help,
1525 };
1526 
1527 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1528 {
1529     int nr_iov, c;
1530     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1531 
1532     ctx->blk = blk;
1533     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != -1) {
1534         switch (c) {
1535         case 'C':
1536             ctx->Cflag = 1;
1537             break;
1538         case 'P':
1539             ctx->Pflag = 1;
1540             ctx->pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1541             if (ctx->pattern < 0) {
1542                 g_free(ctx);
1543                 return 0;
1544             }
1545             break;
1546         case 'q':
1547             ctx->qflag = 1;
1548             break;
1549         case 'v':
1550             ctx->vflag = 1;
1551             break;
1552         default:
1553             g_free(ctx);
1554             return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1555         }
1556     }
1557 
1558     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1559         g_free(ctx);
1560         return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1561     }
1562 
1563     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1564     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1565         print_cvtnum_err(ctx->offset, argv[optind]);
1566         g_free(ctx);
1567         return 0;
1568     }
1569     optind++;
1570 
1571     if (ctx->offset & 0x1ff) {
1572         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1573                ctx->offset);
1574         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1575         g_free(ctx);
1576         return 0;
1577     }
1578 
1579     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1580     ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
1581     if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1582         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1583         g_free(ctx);
1584         return 0;
1585     }
1586 
1587     gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
1588     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1589                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1590     blk_aio_readv(blk, ctx->offset >> 9, &ctx->qiov,
1591                   ctx->qiov.size >> 9, aio_read_done, ctx);
1592     return 0;
1593 }
1594 
1595 static void aio_write_help(void)
1596 {
1597     printf(
1598 "\n"
1599 " asynchronously writes a range of bytes from the given offset source\n"
1600 " from multiple buffers\n"
1601 "\n"
1602 " Example:\n"
1603 " 'aio_write 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1604 "\n"
1605 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1606 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1607 " The write is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1608 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1609 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1610 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1611 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1612 "\n");
1613 }
1614 
1615 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1616 
1617 static const cmdinfo_t aio_write_cmd = {
1618     .name       = "aio_write",
1619     .cfunc      = aio_write_f,
1620     .argmin     = 2,
1621     .argmax     = -1,
1622     .args       = "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
1623     .oneline    = "asynchronously writes a number of bytes",
1624     .help       = aio_write_help,
1625 };
1626 
1627 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1628 {
1629     int nr_iov, c;
1630     int pattern = 0xcd;
1631     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1632 
1633     ctx->blk = blk;
1634     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != -1) {
1635         switch (c) {
1636         case 'C':
1637             ctx->Cflag = 1;
1638             break;
1639         case 'q':
1640             ctx->qflag = 1;
1641             break;
1642         case 'P':
1643             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1644             if (pattern < 0) {
1645                 g_free(ctx);
1646                 return 0;
1647             }
1648             break;
1649         default:
1650             g_free(ctx);
1651             return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1652         }
1653     }
1654 
1655     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1656         g_free(ctx);
1657         return qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1658     }
1659 
1660     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1661     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1662         print_cvtnum_err(ctx->offset, argv[optind]);
1663         g_free(ctx);
1664         return 0;
1665     }
1666     optind++;
1667 
1668     if (ctx->offset & 0x1ff) {
1669         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1670                ctx->offset);
1671         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1672         g_free(ctx);
1673         return 0;
1674     }
1675 
1676     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1677     ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1678     if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1679         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1680         g_free(ctx);
1681         return 0;
1682     }
1683 
1684     gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
1685     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1686                      BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1687     blk_aio_writev(blk, ctx->offset >> 9, &ctx->qiov,
1688                    ctx->qiov.size >> 9, aio_write_done, ctx);
1689     return 0;
1690 }
1691 
1692 static int aio_flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1693 {
1694     BlockAcctCookie cookie;
1695     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie, 0, BLOCK_ACCT_FLUSH);
1696     blk_drain_all();
1697     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie);
1698     return 0;
1699 }
1700 
1701 static const cmdinfo_t aio_flush_cmd = {
1702     .name       = "aio_flush",
1703     .cfunc      = aio_flush_f,
1704     .oneline    = "completes all outstanding aio requests"
1705 };
1706 
1707 static int flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1708 {
1709     blk_flush(blk);
1710     return 0;
1711 }
1712 
1713 static const cmdinfo_t flush_cmd = {
1714     .name       = "flush",
1715     .altname    = "f",
1716     .cfunc      = flush_f,
1717     .oneline    = "flush all in-core file state to disk",
1718 };
1719 
1720 static int truncate_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1721 {
1722     int64_t offset;
1723     int ret;
1724 
1725     offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1726     if (offset < 0) {
1727         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1728         return 0;
1729     }
1730 
1731     ret = blk_truncate(blk, offset);
1732     if (ret < 0) {
1733         printf("truncate: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1734         return 0;
1735     }
1736 
1737     return 0;
1738 }
1739 
1740 static const cmdinfo_t truncate_cmd = {
1741     .name       = "truncate",
1742     .altname    = "t",
1743     .cfunc      = truncate_f,
1744     .argmin     = 1,
1745     .argmax     = 1,
1746     .args       = "off",
1747     .oneline    = "truncates the current file at the given offset",
1748 };
1749 
1750 static int length_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1751 {
1752     int64_t size;
1753     char s1[64];
1754 
1755     size = blk_getlength(blk);
1756     if (size < 0) {
1757         printf("getlength: %s\n", strerror(-size));
1758         return 0;
1759     }
1760 
1761     cvtstr(size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1762     printf("%s\n", s1);
1763     return 0;
1764 }
1765 
1766 
1767 static const cmdinfo_t length_cmd = {
1768     .name   = "length",
1769     .altname    = "l",
1770     .cfunc      = length_f,
1771     .oneline    = "gets the length of the current file",
1772 };
1773 
1774 
1775 static int info_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1776 {
1777     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1778     BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1779     ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info;
1780     char s1[64], s2[64];
1781     int ret;
1782 
1783     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->format_name) {
1784         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->format_name);
1785     }
1786     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->protocol_name) {
1787         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->protocol_name);
1788     }
1789 
1790     ret = bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi);
1791     if (ret) {
1792         return 0;
1793     }
1794 
1795     cvtstr(bdi.cluster_size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1796     cvtstr(bdi.vm_state_offset, s2, sizeof(s2));
1797 
1798     printf("cluster size: %s\n", s1);
1799     printf("vm state offset: %s\n", s2);
1800 
1801     spec_info = bdrv_get_specific_info(bs);
1802     if (spec_info) {
1803         printf("Format specific information:\n");
1804         bdrv_image_info_specific_dump(fprintf, stdout, spec_info);
1805         qapi_free_ImageInfoSpecific(spec_info);
1806     }
1807 
1808     return 0;
1809 }
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 static const cmdinfo_t info_cmd = {
1814     .name       = "info",
1815     .altname    = "i",
1816     .cfunc      = info_f,
1817     .oneline    = "prints information about the current file",
1818 };
1819 
1820 static void discard_help(void)
1821 {
1822     printf(
1823 "\n"
1824 " discards a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1825 "\n"
1826 " Example:\n"
1827 " 'discard 512 1k' - discards 1 kilobyte from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1828 "\n"
1829 " Discards a segment of the currently open file.\n"
1830 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1831 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1832 "\n");
1833 }
1834 
1835 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1836 
1837 static const cmdinfo_t discard_cmd = {
1838     .name       = "discard",
1839     .altname    = "d",
1840     .cfunc      = discard_f,
1841     .argmin     = 2,
1842     .argmax     = -1,
1843     .args       = "[-Cq] off len",
1844     .oneline    = "discards a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1845     .help       = discard_help,
1846 };
1847 
1848 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1849 {
1850     struct timeval t1, t2;
1851     int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
1852     int c, ret;
1853     int64_t offset, count;
1854 
1855     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "Cq")) != -1) {
1856         switch (c) {
1857         case 'C':
1858             Cflag = 1;
1859             break;
1860         case 'q':
1861             qflag = 1;
1862             break;
1863         default:
1864             return qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1865         }
1866     }
1867 
1868     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1869         return qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1870     }
1871 
1872     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1873     if (offset < 0) {
1874         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1875         return 0;
1876     }
1877 
1878     optind++;
1879     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1880     if (count < 0) {
1881         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1882         return 0;
1883     } else if (count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS > INT_MAX) {
1884         printf("length cannot exceed %"PRIu64", given %s\n",
1885                (uint64_t)INT_MAX << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1886                argv[optind]);
1887         return 0;
1888     }
1889 
1890     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1891     ret = blk_discard(blk, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1892                       count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1893     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1894 
1895     if (ret < 0) {
1896         printf("discard failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1897         goto out;
1898     }
1899 
1900     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1901     if (!qflag) {
1902         t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1903         print_report("discard", &t2, offset, count, count, 1, Cflag);
1904     }
1905 
1906 out:
1907     return 0;
1908 }
1909 
1910 static int alloc_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1911 {
1912     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1913     int64_t offset, sector_num, nb_sectors, remaining;
1914     char s1[64];
1915     int num, ret;
1916     int64_t sum_alloc;
1917 
1918     offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1919     if (offset < 0) {
1920         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1921         return 0;
1922     } else if (offset & 0x1ff) {
1923         printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
1924                offset);
1925         return 0;
1926     }
1927 
1928     if (argc == 3) {
1929         nb_sectors = cvtnum(argv[2]);
1930         if (nb_sectors < 0) {
1931             print_cvtnum_err(nb_sectors, argv[2]);
1932             return 0;
1933         } else if (nb_sectors > INT_MAX) {
1934             printf("length argument cannot exceed %d, given %s\n",
1935                    INT_MAX, argv[2]);
1936             return 0;
1937         }
1938     } else {
1939         nb_sectors = 1;
1940     }
1941 
1942     remaining = nb_sectors;
1943     sum_alloc = 0;
1944     sector_num = offset >> 9;
1945     while (remaining) {
1946         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, remaining, &num);
1947         if (ret < 0) {
1948             printf("is_allocated failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1949             return 0;
1950         }
1951         sector_num += num;
1952         remaining -= num;
1953         if (ret) {
1954             sum_alloc += num;
1955         }
1956         if (num == 0) {
1957             nb_sectors -= remaining;
1958             remaining = 0;
1959         }
1960     }
1961 
1962     cvtstr(offset, s1, sizeof(s1));
1963 
1964     printf("%"PRId64"/%"PRId64" sectors allocated at offset %s\n",
1965            sum_alloc, nb_sectors, s1);
1966     return 0;
1967 }
1968 
1969 static const cmdinfo_t alloc_cmd = {
1970     .name       = "alloc",
1971     .altname    = "a",
1972     .argmin     = 1,
1973     .argmax     = 2,
1974     .cfunc      = alloc_f,
1975     .args       = "off [sectors]",
1976     .oneline    = "checks if a sector is present in the file",
1977 };
1978 
1979 
1980 static int map_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
1981                             int64_t nb_sectors, int64_t *pnum)
1982 {
1983     int num, num_checked;
1984     int ret, firstret;
1985 
1986     num_checked = MIN(nb_sectors, INT_MAX);
1987     ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, num_checked, &num);
1988     if (ret < 0) {
1989         return ret;
1990     }
1991 
1992     firstret = ret;
1993     *pnum = num;
1994 
1995     while (nb_sectors > 0 && ret == firstret) {
1996         sector_num += num;
1997         nb_sectors -= num;
1998 
1999         num_checked = MIN(nb_sectors, INT_MAX);
2000         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector_num, num_checked, &num);
2001         if (ret == firstret && num) {
2002             *pnum += num;
2003         } else {
2004             break;
2005         }
2006     }
2007 
2008     return firstret;
2009 }
2010 
2011 static int map_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2012 {
2013     int64_t offset;
2014     int64_t nb_sectors, total_sectors;
2015     char s1[64];
2016     int64_t num;
2017     int ret;
2018     const char *retstr;
2019 
2020     offset = 0;
2021     total_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk);
2022     if (total_sectors < 0) {
2023         error_report("Failed to query image length: %s",
2024                      strerror(-total_sectors));
2025         return 0;
2026     }
2027 
2028     nb_sectors = total_sectors;
2029 
2030     do {
2031         ret = map_is_allocated(blk_bs(blk), offset, nb_sectors, &num);
2032         if (ret < 0) {
2033             error_report("Failed to get allocation status: %s", strerror(-ret));
2034             return 0;
2035         } else if (!num) {
2036             error_report("Unexpected end of image");
2037             return 0;
2038         }
2039 
2040         retstr = ret ? "    allocated" : "not allocated";
2041         cvtstr(offset << 9ULL, s1, sizeof(s1));
2042         printf("[% 24" PRId64 "] % 8" PRId64 "/% 8" PRId64 " sectors %s "
2043                "at offset %s (%d)\n",
2044                offset << 9ULL, num, nb_sectors, retstr, s1, ret);
2045 
2046         offset += num;
2047         nb_sectors -= num;
2048     } while (offset < total_sectors);
2049 
2050     return 0;
2051 }
2052 
2053 static const cmdinfo_t map_cmd = {
2054        .name           = "map",
2055        .argmin         = 0,
2056        .argmax         = 0,
2057        .cfunc          = map_f,
2058        .args           = "",
2059        .oneline        = "prints the allocated areas of a file",
2060 };
2061 
2062 static void reopen_help(void)
2063 {
2064     printf(
2065 "\n"
2066 " Changes the open options of an already opened image\n"
2067 "\n"
2068 " Example:\n"
2069 " 'reopen -o lazy-refcounts=on' - activates lazy refcount writeback on a qcow2 image\n"
2070 "\n"
2071 " -r, -- Reopen the image read-only\n"
2072 " -c, -- Change the cache mode to the given value\n"
2073 " -o, -- Changes block driver options (cf. 'open' command)\n"
2074 "\n");
2075 }
2076 
2077 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2078 
2079 static QemuOptsList reopen_opts = {
2080     .name = "reopen",
2081     .merge_lists = true,
2082     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(reopen_opts.head),
2083     .desc = {
2084         /* no elements => accept any params */
2085         { /* end of list */ }
2086     },
2087 };
2088 
2089 static const cmdinfo_t reopen_cmd = {
2090        .name           = "reopen",
2091        .argmin         = 0,
2092        .argmax         = -1,
2093        .cfunc          = reopen_f,
2094        .args           = "[-r] [-c cache] [-o options]",
2095        .oneline        = "reopens an image with new options",
2096        .help           = reopen_help,
2097 };
2098 
2099 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2100 {
2101     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
2102     QemuOpts *qopts;
2103     QDict *opts;
2104     int c;
2105     int flags = bs->open_flags;
2106 
2107     BlockReopenQueue *brq;
2108     Error *local_err = NULL;
2109 
2110     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "c:o:r")) != -1) {
2111         switch (c) {
2112         case 'c':
2113             if (bdrv_parse_cache_flags(optarg, &flags) < 0) {
2114                 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", optarg);
2115                 return 0;
2116             }
2117             break;
2118         case 'o':
2119             if (!qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&reopen_opts, optarg, 0)) {
2120                 qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2121                 return 0;
2122             }
2123             break;
2124         case 'r':
2125             flags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR;
2126             break;
2127         default:
2128             qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2129             return qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2130         }
2131     }
2132 
2133     if (optind != argc) {
2134         qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2135         return qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2136     }
2137 
2138     qopts = qemu_opts_find(&reopen_opts, NULL);
2139     opts = qopts ? qemu_opts_to_qdict(qopts, NULL) : NULL;
2140     qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2141 
2142     brq = bdrv_reopen_queue(NULL, bs, opts, flags);
2143     bdrv_reopen_multiple(brq, &local_err);
2144     if (local_err) {
2145         error_report_err(local_err);
2146     }
2147 
2148     return 0;
2149 }
2150 
2151 static int break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2152 {
2153     int ret;
2154 
2155     ret = bdrv_debug_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1], argv[2]);
2156     if (ret < 0) {
2157         printf("Could not set breakpoint: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2158     }
2159 
2160     return 0;
2161 }
2162 
2163 static int remove_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2164 {
2165     int ret;
2166 
2167     ret = bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2168     if (ret < 0) {
2169         printf("Could not remove breakpoint %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(-ret));
2170     }
2171 
2172     return 0;
2173 }
2174 
2175 static const cmdinfo_t break_cmd = {
2176        .name           = "break",
2177        .argmin         = 2,
2178        .argmax         = 2,
2179        .cfunc          = break_f,
2180        .args           = "event tag",
2181        .oneline        = "sets a breakpoint on event and tags the stopped "
2182                          "request as tag",
2183 };
2184 
2185 static const cmdinfo_t remove_break_cmd = {
2186        .name           = "remove_break",
2187        .argmin         = 1,
2188        .argmax         = 1,
2189        .cfunc          = remove_break_f,
2190        .args           = "tag",
2191        .oneline        = "remove a breakpoint by tag",
2192 };
2193 
2194 static int resume_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2195 {
2196     int ret;
2197 
2198     ret = bdrv_debug_resume(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2199     if (ret < 0) {
2200         printf("Could not resume request: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2201     }
2202 
2203     return 0;
2204 }
2205 
2206 static const cmdinfo_t resume_cmd = {
2207        .name           = "resume",
2208        .argmin         = 1,
2209        .argmax         = 1,
2210        .cfunc          = resume_f,
2211        .args           = "tag",
2212        .oneline        = "resumes the request tagged as tag",
2213 };
2214 
2215 static int wait_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2216 {
2217     while (!bdrv_debug_is_suspended(blk_bs(blk), argv[1])) {
2218         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
2219     }
2220 
2221     return 0;
2222 }
2223 
2224 static const cmdinfo_t wait_break_cmd = {
2225        .name           = "wait_break",
2226        .argmin         = 1,
2227        .argmax         = 1,
2228        .cfunc          = wait_break_f,
2229        .args           = "tag",
2230        .oneline        = "waits for the suspension of a request",
2231 };
2232 
2233 static int abort_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2234 {
2235     abort();
2236 }
2237 
2238 static const cmdinfo_t abort_cmd = {
2239        .name           = "abort",
2240        .cfunc          = abort_f,
2241        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2242        .oneline        = "simulate a program crash using abort(3)",
2243 };
2244 
2245 static void sigraise_help(void)
2246 {
2247     printf(
2248 "\n"
2249 " raises the given signal\n"
2250 "\n"
2251 " Example:\n"
2252 " 'sigraise %i' - raises SIGTERM\n"
2253 "\n"
2254 " Invokes raise(signal), where \"signal\" is the mandatory integer argument\n"
2255 " given to sigraise.\n"
2256 "\n", SIGTERM);
2257 }
2258 
2259 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2260 
2261 static const cmdinfo_t sigraise_cmd = {
2262     .name       = "sigraise",
2263     .cfunc      = sigraise_f,
2264     .argmin     = 1,
2265     .argmax     = 1,
2266     .flags      = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2267     .args       = "signal",
2268     .oneline    = "raises a signal",
2269     .help       = sigraise_help,
2270 };
2271 
2272 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2273 {
2274     int64_t sig = cvtnum(argv[1]);
2275     if (sig < 0) {
2276         print_cvtnum_err(sig, argv[1]);
2277         return 0;
2278     } else if (sig > NSIG) {
2279         printf("signal argument '%s' is too large to be a valid signal\n",
2280                argv[1]);
2281         return 0;
2282     }
2283 
2284     /* Using raise() to kill this process does not necessarily flush all open
2285      * streams. At least stdout and stderr (although the latter should be
2286      * non-buffered anyway) should be flushed, though. */
2287     fflush(stdout);
2288     fflush(stderr);
2289 
2290     raise(sig);
2291     return 0;
2292 }
2293 
2294 static void sleep_cb(void *opaque)
2295 {
2296     bool *expired = opaque;
2297     *expired = true;
2298 }
2299 
2300 static int sleep_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2301 {
2302     char *endptr;
2303     long ms;
2304     struct QEMUTimer *timer;
2305     bool expired = false;
2306 
2307     ms = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 0);
2308     if (ms < 0 || *endptr != '\0') {
2309         printf("%s is not a valid number\n", argv[1]);
2310         return 0;
2311     }
2312 
2313     timer = timer_new_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST, sleep_cb, &expired);
2314     timer_mod(timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST) + SCALE_MS * ms);
2315 
2316     while (!expired) {
2317         main_loop_wait(false);
2318     }
2319 
2320     timer_free(timer);
2321 
2322     return 0;
2323 }
2324 
2325 static const cmdinfo_t sleep_cmd = {
2326        .name           = "sleep",
2327        .argmin         = 1,
2328        .argmax         = 1,
2329        .cfunc          = sleep_f,
2330        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2331        .oneline        = "waits for the given value in milliseconds",
2332 };
2333 
2334 static void help_oneline(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2335 {
2336     if (cmd) {
2337         printf("%s ", cmd);
2338     } else {
2339         printf("%s ", ct->name);
2340         if (ct->altname) {
2341             printf("(or %s) ", ct->altname);
2342         }
2343     }
2344 
2345     if (ct->args) {
2346         printf("%s ", ct->args);
2347     }
2348     printf("-- %s\n", ct->oneline);
2349 }
2350 
2351 static void help_onecmd(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2352 {
2353     help_oneline(cmd, ct);
2354     if (ct->help) {
2355         ct->help();
2356     }
2357 }
2358 
2359 static void help_all(void)
2360 {
2361     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2362 
2363     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
2364         help_oneline(ct->name, ct);
2365     }
2366     printf("\nUse 'help commandname' for extended help.\n");
2367 }
2368 
2369 static int help_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2370 {
2371     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2372 
2373     if (argc == 1) {
2374         help_all();
2375         return 0;
2376     }
2377 
2378     ct = find_command(argv[1]);
2379     if (ct == NULL) {
2380         printf("command %s not found\n", argv[1]);
2381         return 0;
2382     }
2383 
2384     help_onecmd(argv[1], ct);
2385     return 0;
2386 }
2387 
2388 static const cmdinfo_t help_cmd = {
2389     .name       = "help",
2390     .altname    = "?",
2391     .cfunc      = help_f,
2392     .argmin     = 0,
2393     .argmax     = 1,
2394     .flags      = CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL,
2395     .args       = "[command]",
2396     .oneline    = "help for one or all commands",
2397 };
2398 
2399 bool qemuio_command(BlockBackend *blk, const char *cmd)
2400 {
2401     char *input;
2402     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2403     char **v;
2404     int c;
2405     bool done = false;
2406 
2407     input = g_strdup(cmd);
2408     v = breakline(input, &c);
2409     if (c) {
2410         ct = find_command(v[0]);
2411         if (ct) {
2412             done = command(blk, ct, c, v);
2413         } else {
2414             fprintf(stderr, "command \"%s\" not found\n", v[0]);
2415         }
2416     }
2417     g_free(input);
2418     g_free(v);
2419 
2420     return done;
2421 }
2422 
2423 static void __attribute((constructor)) init_qemuio_commands(void)
2424 {
2425     /* initialize commands */
2426     qemuio_add_command(&help_cmd);
2427     qemuio_add_command(&read_cmd);
2428     qemuio_add_command(&readv_cmd);
2429     qemuio_add_command(&write_cmd);
2430     qemuio_add_command(&writev_cmd);
2431     qemuio_add_command(&multiwrite_cmd);
2432     qemuio_add_command(&aio_read_cmd);
2433     qemuio_add_command(&aio_write_cmd);
2434     qemuio_add_command(&aio_flush_cmd);
2435     qemuio_add_command(&flush_cmd);
2436     qemuio_add_command(&truncate_cmd);
2437     qemuio_add_command(&length_cmd);
2438     qemuio_add_command(&info_cmd);
2439     qemuio_add_command(&discard_cmd);
2440     qemuio_add_command(&alloc_cmd);
2441     qemuio_add_command(&map_cmd);
2442     qemuio_add_command(&reopen_cmd);
2443     qemuio_add_command(&break_cmd);
2444     qemuio_add_command(&remove_break_cmd);
2445     qemuio_add_command(&resume_cmd);
2446     qemuio_add_command(&wait_break_cmd);
2447     qemuio_add_command(&abort_cmd);
2448     qemuio_add_command(&sleep_cmd);
2449     qemuio_add_command(&sigraise_cmd);
2450 }
2451