xref: /openbmc/qemu/qemu-io-cmds.c (revision 40cf6a54)
1 /*
2  * Command line utility to exercise the QEMU I/O path.
3  *
4  * Copyright (C) 2009-2016 Red Hat, Inc.
5  * Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
6  *
7  * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
8  * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
9  */
10 
11 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
12 #include "qapi/error.h"
13 #include "qemu-io.h"
14 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
15 #include "block/block.h"
16 #include "block/block_int.h" /* for info_f() */
17 #include "block/qapi.h"
18 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
19 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
20 #include "qemu/option.h"
21 #include "qemu/timer.h"
22 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
23 
24 #define CMD_NOFILE_OK   0x01
25 
26 bool qemuio_misalign;
27 
28 static cmdinfo_t *cmdtab;
29 static int ncmds;
30 
31 static int compare_cmdname(const void *a, const void *b)
32 {
33     return strcmp(((const cmdinfo_t *)a)->name,
34                   ((const cmdinfo_t *)b)->name);
35 }
36 
37 void qemuio_add_command(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
38 {
39     /* ci->perm assumes a file is open, but the GLOBAL and NOFILE_OK
40      * flags allow it not to be, so that combination is invalid.
41      * Catch it now rather than letting it manifest as a crash if a
42      * particular set of command line options are used.
43      */
44     assert(ci->perm == 0 ||
45            (ci->flags & (CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL | CMD_NOFILE_OK)) == 0);
46     cmdtab = g_renew(cmdinfo_t, cmdtab, ++ncmds);
47     cmdtab[ncmds - 1] = *ci;
48     qsort(cmdtab, ncmds, sizeof(*cmdtab), compare_cmdname);
49 }
50 
51 void qemuio_command_usage(const cmdinfo_t *ci)
52 {
53     printf("%s %s -- %s\n", ci->name, ci->args, ci->oneline);
54 }
55 
56 static int init_check_command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
57 {
58     if (ct->flags & CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL) {
59         return 1;
60     }
61     if (!(ct->flags & CMD_NOFILE_OK) && !blk) {
62         fprintf(stderr, "no file open, try 'help open'\n");
63         return 0;
64     }
65     return 1;
66 }
67 
68 static int command(BlockBackend *blk, const cmdinfo_t *ct, int argc,
69                    char **argv)
70 {
71     char *cmd = argv[0];
72 
73     if (!init_check_command(blk, ct)) {
74         return -EINVAL;
75     }
76 
77     if (argc - 1 < ct->argmin || (ct->argmax != -1 && argc - 1 > ct->argmax)) {
78         if (ct->argmax == -1) {
79             fprintf(stderr,
80                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected at least %d arguments\n",
81                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
82         } else if (ct->argmin == ct->argmax) {
83             fprintf(stderr,
84                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected %d arguments\n",
85                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin);
86         } else {
87             fprintf(stderr,
88                     "bad argument count %d to %s, expected between %d and %d arguments\n",
89                     argc-1, cmd, ct->argmin, ct->argmax);
90         }
91         return -EINVAL;
92     }
93 
94     /* Request additional permissions if necessary for this command. The caller
95      * is responsible for restoring the original permissions afterwards if this
96      * is what it wants. */
97     if (ct->perm && blk_is_available(blk)) {
98         uint64_t orig_perm, orig_shared_perm;
99         blk_get_perm(blk, &orig_perm, &orig_shared_perm);
100 
101         if (ct->perm & ~orig_perm) {
102             uint64_t new_perm;
103             Error *local_err = NULL;
104             int ret;
105 
106             new_perm = orig_perm | ct->perm;
107 
108             ret = blk_set_perm(blk, new_perm, orig_shared_perm, &local_err);
109             if (ret < 0) {
110                 error_report_err(local_err);
111                 return ret;
112             }
113         }
114     }
115 
116     optind = 0;
117     return ct->cfunc(blk, argc, argv);
118 }
119 
120 static const cmdinfo_t *find_command(const char *cmd)
121 {
122     cmdinfo_t *ct;
123 
124     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
125         if (strcmp(ct->name, cmd) == 0 ||
126             (ct->altname && strcmp(ct->altname, cmd) == 0))
127         {
128             return (const cmdinfo_t *)ct;
129         }
130     }
131     return NULL;
132 }
133 
134 /* Invoke fn() for commands with a matching prefix */
135 void qemuio_complete_command(const char *input,
136                              void (*fn)(const char *cmd, void *opaque),
137                              void *opaque)
138 {
139     cmdinfo_t *ct;
140     size_t input_len = strlen(input);
141 
142     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
143         if (strncmp(input, ct->name, input_len) == 0) {
144             fn(ct->name, opaque);
145         }
146     }
147 }
148 
149 static char **breakline(char *input, int *count)
150 {
151     int c = 0;
152     char *p;
153     char **rval = g_new0(char *, 1);
154 
155     while (rval && (p = qemu_strsep(&input, " ")) != NULL) {
156         if (!*p) {
157             continue;
158         }
159         c++;
160         rval = g_renew(char *, rval, (c + 1));
161         rval[c - 1] = p;
162         rval[c] = NULL;
163     }
164     *count = c;
165     return rval;
166 }
167 
168 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *s)
169 {
170     int err;
171     uint64_t value;
172 
173     err = qemu_strtosz(s, NULL, &value);
174     if (err < 0) {
175         return err;
176     }
177     if (value > INT64_MAX) {
178         return -ERANGE;
179     }
180     return value;
181 }
182 
183 static void print_cvtnum_err(int64_t rc, const char *arg)
184 {
185     switch (rc) {
186     case -EINVAL:
187         printf("Parsing error: non-numeric argument,"
188                " or extraneous/unrecognized suffix -- %s\n", arg);
189         break;
190     case -ERANGE:
191         printf("Parsing error: argument too large -- %s\n", arg);
192         break;
193     default:
194         printf("Parsing error: %s\n", arg);
195     }
196 }
197 
198 #define EXABYTES(x)     ((long long)(x) << 60)
199 #define PETABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 50)
200 #define TERABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 40)
201 #define GIGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 30)
202 #define MEGABYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 20)
203 #define KILOBYTES(x)    ((long long)(x) << 10)
204 
205 #define TO_EXABYTES(x)  ((x) / EXABYTES(1))
206 #define TO_PETABYTES(x) ((x) / PETABYTES(1))
207 #define TO_TERABYTES(x) ((x) / TERABYTES(1))
208 #define TO_GIGABYTES(x) ((x) / GIGABYTES(1))
209 #define TO_MEGABYTES(x) ((x) / MEGABYTES(1))
210 #define TO_KILOBYTES(x) ((x) / KILOBYTES(1))
211 
212 static void cvtstr(double value, char *str, size_t size)
213 {
214     char *trim;
215     const char *suffix;
216 
217     if (value >= EXABYTES(1)) {
218         suffix = " EiB";
219         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_EXABYTES(value));
220     } else if (value >= PETABYTES(1)) {
221         suffix = " PiB";
222         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_PETABYTES(value));
223     } else if (value >= TERABYTES(1)) {
224         suffix = " TiB";
225         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_TERABYTES(value));
226     } else if (value >= GIGABYTES(1)) {
227         suffix = " GiB";
228         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_GIGABYTES(value));
229     } else if (value >= MEGABYTES(1)) {
230         suffix = " MiB";
231         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_MEGABYTES(value));
232     } else if (value >= KILOBYTES(1)) {
233         suffix = " KiB";
234         snprintf(str, size - 4, "%.3f", TO_KILOBYTES(value));
235     } else {
236         suffix = " bytes";
237         snprintf(str, size - 6, "%f", value);
238     }
239 
240     trim = strstr(str, ".000");
241     if (trim) {
242         strcpy(trim, suffix);
243     } else {
244         strcat(str, suffix);
245     }
246 }
247 
248 
249 
250 static struct timeval tsub(struct timeval t1, struct timeval t2)
251 {
252     t1.tv_usec -= t2.tv_usec;
253     if (t1.tv_usec < 0) {
254         t1.tv_usec += 1000000;
255         t1.tv_sec--;
256     }
257     t1.tv_sec -= t2.tv_sec;
258     return t1;
259 }
260 
261 static double tdiv(double value, struct timeval tv)
262 {
263     return value / ((double)tv.tv_sec + ((double)tv.tv_usec / 1000000.0));
264 }
265 
266 #define HOURS(sec)      ((sec) / (60 * 60))
267 #define MINUTES(sec)    (((sec) % (60 * 60)) / 60)
268 #define SECONDS(sec)    ((sec) % 60)
269 
270 enum {
271     DEFAULT_TIME        = 0x0,
272     TERSE_FIXED_TIME    = 0x1,
273     VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME  = 0x2,
274 };
275 
276 static void timestr(struct timeval *tv, char *ts, size_t size, int format)
277 {
278     double usec = (double)tv->tv_usec / 1000000.0;
279 
280     if (format & TERSE_FIXED_TIME) {
281         if (!HOURS(tv->tv_sec)) {
282             snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u.%02u",
283                     (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
284                     (unsigned int) SECONDS(tv->tv_sec),
285                     (unsigned int) (usec * 100));
286             return;
287         }
288         format |= VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME; /* fallback if hours needed */
289     }
290 
291     if ((format & VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME) || tv->tv_sec) {
292         snprintf(ts, size, "%u:%02u:%02u.%02u",
293                 (unsigned int) HOURS(tv->tv_sec),
294                 (unsigned int) MINUTES(tv->tv_sec),
295                 (unsigned int) SECONDS(tv->tv_sec),
296                 (unsigned int) (usec * 100));
297     } else {
298         snprintf(ts, size, "0.%04u sec", (unsigned int) (usec * 10000));
299     }
300 }
301 
302 /*
303  * Parse the pattern argument to various sub-commands.
304  *
305  * Because the pattern is used as an argument to memset it must evaluate
306  * to an unsigned integer that fits into a single byte.
307  */
308 static int parse_pattern(const char *arg)
309 {
310     char *endptr = NULL;
311     long pattern;
312 
313     pattern = strtol(arg, &endptr, 0);
314     if (pattern < 0 || pattern > UCHAR_MAX || *endptr != '\0') {
315         printf("%s is not a valid pattern byte\n", arg);
316         return -1;
317     }
318 
319     return pattern;
320 }
321 
322 /*
323  * Memory allocation helpers.
324  *
325  * Make sure memory is aligned by default, or purposefully misaligned if
326  * that is specified on the command line.
327  */
328 
329 #define MISALIGN_OFFSET     16
330 static void *qemu_io_alloc(BlockBackend *blk, size_t len, int pattern)
331 {
332     void *buf;
333 
334     if (qemuio_misalign) {
335         len += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
336     }
337     buf = blk_blockalign(blk, len);
338     memset(buf, pattern, len);
339     if (qemuio_misalign) {
340         buf += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
341     }
342     return buf;
343 }
344 
345 static void qemu_io_free(void *p)
346 {
347     if (qemuio_misalign) {
348         p -= MISALIGN_OFFSET;
349     }
350     qemu_vfree(p);
351 }
352 
353 static void dump_buffer(const void *buffer, int64_t offset, int64_t len)
354 {
355     uint64_t i;
356     int j;
357     const uint8_t *p;
358 
359     for (i = 0, p = buffer; i < len; i += 16) {
360         const uint8_t *s = p;
361 
362         printf("%08" PRIx64 ":  ", offset + i);
363         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, p++) {
364             printf("%02x ", *p);
365         }
366         printf(" ");
367         for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, s++) {
368             if (isalnum(*s)) {
369                 printf("%c", *s);
370             } else {
371                 printf(".");
372             }
373         }
374         printf("\n");
375     }
376 }
377 
378 static void print_report(const char *op, struct timeval *t, int64_t offset,
379                          int64_t count, int64_t total, int cnt, bool Cflag)
380 {
381     char s1[64], s2[64], ts[64];
382 
383     timestr(t, ts, sizeof(ts), Cflag ? VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME : 0);
384     if (!Cflag) {
385         cvtstr((double)total, s1, sizeof(s1));
386         cvtstr(tdiv((double)total, *t), s2, sizeof(s2));
387         printf("%s %"PRId64"/%"PRId64" bytes at offset %" PRId64 "\n",
388                op, total, count, offset);
389         printf("%s, %d ops; %s (%s/sec and %.4f ops/sec)\n",
390                s1, cnt, ts, s2, tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
391     } else {/* bytes,ops,time,bytes/sec,ops/sec */
392         printf("%"PRId64",%d,%s,%.3f,%.3f\n",
393             total, cnt, ts,
394             tdiv((double)total, *t),
395             tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
396     }
397 }
398 
399 /*
400  * Parse multiple length statements for vectored I/O, and construct an I/O
401  * vector matching it.
402  */
403 static void *
404 create_iovec(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov, char **argv, int nr_iov,
405              int pattern)
406 {
407     size_t *sizes = g_new0(size_t, nr_iov);
408     size_t count = 0;
409     void *buf = NULL;
410     void *p;
411     int i;
412 
413     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
414         char *arg = argv[i];
415         int64_t len;
416 
417         len = cvtnum(arg);
418         if (len < 0) {
419             print_cvtnum_err(len, arg);
420             goto fail;
421         }
422 
423         if (len > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
424             printf("Argument '%s' exceeds maximum size %" PRIu64 "\n", arg,
425                    (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES);
426             goto fail;
427         }
428 
429         if (count > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES - len) {
430             printf("The total number of bytes exceed the maximum size %" PRIu64
431                    "\n", (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES);
432             goto fail;
433         }
434 
435         sizes[i] = len;
436         count += len;
437     }
438 
439     qemu_iovec_init(qiov, nr_iov);
440 
441     buf = p = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
442 
443     for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
444         qemu_iovec_add(qiov, p, sizes[i]);
445         p += sizes[i];
446     }
447 
448 fail:
449     g_free(sizes);
450     return buf;
451 }
452 
453 static int do_pread(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
454                     int64_t bytes, int64_t *total)
455 {
456     if (bytes > INT_MAX) {
457         return -ERANGE;
458     }
459 
460     *total = blk_pread(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, bytes);
461     if (*total < 0) {
462         return *total;
463     }
464     return 1;
465 }
466 
467 static int do_pwrite(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
468                      int64_t bytes, int flags, int64_t *total)
469 {
470     if (bytes > INT_MAX) {
471         return -ERANGE;
472     }
473 
474     *total = blk_pwrite(blk, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, bytes, flags);
475     if (*total < 0) {
476         return *total;
477     }
478     return 1;
479 }
480 
481 typedef struct {
482     BlockBackend *blk;
483     int64_t offset;
484     int64_t bytes;
485     int64_t *total;
486     int flags;
487     int ret;
488     bool done;
489 } CoWriteZeroes;
490 
491 static void coroutine_fn co_pwrite_zeroes_entry(void *opaque)
492 {
493     CoWriteZeroes *data = opaque;
494 
495     data->ret = blk_co_pwrite_zeroes(data->blk, data->offset, data->bytes,
496                                      data->flags);
497     data->done = true;
498     if (data->ret < 0) {
499         *data->total = data->ret;
500         return;
501     }
502 
503     *data->total = data->bytes;
504 }
505 
506 static int do_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
507                                int64_t bytes, int flags, int64_t *total)
508 {
509     Coroutine *co;
510     CoWriteZeroes data = {
511         .blk    = blk,
512         .offset = offset,
513         .bytes  = bytes,
514         .total  = total,
515         .flags  = flags,
516         .done   = false,
517     };
518 
519     if (bytes > INT_MAX) {
520         return -ERANGE;
521     }
522 
523     co = qemu_coroutine_create(co_pwrite_zeroes_entry, &data);
524     bdrv_coroutine_enter(blk_bs(blk), co);
525     while (!data.done) {
526         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
527     }
528     if (data.ret < 0) {
529         return data.ret;
530     } else {
531         return 1;
532     }
533 }
534 
535 static int do_write_compressed(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
536                                int64_t bytes, int64_t *total)
537 {
538     int ret;
539 
540     if (bytes >> 9 > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS) {
541         return -ERANGE;
542     }
543 
544     ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(blk, offset, buf, bytes);
545     if (ret < 0) {
546         return ret;
547     }
548     *total = bytes;
549     return 1;
550 }
551 
552 static int do_load_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
553                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
554 {
555     if (count > INT_MAX) {
556         return -ERANGE;
557     }
558 
559     *total = blk_load_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
560     if (*total < 0) {
561         return *total;
562     }
563     return 1;
564 }
565 
566 static int do_save_vmstate(BlockBackend *blk, char *buf, int64_t offset,
567                            int64_t count, int64_t *total)
568 {
569     if (count > INT_MAX) {
570         return -ERANGE;
571     }
572 
573     *total = blk_save_vmstate(blk, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
574     if (*total < 0) {
575         return *total;
576     }
577     return 1;
578 }
579 
580 #define NOT_DONE 0x7fffffff
581 static void aio_rw_done(void *opaque, int ret)
582 {
583     *(int *)opaque = ret;
584 }
585 
586 static int do_aio_readv(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
587                         int64_t offset, int *total)
588 {
589     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
590 
591     blk_aio_preadv(blk, offset, qiov, 0, aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
592     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
593         main_loop_wait(false);
594     }
595 
596     *total = qiov->size;
597     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
598 }
599 
600 static int do_aio_writev(BlockBackend *blk, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
601                          int64_t offset, int flags, int *total)
602 {
603     int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
604 
605     blk_aio_pwritev(blk, offset, qiov, flags, aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
606     while (async_ret == NOT_DONE) {
607         main_loop_wait(false);
608     }
609 
610     *total = qiov->size;
611     return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
612 }
613 
614 static void read_help(void)
615 {
616     printf(
617 "\n"
618 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
619 "\n"
620 " Example:\n"
621 " 'read -v 512 1k' - dumps 1 kilobyte read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
622 "\n"
623 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
624 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
625 " -b, -- read from the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
626 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
627 " -l, -- length for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
628 " -p, -- ignored for backwards compatibility\n"
629 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
630 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
631 " -s, -- start offset for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
632 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
633 "\n");
634 }
635 
636 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
637 
638 static const cmdinfo_t read_cmd = {
639     .name       = "read",
640     .altname    = "r",
641     .cfunc      = read_f,
642     .argmin     = 2,
643     .argmax     = -1,
644     .args       = "[-abCqv] [-P pattern [-s off] [-l len]] off len",
645     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
646     .help       = read_help,
647 };
648 
649 static int read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
650 {
651     struct timeval t1, t2;
652     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false, vflag = false;
653     bool Pflag = false, sflag = false, lflag = false, bflag = false;
654     int c, cnt, ret;
655     char *buf;
656     int64_t offset;
657     int64_t count;
658     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
659     int64_t total = 0;
660     int pattern = 0;
661     int64_t pattern_offset = 0, pattern_count = 0;
662 
663     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bCl:pP:qs:v")) != -1) {
664         switch (c) {
665         case 'b':
666             bflag = true;
667             break;
668         case 'C':
669             Cflag = true;
670             break;
671         case 'l':
672             lflag = true;
673             pattern_count = cvtnum(optarg);
674             if (pattern_count < 0) {
675                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_count, optarg);
676                 return pattern_count;
677             }
678             break;
679         case 'p':
680             /* Ignored for backwards compatibility */
681             break;
682         case 'P':
683             Pflag = true;
684             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
685             if (pattern < 0) {
686                 return -EINVAL;
687             }
688             break;
689         case 'q':
690             qflag = true;
691             break;
692         case 's':
693             sflag = true;
694             pattern_offset = cvtnum(optarg);
695             if (pattern_offset < 0) {
696                 print_cvtnum_err(pattern_offset, optarg);
697                 return pattern_offset;
698             }
699             break;
700         case 'v':
701             vflag = true;
702             break;
703         default:
704             qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
705             return -EINVAL;
706         }
707     }
708 
709     if (optind != argc - 2) {
710         qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
711         return -EINVAL;
712     }
713 
714     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
715     if (offset < 0) {
716         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
717         return offset;
718     }
719 
720     optind++;
721     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
722     if (count < 0) {
723         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
724         return count;
725     } else if (count > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
726         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
727                (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES, argv[optind]);
728         return -EINVAL;
729     }
730 
731     if (!Pflag && (lflag || sflag)) {
732         qemuio_command_usage(&read_cmd);
733         return -EINVAL;
734     }
735 
736     if (!lflag) {
737         pattern_count = count - pattern_offset;
738     }
739 
740     if ((pattern_count < 0) || (pattern_count + pattern_offset > count))  {
741         printf("pattern verification range exceeds end of read data\n");
742         return -EINVAL;
743     }
744 
745     if (bflag) {
746         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(offset, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
747             printf("%" PRId64 " is not a sector-aligned value for 'offset'\n",
748                    offset);
749             return -EINVAL;
750         }
751         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(count, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
752             printf("%"PRId64" is not a sector-aligned value for 'count'\n",
753                    count);
754             return -EINVAL;
755         }
756     }
757 
758     buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, 0xab);
759 
760     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
761     if (bflag) {
762         ret = do_load_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
763     } else {
764         ret = do_pread(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
765     }
766     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
767 
768     if (ret < 0) {
769         printf("read failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
770         goto out;
771     }
772     cnt = ret;
773 
774     ret = 0;
775 
776     if (Pflag) {
777         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(pattern_count);
778         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, pattern_count);
779         if (memcmp(buf + pattern_offset, cmp_buf, pattern_count)) {
780             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
781                    PRId64 ", %"PRId64" bytes\n",
782                    offset + pattern_offset, pattern_count);
783             ret = -EINVAL;
784         }
785         g_free(cmp_buf);
786     }
787 
788     if (qflag) {
789         goto out;
790     }
791 
792     if (vflag) {
793         dump_buffer(buf, offset, count);
794     }
795 
796     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
797     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
798     print_report("read", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
799 
800 out:
801     qemu_io_free(buf);
802     return ret;
803 }
804 
805 static void readv_help(void)
806 {
807     printf(
808 "\n"
809 " reads a range of bytes from the given offset into multiple buffers\n"
810 "\n"
811 " Example:\n"
812 " 'readv -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
813 "\n"
814 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
815 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
816 " Uses multiple iovec buffers if more than one byte range is specified.\n"
817 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
818 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
819 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
820 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
821 "\n");
822 }
823 
824 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
825 
826 static const cmdinfo_t readv_cmd = {
827     .name       = "readv",
828     .cfunc      = readv_f,
829     .argmin     = 2,
830     .argmax     = -1,
831     .args       = "[-Cqv] [-P pattern] off len [len..]",
832     .oneline    = "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
833     .help       = readv_help,
834 };
835 
836 static int readv_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
837 {
838     struct timeval t1, t2;
839     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false, vflag = false;
840     int c, cnt, ret;
841     char *buf;
842     int64_t offset;
843     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
844     int total = 0;
845     int nr_iov;
846     QEMUIOVector qiov;
847     int pattern = 0;
848     bool Pflag = false;
849 
850     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != -1) {
851         switch (c) {
852         case 'C':
853             Cflag = true;
854             break;
855         case 'P':
856             Pflag = true;
857             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
858             if (pattern < 0) {
859                 return -EINVAL;
860             }
861             break;
862         case 'q':
863             qflag = true;
864             break;
865         case 'v':
866             vflag = true;
867             break;
868         default:
869             qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
870             return -EINVAL;
871         }
872     }
873 
874     if (optind > argc - 2) {
875         qemuio_command_usage(&readv_cmd);
876         return -EINVAL;
877     }
878 
879 
880     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
881     if (offset < 0) {
882         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
883         return offset;
884     }
885     optind++;
886 
887     nr_iov = argc - optind;
888     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
889     if (buf == NULL) {
890         return -EINVAL;
891     }
892 
893     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
894     ret = do_aio_readv(blk, &qiov, offset, &total);
895     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
896 
897     if (ret < 0) {
898         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
899         goto out;
900     }
901     cnt = ret;
902 
903     ret = 0;
904 
905     if (Pflag) {
906         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(qiov.size);
907         memset(cmp_buf, pattern, qiov.size);
908         if (memcmp(buf, cmp_buf, qiov.size)) {
909             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
910                    PRId64 ", %zu bytes\n", offset, qiov.size);
911             ret = -EINVAL;
912         }
913         g_free(cmp_buf);
914     }
915 
916     if (qflag) {
917         goto out;
918     }
919 
920     if (vflag) {
921         dump_buffer(buf, offset, qiov.size);
922     }
923 
924     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
925     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
926     print_report("read", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
927 
928 out:
929     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
930     qemu_io_free(buf);
931     return ret;
932 }
933 
934 static void write_help(void)
935 {
936     printf(
937 "\n"
938 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
939 "\n"
940 " Example:\n"
941 " 'write 512 1k' - writes 1 kilobyte at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
942 "\n"
943 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
944 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
945 " -b, -- write to the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
946 " -c, -- write compressed data with blk_write_compressed\n"
947 " -f, -- use Force Unit Access semantics\n"
948 " -p, -- ignored for backwards compatibility\n"
949 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
950 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
951 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
952 " -u, -- with -z, allow unmapping\n"
953 " -z, -- write zeroes using blk_co_pwrite_zeroes\n"
954 "\n");
955 }
956 
957 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
958 
959 static const cmdinfo_t write_cmd = {
960     .name       = "write",
961     .altname    = "w",
962     .cfunc      = write_f,
963     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE,
964     .argmin     = 2,
965     .argmax     = -1,
966     .args       = "[-bcCfquz] [-P pattern] off len",
967     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
968     .help       = write_help,
969 };
970 
971 static int write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
972 {
973     struct timeval t1, t2;
974     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false, bflag = false;
975     bool Pflag = false, zflag = false, cflag = false;
976     int flags = 0;
977     int c, cnt, ret;
978     char *buf = NULL;
979     int64_t offset;
980     int64_t count;
981     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
982     int64_t total = 0;
983     int pattern = 0xcd;
984 
985     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bcCfpP:quz")) != -1) {
986         switch (c) {
987         case 'b':
988             bflag = true;
989             break;
990         case 'c':
991             cflag = true;
992             break;
993         case 'C':
994             Cflag = true;
995             break;
996         case 'f':
997             flags |= BDRV_REQ_FUA;
998             break;
999         case 'p':
1000             /* Ignored for backwards compatibility */
1001             break;
1002         case 'P':
1003             Pflag = true;
1004             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1005             if (pattern < 0) {
1006                 return -EINVAL;
1007             }
1008             break;
1009         case 'q':
1010             qflag = true;
1011             break;
1012         case 'u':
1013             flags |= BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP;
1014             break;
1015         case 'z':
1016             zflag = true;
1017             break;
1018         default:
1019             qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1020             return -EINVAL;
1021         }
1022     }
1023 
1024     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1025         qemuio_command_usage(&write_cmd);
1026         return -EINVAL;
1027     }
1028 
1029     if (bflag && zflag) {
1030         printf("-b and -z cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1031         return -EINVAL;
1032     }
1033 
1034     if ((flags & BDRV_REQ_FUA) && (bflag || cflag)) {
1035         printf("-f and -b or -c cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1036         return -EINVAL;
1037     }
1038 
1039     if ((flags & BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP) && !zflag) {
1040         printf("-u requires -z to be specified\n");
1041         return -EINVAL;
1042     }
1043 
1044     if (zflag && Pflag) {
1045         printf("-z and -P cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1046         return -EINVAL;
1047     }
1048 
1049     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1050     if (offset < 0) {
1051         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1052         return offset;
1053     }
1054 
1055     optind++;
1056     count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1057     if (count < 0) {
1058         print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1059         return count;
1060     } else if (count > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
1061         printf("length cannot exceed %" PRIu64 ", given %s\n",
1062                (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES, argv[optind]);
1063         return -EINVAL;
1064     }
1065 
1066     if (bflag || cflag) {
1067         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(offset, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
1068             printf("%" PRId64 " is not a sector-aligned value for 'offset'\n",
1069                    offset);
1070             return -EINVAL;
1071         }
1072 
1073         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(count, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
1074             printf("%"PRId64" is not a sector-aligned value for 'count'\n",
1075                    count);
1076             return -EINVAL;
1077         }
1078     }
1079 
1080     if (!zflag) {
1081         buf = qemu_io_alloc(blk, count, pattern);
1082     }
1083 
1084     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1085     if (bflag) {
1086         ret = do_save_vmstate(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1087     } else if (zflag) {
1088         ret = do_co_pwrite_zeroes(blk, offset, count, flags, &total);
1089     } else if (cflag) {
1090         ret = do_write_compressed(blk, buf, offset, count, &total);
1091     } else {
1092         ret = do_pwrite(blk, buf, offset, count, flags, &total);
1093     }
1094     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1095 
1096     if (ret < 0) {
1097         printf("write failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1098         goto out;
1099     }
1100     cnt = ret;
1101 
1102     ret = 0;
1103 
1104     if (qflag) {
1105         goto out;
1106     }
1107 
1108     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1109     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1110     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
1111 
1112 out:
1113     if (!zflag) {
1114         qemu_io_free(buf);
1115     }
1116     return ret;
1117 }
1118 
1119 static void
1120 writev_help(void)
1121 {
1122     printf(
1123 "\n"
1124 " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers\n"
1125 "\n"
1126 " Example:\n"
1127 " 'writev 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1128 "\n"
1129 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1130 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1131 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1132 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1133 " -f, -- use Force Unit Access semantics\n"
1134 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1135 "\n");
1136 }
1137 
1138 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1139 
1140 static const cmdinfo_t writev_cmd = {
1141     .name       = "writev",
1142     .cfunc      = writev_f,
1143     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE,
1144     .argmin     = 2,
1145     .argmax     = -1,
1146     .args       = "[-Cfq] [-P pattern] off len [len..]",
1147     .oneline    = "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1148     .help       = writev_help,
1149 };
1150 
1151 static int writev_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1152 {
1153     struct timeval t1, t2;
1154     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false;
1155     int flags = 0;
1156     int c, cnt, ret;
1157     char *buf;
1158     int64_t offset;
1159     /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
1160     int total = 0;
1161     int nr_iov;
1162     int pattern = 0xcd;
1163     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1164 
1165     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CfqP:")) != -1) {
1166         switch (c) {
1167         case 'C':
1168             Cflag = true;
1169             break;
1170         case 'f':
1171             flags |= BDRV_REQ_FUA;
1172             break;
1173         case 'q':
1174             qflag = true;
1175             break;
1176         case 'P':
1177             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1178             if (pattern < 0) {
1179                 return -EINVAL;
1180             }
1181             break;
1182         default:
1183             qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1184             return -EINVAL;
1185         }
1186     }
1187 
1188     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1189         qemuio_command_usage(&writev_cmd);
1190         return -EINVAL;
1191     }
1192 
1193     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1194     if (offset < 0) {
1195         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1196         return offset;
1197     }
1198     optind++;
1199 
1200     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1201     buf = create_iovec(blk, &qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
1202     if (buf == NULL) {
1203         return -EINVAL;
1204     }
1205 
1206     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1207     ret = do_aio_writev(blk, &qiov, offset, flags, &total);
1208     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1209 
1210     if (ret < 0) {
1211         printf("writev failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1212         goto out;
1213     }
1214     cnt = ret;
1215 
1216     ret = 0;
1217 
1218     if (qflag) {
1219         goto out;
1220     }
1221 
1222     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1223     t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1224     print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
1225 out:
1226     qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiov);
1227     qemu_io_free(buf);
1228     return ret;
1229 }
1230 
1231 struct aio_ctx {
1232     BlockBackend *blk;
1233     QEMUIOVector qiov;
1234     int64_t offset;
1235     char *buf;
1236     bool qflag;
1237     bool vflag;
1238     bool Cflag;
1239     bool Pflag;
1240     bool zflag;
1241     BlockAcctCookie acct;
1242     int pattern;
1243     struct timeval t1;
1244 };
1245 
1246 static void aio_write_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1247 {
1248     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1249     struct timeval t2;
1250 
1251     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1252 
1253 
1254     if (ret < 0) {
1255         printf("aio_write failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1256         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1257         goto out;
1258     }
1259 
1260     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1261 
1262     if (ctx->qflag) {
1263         goto out;
1264     }
1265 
1266     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1267     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1268     print_report("wrote", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1269                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1270 out:
1271     if (!ctx->zflag) {
1272         qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1273         qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1274     }
1275     g_free(ctx);
1276 }
1277 
1278 static void aio_read_done(void *opaque, int ret)
1279 {
1280     struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
1281     struct timeval t2;
1282 
1283     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1284 
1285     if (ret < 0) {
1286         printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1287         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1288         goto out;
1289     }
1290 
1291     if (ctx->Pflag) {
1292         void *cmp_buf = g_malloc(ctx->qiov.size);
1293 
1294         memset(cmp_buf, ctx->pattern, ctx->qiov.size);
1295         if (memcmp(ctx->buf, cmp_buf, ctx->qiov.size)) {
1296             printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
1297                    PRId64 ", %zu bytes\n", ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1298         }
1299         g_free(cmp_buf);
1300     }
1301 
1302     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ctx->blk), &ctx->acct);
1303 
1304     if (ctx->qflag) {
1305         goto out;
1306     }
1307 
1308     if (ctx->vflag) {
1309         dump_buffer(ctx->buf, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
1310     }
1311 
1312     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1313     t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
1314     print_report("read", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
1315                  ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
1316 out:
1317     qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
1318     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->qiov);
1319     g_free(ctx);
1320 }
1321 
1322 static void aio_read_help(void)
1323 {
1324     printf(
1325 "\n"
1326 " asynchronously reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1327 "\n"
1328 " Example:\n"
1329 " 'aio_read -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1330 "\n"
1331 " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
1332 " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
1333 " The read is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1334 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1335 " Note that due to its asynchronous nature, this command will be\n"
1336 " considered successful once the request is submitted, independently\n"
1337 " of potential I/O errors or pattern mismatches.\n"
1338 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1339 " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
1340 " -i, -- treat request as invalid, for exercising stats\n"
1341 " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
1342 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1343 "\n");
1344 }
1345 
1346 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1347 
1348 static const cmdinfo_t aio_read_cmd = {
1349     .name       = "aio_read",
1350     .cfunc      = aio_read_f,
1351     .argmin     = 2,
1352     .argmax     = -1,
1353     .args       = "[-Ciqv] [-P pattern] off len [len..]",
1354     .oneline    = "asynchronously reads a number of bytes",
1355     .help       = aio_read_help,
1356 };
1357 
1358 static int aio_read_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1359 {
1360     int nr_iov, c;
1361     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1362 
1363     ctx->blk = blk;
1364     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:iqv")) != -1) {
1365         switch (c) {
1366         case 'C':
1367             ctx->Cflag = true;
1368             break;
1369         case 'P':
1370             ctx->Pflag = true;
1371             ctx->pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1372             if (ctx->pattern < 0) {
1373                 g_free(ctx);
1374                 return -EINVAL;
1375             }
1376             break;
1377         case 'i':
1378             printf("injecting invalid read request\n");
1379             block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1380             g_free(ctx);
1381             return 0;
1382         case 'q':
1383             ctx->qflag = true;
1384             break;
1385         case 'v':
1386             ctx->vflag = true;
1387             break;
1388         default:
1389             g_free(ctx);
1390             qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1391             return -EINVAL;
1392         }
1393     }
1394 
1395     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1396         g_free(ctx);
1397         qemuio_command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
1398         return -EINVAL;
1399     }
1400 
1401     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1402     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1403         int ret = ctx->offset;
1404         print_cvtnum_err(ret, argv[optind]);
1405         g_free(ctx);
1406         return ret;
1407     }
1408     optind++;
1409 
1410     nr_iov = argc - optind;
1411     ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
1412     if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1413         block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1414         g_free(ctx);
1415         return -EINVAL;
1416     }
1417 
1418     gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
1419     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1420                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
1421     blk_aio_preadv(blk, ctx->offset, &ctx->qiov, 0, aio_read_done, ctx);
1422     return 0;
1423 }
1424 
1425 static void aio_write_help(void)
1426 {
1427     printf(
1428 "\n"
1429 " asynchronously writes a range of bytes from the given offset source\n"
1430 " from multiple buffers\n"
1431 "\n"
1432 " Example:\n"
1433 " 'aio_write 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
1434 "\n"
1435 " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
1436 " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
1437 " The write is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
1438 " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed.\n"
1439 " Note that due to its asynchronous nature, this command will be\n"
1440 " considered successful once the request is submitted, independently\n"
1441 " of potential I/O errors or pattern mismatches.\n"
1442 " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
1443 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1444 " -f, -- use Force Unit Access semantics\n"
1445 " -i, -- treat request as invalid, for exercising stats\n"
1446 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1447 " -u, -- with -z, allow unmapping\n"
1448 " -z, -- write zeroes using blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes\n"
1449 "\n");
1450 }
1451 
1452 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1453 
1454 static const cmdinfo_t aio_write_cmd = {
1455     .name       = "aio_write",
1456     .cfunc      = aio_write_f,
1457     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE,
1458     .argmin     = 2,
1459     .argmax     = -1,
1460     .args       = "[-Cfiquz] [-P pattern] off len [len..]",
1461     .oneline    = "asynchronously writes a number of bytes",
1462     .help       = aio_write_help,
1463 };
1464 
1465 static int aio_write_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1466 {
1467     int nr_iov, c;
1468     int pattern = 0xcd;
1469     struct aio_ctx *ctx = g_new0(struct aio_ctx, 1);
1470     int flags = 0;
1471 
1472     ctx->blk = blk;
1473     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CfiqP:uz")) != -1) {
1474         switch (c) {
1475         case 'C':
1476             ctx->Cflag = true;
1477             break;
1478         case 'f':
1479             flags |= BDRV_REQ_FUA;
1480             break;
1481         case 'q':
1482             ctx->qflag = true;
1483             break;
1484         case 'u':
1485             flags |= BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP;
1486             break;
1487         case 'P':
1488             pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
1489             if (pattern < 0) {
1490                 g_free(ctx);
1491                 return -EINVAL;
1492             }
1493             break;
1494         case 'i':
1495             printf("injecting invalid write request\n");
1496             block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1497             g_free(ctx);
1498             return 0;
1499         case 'z':
1500             ctx->zflag = true;
1501             break;
1502         default:
1503             g_free(ctx);
1504             qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1505             return -EINVAL;
1506         }
1507     }
1508 
1509     if (optind > argc - 2) {
1510         g_free(ctx);
1511         qemuio_command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
1512         return -EINVAL;
1513     }
1514 
1515     if (ctx->zflag && optind != argc - 2) {
1516         printf("-z supports only a single length parameter\n");
1517         g_free(ctx);
1518         return -EINVAL;
1519     }
1520 
1521     if ((flags & BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP) && !ctx->zflag) {
1522         printf("-u requires -z to be specified\n");
1523         g_free(ctx);
1524         return -EINVAL;
1525     }
1526 
1527     if (ctx->zflag && ctx->Pflag) {
1528         printf("-z and -P cannot be specified at the same time\n");
1529         g_free(ctx);
1530         return -EINVAL;
1531     }
1532 
1533     ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1534     if (ctx->offset < 0) {
1535         int ret = ctx->offset;
1536         print_cvtnum_err(ret, argv[optind]);
1537         g_free(ctx);
1538         return ret;
1539     }
1540     optind++;
1541 
1542     if (ctx->zflag) {
1543         int64_t count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1544         if (count < 0) {
1545             print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[optind]);
1546             g_free(ctx);
1547             return count;
1548         }
1549 
1550         ctx->qiov.size = count;
1551         blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes(blk, ctx->offset, count, flags, aio_write_done,
1552                               ctx);
1553     } else {
1554         nr_iov = argc - optind;
1555         ctx->buf = create_iovec(blk, &ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov,
1556                                 pattern);
1557         if (ctx->buf == NULL) {
1558             block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1559             g_free(ctx);
1560             return -EINVAL;
1561         }
1562 
1563         gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
1564         block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &ctx->acct, ctx->qiov.size,
1565                          BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
1566 
1567         blk_aio_pwritev(blk, ctx->offset, &ctx->qiov, flags, aio_write_done,
1568                         ctx);
1569     }
1570 
1571     return 0;
1572 }
1573 
1574 static int aio_flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1575 {
1576     BlockAcctCookie cookie;
1577     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie, 0, BLOCK_ACCT_FLUSH);
1578     blk_drain_all();
1579     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(blk), &cookie);
1580     return 0;
1581 }
1582 
1583 static const cmdinfo_t aio_flush_cmd = {
1584     .name       = "aio_flush",
1585     .cfunc      = aio_flush_f,
1586     .oneline    = "completes all outstanding aio requests"
1587 };
1588 
1589 static int flush_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1590 {
1591     return blk_flush(blk);
1592 }
1593 
1594 static const cmdinfo_t flush_cmd = {
1595     .name       = "flush",
1596     .altname    = "f",
1597     .cfunc      = flush_f,
1598     .oneline    = "flush all in-core file state to disk",
1599 };
1600 
1601 static int truncate_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1602 {
1603     Error *local_err = NULL;
1604     int64_t offset;
1605     int ret;
1606 
1607     offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1608     if (offset < 0) {
1609         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1610         return offset;
1611     }
1612 
1613     ret = blk_truncate(blk, offset, PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, &local_err);
1614     if (ret < 0) {
1615         error_report_err(local_err);
1616         return ret;
1617     }
1618 
1619     return 0;
1620 }
1621 
1622 static const cmdinfo_t truncate_cmd = {
1623     .name       = "truncate",
1624     .altname    = "t",
1625     .cfunc      = truncate_f,
1626     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_RESIZE,
1627     .argmin     = 1,
1628     .argmax     = 1,
1629     .args       = "off",
1630     .oneline    = "truncates the current file at the given offset",
1631 };
1632 
1633 static int length_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1634 {
1635     int64_t size;
1636     char s1[64];
1637 
1638     size = blk_getlength(blk);
1639     if (size < 0) {
1640         printf("getlength: %s\n", strerror(-size));
1641         return size;
1642     }
1643 
1644     cvtstr(size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1645     printf("%s\n", s1);
1646     return 0;
1647 }
1648 
1649 
1650 static const cmdinfo_t length_cmd = {
1651     .name   = "length",
1652     .altname    = "l",
1653     .cfunc      = length_f,
1654     .oneline    = "gets the length of the current file",
1655 };
1656 
1657 
1658 static int info_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1659 {
1660     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1661     BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1662     ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info;
1663     char s1[64], s2[64];
1664     int ret;
1665 
1666     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->format_name) {
1667         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->format_name);
1668     }
1669     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->protocol_name) {
1670         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->protocol_name);
1671     }
1672 
1673     ret = bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi);
1674     if (ret) {
1675         return ret;
1676     }
1677 
1678     cvtstr(bdi.cluster_size, s1, sizeof(s1));
1679     cvtstr(bdi.vm_state_offset, s2, sizeof(s2));
1680 
1681     printf("cluster size: %s\n", s1);
1682     printf("vm state offset: %s\n", s2);
1683 
1684     spec_info = bdrv_get_specific_info(bs);
1685     if (spec_info) {
1686         printf("Format specific information:\n");
1687         bdrv_image_info_specific_dump(fprintf, stdout, spec_info);
1688         qapi_free_ImageInfoSpecific(spec_info);
1689     }
1690 
1691     return 0;
1692 }
1693 
1694 
1695 
1696 static const cmdinfo_t info_cmd = {
1697     .name       = "info",
1698     .altname    = "i",
1699     .cfunc      = info_f,
1700     .oneline    = "prints information about the current file",
1701 };
1702 
1703 static void discard_help(void)
1704 {
1705     printf(
1706 "\n"
1707 " discards a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
1708 "\n"
1709 " Example:\n"
1710 " 'discard 512 1k' - discards 1 kilobyte from 512 bytes into the file\n"
1711 "\n"
1712 " Discards a segment of the currently open file.\n"
1713 " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
1714 " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
1715 "\n");
1716 }
1717 
1718 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1719 
1720 static const cmdinfo_t discard_cmd = {
1721     .name       = "discard",
1722     .altname    = "d",
1723     .cfunc      = discard_f,
1724     .perm       = BLK_PERM_WRITE,
1725     .argmin     = 2,
1726     .argmax     = -1,
1727     .args       = "[-Cq] off len",
1728     .oneline    = "discards a number of bytes at a specified offset",
1729     .help       = discard_help,
1730 };
1731 
1732 static int discard_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1733 {
1734     struct timeval t1, t2;
1735     bool Cflag = false, qflag = false;
1736     int c, ret;
1737     int64_t offset, bytes;
1738 
1739     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "Cq")) != -1) {
1740         switch (c) {
1741         case 'C':
1742             Cflag = true;
1743             break;
1744         case 'q':
1745             qflag = true;
1746             break;
1747         default:
1748             qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1749             return -EINVAL;
1750         }
1751     }
1752 
1753     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1754         qemuio_command_usage(&discard_cmd);
1755         return -EINVAL;
1756     }
1757 
1758     offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1759     if (offset < 0) {
1760         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[optind]);
1761         return offset;
1762     }
1763 
1764     optind++;
1765     bytes = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
1766     if (bytes < 0) {
1767         print_cvtnum_err(bytes, argv[optind]);
1768         return bytes;
1769     } else if (bytes >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS) {
1770         printf("length cannot exceed %"PRIu64", given %s\n",
1771                (uint64_t)BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1772                argv[optind]);
1773         return -EINVAL;
1774     }
1775 
1776     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
1777     ret = blk_pdiscard(blk, offset, bytes);
1778     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
1779 
1780     if (ret < 0) {
1781         printf("discard failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1782         return ret;
1783     }
1784 
1785     /* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
1786     if (!qflag) {
1787         t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
1788         print_report("discard", &t2, offset, bytes, bytes, 1, Cflag);
1789     }
1790 
1791     return 0;
1792 }
1793 
1794 static int alloc_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1795 {
1796     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1797     int64_t offset, start, remaining, count;
1798     char s1[64];
1799     int ret;
1800     int64_t num, sum_alloc;
1801 
1802     start = offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
1803     if (offset < 0) {
1804         print_cvtnum_err(offset, argv[1]);
1805         return offset;
1806     }
1807 
1808     if (argc == 3) {
1809         count = cvtnum(argv[2]);
1810         if (count < 0) {
1811             print_cvtnum_err(count, argv[2]);
1812             return count;
1813         }
1814     } else {
1815         count = BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1816     }
1817 
1818     remaining = count;
1819     sum_alloc = 0;
1820     while (remaining) {
1821         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, remaining, &num);
1822         if (ret < 0) {
1823             printf("is_allocated failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
1824             return ret;
1825         }
1826         offset += num;
1827         remaining -= num;
1828         if (ret) {
1829             sum_alloc += num;
1830         }
1831         if (num == 0) {
1832             count -= remaining;
1833             remaining = 0;
1834         }
1835     }
1836 
1837     cvtstr(start, s1, sizeof(s1));
1838 
1839     printf("%"PRId64"/%"PRId64" bytes allocated at offset %s\n",
1840            sum_alloc, count, s1);
1841     return 0;
1842 }
1843 
1844 static const cmdinfo_t alloc_cmd = {
1845     .name       = "alloc",
1846     .altname    = "a",
1847     .argmin     = 1,
1848     .argmax     = 2,
1849     .cfunc      = alloc_f,
1850     .args       = "offset [count]",
1851     .oneline    = "checks if offset is allocated in the file",
1852 };
1853 
1854 
1855 static int map_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
1856                             int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
1857 {
1858     int64_t num;
1859     int num_checked;
1860     int ret, firstret;
1861 
1862     num_checked = MIN(bytes, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES);
1863     ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, num_checked, &num);
1864     if (ret < 0) {
1865         return ret;
1866     }
1867 
1868     firstret = ret;
1869     *pnum = num;
1870 
1871     while (bytes > 0 && ret == firstret) {
1872         offset += num;
1873         bytes -= num;
1874 
1875         num_checked = MIN(bytes, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES);
1876         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, num_checked, &num);
1877         if (ret == firstret && num) {
1878             *pnum += num;
1879         } else {
1880             break;
1881         }
1882     }
1883 
1884     return firstret;
1885 }
1886 
1887 static int map_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1888 {
1889     int64_t offset, bytes;
1890     char s1[64], s2[64];
1891     int64_t num;
1892     int ret;
1893     const char *retstr;
1894 
1895     offset = 0;
1896     bytes = blk_getlength(blk);
1897     if (bytes < 0) {
1898         error_report("Failed to query image length: %s", strerror(-bytes));
1899         return bytes;
1900     }
1901 
1902     while (bytes) {
1903         ret = map_is_allocated(blk_bs(blk), offset, bytes, &num);
1904         if (ret < 0) {
1905             error_report("Failed to get allocation status: %s", strerror(-ret));
1906             return ret;
1907         } else if (!num) {
1908             error_report("Unexpected end of image");
1909             return -EIO;
1910         }
1911 
1912         retstr = ret ? "    allocated" : "not allocated";
1913         cvtstr(num, s1, sizeof(s1));
1914         cvtstr(offset, s2, sizeof(s2));
1915         printf("%s (0x%" PRIx64 ") bytes %s at offset %s (0x%" PRIx64 ")\n",
1916                s1, num, retstr, s2, offset);
1917 
1918         offset += num;
1919         bytes -= num;
1920     }
1921 
1922     return 0;
1923 }
1924 
1925 static const cmdinfo_t map_cmd = {
1926        .name           = "map",
1927        .argmin         = 0,
1928        .argmax         = 0,
1929        .cfunc          = map_f,
1930        .args           = "",
1931        .oneline        = "prints the allocated areas of a file",
1932 };
1933 
1934 static void reopen_help(void)
1935 {
1936     printf(
1937 "\n"
1938 " Changes the open options of an already opened image\n"
1939 "\n"
1940 " Example:\n"
1941 " 'reopen -o lazy-refcounts=on' - activates lazy refcount writeback on a qcow2 image\n"
1942 "\n"
1943 " -r, -- Reopen the image read-only\n"
1944 " -w, -- Reopen the image read-write\n"
1945 " -c, -- Change the cache mode to the given value\n"
1946 " -o, -- Changes block driver options (cf. 'open' command)\n"
1947 "\n");
1948 }
1949 
1950 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
1951 
1952 static QemuOptsList reopen_opts = {
1953     .name = "reopen",
1954     .merge_lists = true,
1955     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(reopen_opts.head),
1956     .desc = {
1957         /* no elements => accept any params */
1958         { /* end of list */ }
1959     },
1960 };
1961 
1962 static const cmdinfo_t reopen_cmd = {
1963        .name           = "reopen",
1964        .argmin         = 0,
1965        .argmax         = -1,
1966        .cfunc          = reopen_f,
1967        .args           = "[(-r|-w)] [-c cache] [-o options]",
1968        .oneline        = "reopens an image with new options",
1969        .help           = reopen_help,
1970 };
1971 
1972 static int reopen_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
1973 {
1974     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
1975     QemuOpts *qopts;
1976     QDict *opts;
1977     int c;
1978     int flags = bs->open_flags;
1979     bool writethrough = !blk_enable_write_cache(blk);
1980     bool has_rw_option = false;
1981 
1982     BlockReopenQueue *brq;
1983     Error *local_err = NULL;
1984 
1985     while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "c:o:rw")) != -1) {
1986         switch (c) {
1987         case 'c':
1988             if (bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough) < 0) {
1989                 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", optarg);
1990                 return -EINVAL;
1991             }
1992             break;
1993         case 'o':
1994             if (!qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&reopen_opts, optarg, 0)) {
1995                 qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
1996                 return -EINVAL;
1997             }
1998             break;
1999         case 'r':
2000             if (has_rw_option) {
2001                 error_report("Only one -r/-w option may be given");
2002                 return -EINVAL;
2003             }
2004             flags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR;
2005             has_rw_option = true;
2006             break;
2007         case 'w':
2008             if (has_rw_option) {
2009                 error_report("Only one -r/-w option may be given");
2010                 return -EINVAL;
2011             }
2012             flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
2013             has_rw_option = true;
2014             break;
2015         default:
2016             qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2017             qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2018             return -EINVAL;
2019         }
2020     }
2021 
2022     if (optind != argc) {
2023         qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2024         qemuio_command_usage(&reopen_cmd);
2025         return -EINVAL;
2026     }
2027 
2028     if (!writethrough != blk_enable_write_cache(blk) &&
2029         blk_get_attached_dev(blk))
2030     {
2031         error_report("Cannot change cache.writeback: Device attached");
2032         qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2033         return -EBUSY;
2034     }
2035 
2036     if (!(flags & BDRV_O_RDWR)) {
2037         uint64_t orig_perm, orig_shared_perm;
2038 
2039         bdrv_drain(bs);
2040 
2041         blk_get_perm(blk, &orig_perm, &orig_shared_perm);
2042         blk_set_perm(blk,
2043                      orig_perm & ~(BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_WRITE_UNCHANGED),
2044                      orig_shared_perm,
2045                      &error_abort);
2046     }
2047 
2048     qopts = qemu_opts_find(&reopen_opts, NULL);
2049     opts = qopts ? qemu_opts_to_qdict(qopts, NULL) : NULL;
2050     qemu_opts_reset(&reopen_opts);
2051 
2052     bdrv_subtree_drained_begin(bs);
2053     brq = bdrv_reopen_queue(NULL, bs, opts, flags);
2054     bdrv_reopen_multiple(bdrv_get_aio_context(bs), brq, &local_err);
2055     bdrv_subtree_drained_end(bs);
2056 
2057     if (local_err) {
2058         error_report_err(local_err);
2059         return -EINVAL;
2060     }
2061 
2062     blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
2063     return 0;
2064 }
2065 
2066 static int break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2067 {
2068     int ret;
2069 
2070     ret = bdrv_debug_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1], argv[2]);
2071     if (ret < 0) {
2072         printf("Could not set breakpoint: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2073         return ret;
2074     }
2075 
2076     return 0;
2077 }
2078 
2079 static int remove_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2080 {
2081     int ret;
2082 
2083     ret = bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2084     if (ret < 0) {
2085         printf("Could not remove breakpoint %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(-ret));
2086         return ret;
2087     }
2088 
2089     return 0;
2090 }
2091 
2092 static const cmdinfo_t break_cmd = {
2093        .name           = "break",
2094        .argmin         = 2,
2095        .argmax         = 2,
2096        .cfunc          = break_f,
2097        .args           = "event tag",
2098        .oneline        = "sets a breakpoint on event and tags the stopped "
2099                          "request as tag",
2100 };
2101 
2102 static const cmdinfo_t remove_break_cmd = {
2103        .name           = "remove_break",
2104        .argmin         = 1,
2105        .argmax         = 1,
2106        .cfunc          = remove_break_f,
2107        .args           = "tag",
2108        .oneline        = "remove a breakpoint by tag",
2109 };
2110 
2111 static int resume_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2112 {
2113     int ret;
2114 
2115     ret = bdrv_debug_resume(blk_bs(blk), argv[1]);
2116     if (ret < 0) {
2117         printf("Could not resume request: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
2118         return ret;
2119     }
2120 
2121     return 0;
2122 }
2123 
2124 static const cmdinfo_t resume_cmd = {
2125        .name           = "resume",
2126        .argmin         = 1,
2127        .argmax         = 1,
2128        .cfunc          = resume_f,
2129        .args           = "tag",
2130        .oneline        = "resumes the request tagged as tag",
2131 };
2132 
2133 static int wait_break_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2134 {
2135     while (!bdrv_debug_is_suspended(blk_bs(blk), argv[1])) {
2136         aio_poll(blk_get_aio_context(blk), true);
2137     }
2138     return 0;
2139 }
2140 
2141 static const cmdinfo_t wait_break_cmd = {
2142        .name           = "wait_break",
2143        .argmin         = 1,
2144        .argmax         = 1,
2145        .cfunc          = wait_break_f,
2146        .args           = "tag",
2147        .oneline        = "waits for the suspension of a request",
2148 };
2149 
2150 static int abort_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2151 {
2152     abort();
2153 }
2154 
2155 static const cmdinfo_t abort_cmd = {
2156        .name           = "abort",
2157        .cfunc          = abort_f,
2158        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2159        .oneline        = "simulate a program crash using abort(3)",
2160 };
2161 
2162 static void sigraise_help(void)
2163 {
2164     printf(
2165 "\n"
2166 " raises the given signal\n"
2167 "\n"
2168 " Example:\n"
2169 " 'sigraise %i' - raises SIGTERM\n"
2170 "\n"
2171 " Invokes raise(signal), where \"signal\" is the mandatory integer argument\n"
2172 " given to sigraise.\n"
2173 "\n", SIGTERM);
2174 }
2175 
2176 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv);
2177 
2178 static const cmdinfo_t sigraise_cmd = {
2179     .name       = "sigraise",
2180     .cfunc      = sigraise_f,
2181     .argmin     = 1,
2182     .argmax     = 1,
2183     .flags      = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2184     .args       = "signal",
2185     .oneline    = "raises a signal",
2186     .help       = sigraise_help,
2187 };
2188 
2189 static int sigraise_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2190 {
2191     int64_t sig = cvtnum(argv[1]);
2192     if (sig < 0) {
2193         print_cvtnum_err(sig, argv[1]);
2194         return sig;
2195     } else if (sig > NSIG) {
2196         printf("signal argument '%s' is too large to be a valid signal\n",
2197                argv[1]);
2198         return -EINVAL;
2199     }
2200 
2201     /* Using raise() to kill this process does not necessarily flush all open
2202      * streams. At least stdout and stderr (although the latter should be
2203      * non-buffered anyway) should be flushed, though. */
2204     fflush(stdout);
2205     fflush(stderr);
2206 
2207     raise(sig);
2208 
2209     return 0;
2210 }
2211 
2212 static void sleep_cb(void *opaque)
2213 {
2214     bool *expired = opaque;
2215     *expired = true;
2216 }
2217 
2218 static int sleep_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2219 {
2220     char *endptr;
2221     long ms;
2222     struct QEMUTimer *timer;
2223     bool expired = false;
2224 
2225     ms = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 0);
2226     if (ms < 0 || *endptr != '\0') {
2227         printf("%s is not a valid number\n", argv[1]);
2228         return -EINVAL;
2229     }
2230 
2231     timer = timer_new_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST, sleep_cb, &expired);
2232     timer_mod(timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_HOST) + SCALE_MS * ms);
2233 
2234     while (!expired) {
2235         main_loop_wait(false);
2236     }
2237 
2238     timer_free(timer);
2239     return 0;
2240 }
2241 
2242 static const cmdinfo_t sleep_cmd = {
2243        .name           = "sleep",
2244        .argmin         = 1,
2245        .argmax         = 1,
2246        .cfunc          = sleep_f,
2247        .flags          = CMD_NOFILE_OK,
2248        .oneline        = "waits for the given value in milliseconds",
2249 };
2250 
2251 static void help_oneline(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2252 {
2253     if (cmd) {
2254         printf("%s ", cmd);
2255     } else {
2256         printf("%s ", ct->name);
2257         if (ct->altname) {
2258             printf("(or %s) ", ct->altname);
2259         }
2260     }
2261 
2262     if (ct->args) {
2263         printf("%s ", ct->args);
2264     }
2265     printf("-- %s\n", ct->oneline);
2266 }
2267 
2268 static void help_onecmd(const char *cmd, const cmdinfo_t *ct)
2269 {
2270     help_oneline(cmd, ct);
2271     if (ct->help) {
2272         ct->help();
2273     }
2274 }
2275 
2276 static void help_all(void)
2277 {
2278     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2279 
2280     for (ct = cmdtab; ct < &cmdtab[ncmds]; ct++) {
2281         help_oneline(ct->name, ct);
2282     }
2283     printf("\nUse 'help commandname' for extended help.\n");
2284 }
2285 
2286 static int help_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
2287 {
2288     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2289 
2290     if (argc == 1) {
2291         help_all();
2292         return 0;
2293     }
2294 
2295     ct = find_command(argv[1]);
2296     if (ct == NULL) {
2297         printf("command %s not found\n", argv[1]);
2298         return -EINVAL;
2299     }
2300 
2301     help_onecmd(argv[1], ct);
2302     return 0;
2303 }
2304 
2305 static const cmdinfo_t help_cmd = {
2306     .name       = "help",
2307     .altname    = "?",
2308     .cfunc      = help_f,
2309     .argmin     = 0,
2310     .argmax     = 1,
2311     .flags      = CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL,
2312     .args       = "[command]",
2313     .oneline    = "help for one or all commands",
2314 };
2315 
2316 int qemuio_command(BlockBackend *blk, const char *cmd)
2317 {
2318     AioContext *ctx;
2319     char *input;
2320     const cmdinfo_t *ct;
2321     char **v;
2322     int c;
2323     int ret = 0;
2324 
2325     input = g_strdup(cmd);
2326     v = breakline(input, &c);
2327     if (c) {
2328         ct = find_command(v[0]);
2329         if (ct) {
2330             ctx = blk ? blk_get_aio_context(blk) : qemu_get_aio_context();
2331             aio_context_acquire(ctx);
2332             ret = command(blk, ct, c, v);
2333             aio_context_release(ctx);
2334         } else {
2335             fprintf(stderr, "command \"%s\" not found\n", v[0]);
2336             ret = -EINVAL;
2337         }
2338     }
2339     g_free(input);
2340     g_free(v);
2341 
2342     return ret;
2343 }
2344 
2345 static void __attribute((constructor)) init_qemuio_commands(void)
2346 {
2347     /* initialize commands */
2348     qemuio_add_command(&help_cmd);
2349     qemuio_add_command(&read_cmd);
2350     qemuio_add_command(&readv_cmd);
2351     qemuio_add_command(&write_cmd);
2352     qemuio_add_command(&writev_cmd);
2353     qemuio_add_command(&aio_read_cmd);
2354     qemuio_add_command(&aio_write_cmd);
2355     qemuio_add_command(&aio_flush_cmd);
2356     qemuio_add_command(&flush_cmd);
2357     qemuio_add_command(&truncate_cmd);
2358     qemuio_add_command(&length_cmd);
2359     qemuio_add_command(&info_cmd);
2360     qemuio_add_command(&discard_cmd);
2361     qemuio_add_command(&alloc_cmd);
2362     qemuio_add_command(&map_cmd);
2363     qemuio_add_command(&reopen_cmd);
2364     qemuio_add_command(&break_cmd);
2365     qemuio_add_command(&remove_break_cmd);
2366     qemuio_add_command(&resume_cmd);
2367     qemuio_add_command(&wait_break_cmd);
2368     qemuio_add_command(&abort_cmd);
2369     qemuio_add_command(&sleep_cmd);
2370     qemuio_add_command(&sigraise_cmd);
2371 }
2372