xref: /openbmc/qemu/qemu-img.c (revision 327d4b7f)
1 /*
2  * QEMU disk image utility
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
5  *
6  * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7  * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8  * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9  * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10  * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11  * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
12  *
13  * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14  * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
15  *
16  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17  * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19  * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
22  * THE SOFTWARE.
23  */
24 
25 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
26 #include <getopt.h>
27 
28 #include "qemu-common.h"
29 #include "qemu-version.h"
30 #include "qapi/error.h"
31 #include "qapi/qapi-commands-block-core.h"
32 #include "qapi/qapi-visit-block-core.h"
33 #include "qapi/qobject-output-visitor.h"
34 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
35 #include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
36 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
37 #include "qemu/config-file.h"
38 #include "qemu/option.h"
39 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
40 #include "qemu/log.h"
41 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
42 #include "qemu/module.h"
43 #include "qemu/sockets.h"
44 #include "qemu/units.h"
45 #include "qom/object_interfaces.h"
46 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
47 #include "block/block_int.h"
48 #include "block/blockjob.h"
49 #include "block/qapi.h"
50 #include "crypto/init.h"
51 #include "trace/control.h"
52 #include "qemu/throttle.h"
53 #include "block/throttle-groups.h"
54 
55 #define QEMU_IMG_VERSION "qemu-img version " QEMU_FULL_VERSION \
56                           "\n" QEMU_COPYRIGHT "\n"
57 
58 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
59     const char *name;
60     int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
61 } img_cmd_t;
62 
63 enum {
64     OPTION_OUTPUT = 256,
65     OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
66     OPTION_OBJECT = 258,
67     OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS = 259,
68     OPTION_PATTERN = 260,
69     OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL = 261,
70     OPTION_NO_DRAIN = 262,
71     OPTION_TARGET_IMAGE_OPTS = 263,
72     OPTION_SIZE = 264,
73     OPTION_PREALLOCATION = 265,
74     OPTION_SHRINK = 266,
75     OPTION_SALVAGE = 267,
76     OPTION_TARGET_IS_ZERO = 268,
77     OPTION_ADD = 269,
78     OPTION_REMOVE = 270,
79     OPTION_CLEAR = 271,
80     OPTION_ENABLE = 272,
81     OPTION_DISABLE = 273,
82     OPTION_MERGE = 274,
83     OPTION_BITMAPS = 275,
84     OPTION_FORCE = 276,
85 };
86 
87 typedef enum OutputFormat {
88     OFORMAT_JSON,
89     OFORMAT_HUMAN,
90 } OutputFormat;
91 
92 /* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-img */
93 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
94 
95 static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
96 {
97     printf(" %s", name);
98 }
99 
100 static void QEMU_NORETURN GCC_FMT_ATTR(1, 2) error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
101 {
102     va_list ap;
103 
104     va_start(ap, fmt);
105     error_vreport(fmt, ap);
106     va_end(ap);
107 
108     error_printf("Try 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
109     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
110 }
111 
112 static void QEMU_NORETURN missing_argument(const char *option)
113 {
114     error_exit("missing argument for option '%s'", option);
115 }
116 
117 static void QEMU_NORETURN unrecognized_option(const char *option)
118 {
119     error_exit("unrecognized option '%s'", option);
120 }
121 
122 /* Please keep in synch with docs/tools/qemu-img.rst */
123 static void QEMU_NORETURN help(void)
124 {
125     const char *help_msg =
126            QEMU_IMG_VERSION
127            "usage: qemu-img [standard options] command [command options]\n"
128            "QEMU disk image utility\n"
129            "\n"
130            "    '-h', '--help'       display this help and exit\n"
131            "    '-V', '--version'    output version information and exit\n"
132            "    '-T', '--trace'      [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n"
133            "                         specify tracing options\n"
134            "\n"
135            "Command syntax:\n"
136 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string)        \
137            "  " arg_string "\n"
138 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
139 #undef DEF
140            "\n"
141            "Command parameters:\n"
142            "  'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
143            "  'objectdef' is a QEMU user creatable object definition. See the qemu(1)\n"
144            "    manual page for a description of the object properties. The most common\n"
145            "    object type is a 'secret', which is used to supply passwords and/or\n"
146            "    encryption keys.\n"
147            "  'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
148            "  'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
149            "    options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
150            "    'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
151            "  'src_cache' is the cache mode used to read input disk images, the valid\n"
152            "    options are the same as for the 'cache' option\n"
153            "  'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
154            "    'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
155            "    'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P)  are\n"
156            "    supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
157            "  'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
158            "  'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
159            "  'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
160            "    name=value format. Use -o ? for an overview of the options supported by the\n"
161            "    used format\n"
162            "  'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
163            "    is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
164            "    '[ID_OR_NAME]'\n"
165            "  '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
166            "  '-u' allows unsafe backing chains. For rebasing, it is assumed that old and\n"
167            "       new backing file match exactly. The image doesn't need a working\n"
168            "       backing file before rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the\n"
169            "       backing file). For image creation, allow creating without attempting\n"
170            "       to open the backing file.\n"
171            "  '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
172            "  '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
173            "  '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
174            "  '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
175            "       contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
176            "       conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
177            "       unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
178            "       fully allocated\n"
179            "  '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
180            "  '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
181            "       prior to running qemu-img)\n"
182            "\n"
183            "Parameters to bitmap subcommand:\n"
184            "  'bitmap' is the name of the bitmap to manipulate, through one or more\n"
185            "       actions from '--add', '--remove', '--clear', '--enable', '--disable',\n"
186            "       or '--merge source'\n"
187            "  '-g granularity' sets the granularity for '--add' actions\n"
188            "  '-b source' and '-F src_fmt' tell '--merge' actions to find the source\n"
189            "       bitmaps from an alternative file\n"
190            "\n"
191            "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
192            "  '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
193            "       '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
194            "       kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
195            "       hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
196            "\n"
197            "Parameters to convert subcommand:\n"
198            "  '--bitmaps' copies all top-level persistent bitmaps to destination\n"
199            "  '-m' specifies how many coroutines work in parallel during the convert\n"
200            "       process (defaults to 8)\n"
201            "  '-W' allow to write to the target out of order rather than sequential\n"
202            "\n"
203            "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
204            "  'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
205            "  '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
206            "  '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
207            "  '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
208            "  '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
209            "\n"
210            "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
211            "  '-f' first image format\n"
212            "  '-F' second image format\n"
213            "  '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n"
214            "\n"
215            "Parameters to dd subcommand:\n"
216            "  'bs=BYTES' read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time "
217            "(default: 512)\n"
218            "  'count=N' copy only N input blocks\n"
219            "  'if=FILE' read from FILE\n"
220            "  'of=FILE' write to FILE\n"
221            "  'skip=N' skip N bs-sized blocks at the start of input\n";
222 
223     printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
224     bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL, false);
225     printf("\n\n" QEMU_HELP_BOTTOM "\n");
226     exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
227 }
228 
229 /*
230  * Is @optarg safe for accumulate_options()?
231  * It is when multiple of them can be joined together separated by ','.
232  * To make that work, @optarg must not start with ',' (or else a
233  * separating ',' preceding it gets escaped), and it must not end with
234  * an odd number of ',' (or else a separating ',' following it gets
235  * escaped), or be empty (or else a separating ',' preceding it can
236  * escape a separating ',' following it).
237  *
238  */
239 static bool is_valid_option_list(const char *optarg)
240 {
241     size_t len = strlen(optarg);
242     size_t i;
243 
244     if (!optarg[0] || optarg[0] == ',') {
245         return false;
246     }
247 
248     for (i = len; i > 0 && optarg[i - 1] == ','; i--) {
249     }
250     if ((len - i) % 2) {
251         return false;
252     }
253 
254     return true;
255 }
256 
257 static int accumulate_options(char **options, char *optarg)
258 {
259     char *new_options;
260 
261     if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
262         error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
263         return -1;
264     }
265 
266     if (!*options) {
267         *options = g_strdup(optarg);
268     } else {
269         new_options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", *options, optarg);
270         g_free(*options);
271         *options = new_options;
272     }
273     return 0;
274 }
275 
276 static QemuOptsList qemu_source_opts = {
277     .name = "source",
278     .implied_opt_name = "file",
279     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_source_opts.head),
280     .desc = {
281         { }
282     },
283 };
284 
285 static int GCC_FMT_ATTR(2, 3) qprintf(bool quiet, const char *fmt, ...)
286 {
287     int ret = 0;
288     if (!quiet) {
289         va_list args;
290         va_start(args, fmt);
291         ret = vprintf(fmt, args);
292         va_end(args);
293     }
294     return ret;
295 }
296 
297 
298 static int print_block_option_help(const char *filename, const char *fmt)
299 {
300     BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
301     QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
302     Error *local_err = NULL;
303 
304     /* Find driver and parse its options */
305     drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
306     if (!drv) {
307         error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
308         return 1;
309     }
310 
311     if (!drv->create_opts) {
312         error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation", fmt);
313         return 1;
314     }
315 
316     create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
317     if (filename) {
318         proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, &local_err);
319         if (!proto_drv) {
320             error_report_err(local_err);
321             qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
322             return 1;
323         }
324         if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
325             error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
326                          proto_drv->format_name);
327             qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
328             return 1;
329         }
330         create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
331     }
332 
333     if (filename) {
334         printf("Supported options:\n");
335     } else {
336         printf("Supported %s options:\n", fmt);
337     }
338     qemu_opts_print_help(create_opts, false);
339     qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
340 
341     if (!filename) {
342         printf("\n"
343                "The protocol level may support further options.\n"
344                "Specify the target filename to include those options.\n");
345     }
346 
347     return 0;
348 }
349 
350 
351 static BlockBackend *img_open_opts(const char *optstr,
352                                    QemuOpts *opts, int flags, bool writethrough,
353                                    bool quiet, bool force_share)
354 {
355     QDict *options;
356     Error *local_err = NULL;
357     BlockBackend *blk;
358     options = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
359     if (force_share) {
360         if (qdict_haskey(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE)
361             && strcmp(qdict_get_str(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE), "on")) {
362             error_report("--force-share/-U conflicts with image options");
363             qobject_unref(options);
364             return NULL;
365         }
366         qdict_put_str(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE, "on");
367     }
368     blk = blk_new_open(NULL, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
369     if (!blk) {
370         error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", optstr);
371         return NULL;
372     }
373     blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
374 
375     return blk;
376 }
377 
378 static BlockBackend *img_open_file(const char *filename,
379                                    QDict *options,
380                                    const char *fmt, int flags,
381                                    bool writethrough, bool quiet,
382                                    bool force_share)
383 {
384     BlockBackend *blk;
385     Error *local_err = NULL;
386 
387     if (!options) {
388         options = qdict_new();
389     }
390     if (fmt) {
391         qdict_put_str(options, "driver", fmt);
392     }
393 
394     if (force_share) {
395         qdict_put_bool(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE, true);
396     }
397     blk = blk_new_open(filename, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
398     if (!blk) {
399         error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", filename);
400         return NULL;
401     }
402     blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
403 
404     return blk;
405 }
406 
407 
408 static int img_add_key_secrets(void *opaque,
409                                const char *name, const char *value,
410                                Error **errp)
411 {
412     QDict *options = opaque;
413 
414     if (g_str_has_suffix(name, "key-secret")) {
415         qdict_put_str(options, name, value);
416     }
417 
418     return 0;
419 }
420 
421 
422 static BlockBackend *img_open(bool image_opts,
423                               const char *filename,
424                               const char *fmt, int flags, bool writethrough,
425                               bool quiet, bool force_share)
426 {
427     BlockBackend *blk;
428     if (image_opts) {
429         QemuOpts *opts;
430         if (fmt) {
431             error_report("--image-opts and --format are mutually exclusive");
432             return NULL;
433         }
434         opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("source"),
435                                        filename, true);
436         if (!opts) {
437             return NULL;
438         }
439         blk = img_open_opts(filename, opts, flags, writethrough, quiet,
440                             force_share);
441     } else {
442         blk = img_open_file(filename, NULL, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
443                             force_share);
444     }
445     return blk;
446 }
447 
448 
449 static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
450                                  const char *base_filename,
451                                  const char *base_fmt)
452 {
453     if (base_filename) {
454         if (!qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename,
455                           NULL)) {
456             error_report("Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
457                          fmt);
458             return -1;
459         }
460     }
461     if (base_fmt) {
462         if (!qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, NULL)) {
463             error_report("Backing file format not supported for file "
464                          "format '%s'", fmt);
465             return -1;
466         }
467     }
468     return 0;
469 }
470 
471 static int64_t cvtnum_full(const char *name, const char *value, int64_t min,
472                            int64_t max)
473 {
474     int err;
475     uint64_t res;
476 
477     err = qemu_strtosz(value, NULL, &res);
478     if (err < 0 && err != -ERANGE) {
479         error_report("Invalid %s specified. You may use "
480                      "k, M, G, T, P or E suffixes for", name);
481         error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
482                      "petabytes and exabytes.");
483         return err;
484     }
485     if (err == -ERANGE || res > max || res < min) {
486         error_report("Invalid %s specified. Must be between %" PRId64
487                      " and %" PRId64 ".", name, min, max);
488         return -ERANGE;
489     }
490     return res;
491 }
492 
493 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *name, const char *value)
494 {
495     return cvtnum_full(name, value, 0, INT64_MAX);
496 }
497 
498 static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
499 {
500     int c;
501     uint64_t img_size = -1;
502     const char *fmt = "raw";
503     const char *base_fmt = NULL;
504     const char *filename;
505     const char *base_filename = NULL;
506     char *options = NULL;
507     Error *local_err = NULL;
508     bool quiet = false;
509     int flags = 0;
510 
511     for(;;) {
512         static const struct option long_options[] = {
513             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
514             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
515             {0, 0, 0, 0}
516         };
517         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":F:b:f:ho:qu",
518                         long_options, NULL);
519         if (c == -1) {
520             break;
521         }
522         switch(c) {
523         case ':':
524             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
525             break;
526         case '?':
527             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
528             break;
529         case 'h':
530             help();
531             break;
532         case 'F':
533             base_fmt = optarg;
534             break;
535         case 'b':
536             base_filename = optarg;
537             break;
538         case 'f':
539             fmt = optarg;
540             break;
541         case 'o':
542             if (accumulate_options(&options, optarg) < 0) {
543                 goto fail;
544             }
545             break;
546         case 'q':
547             quiet = true;
548             break;
549         case 'u':
550             flags |= BDRV_O_NO_BACKING;
551             break;
552         case OPTION_OBJECT:
553             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
554             break;
555         }
556     }
557 
558     /* Get the filename */
559     filename = (optind < argc) ? argv[optind] : NULL;
560     if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
561         g_free(options);
562         return print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
563     }
564 
565     if (optind >= argc) {
566         error_exit("Expecting image file name");
567     }
568     optind++;
569 
570     /* Get image size, if specified */
571     if (optind < argc) {
572         int64_t sval;
573 
574         sval = cvtnum("image size", argv[optind++]);
575         if (sval < 0) {
576             goto fail;
577         }
578         img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
579     }
580     if (optind != argc) {
581         error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
582     }
583 
584     bdrv_img_create(filename, fmt, base_filename, base_fmt,
585                     options, img_size, flags, quiet, &local_err);
586     if (local_err) {
587         error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: ", filename);
588         goto fail;
589     }
590 
591     g_free(options);
592     return 0;
593 
594 fail:
595     g_free(options);
596     return 1;
597 }
598 
599 static void dump_json_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
600 {
601     GString *str;
602     QObject *obj;
603     Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
604 
605     visit_type_ImageCheck(v, NULL, &check, &error_abort);
606     visit_complete(v, &obj);
607     str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj, true);
608     assert(str != NULL);
609     qprintf(quiet, "%s\n", str->str);
610     qobject_unref(obj);
611     visit_free(v);
612     g_string_free(str, true);
613 }
614 
615 static void dump_human_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
616 {
617     if (!(check->corruptions || check->leaks || check->check_errors)) {
618         qprintf(quiet, "No errors were found on the image.\n");
619     } else {
620         if (check->corruptions) {
621             qprintf(quiet, "\n%" PRId64 " errors were found on the image.\n"
622                     "Data may be corrupted, or further writes to the image "
623                     "may corrupt it.\n",
624                     check->corruptions);
625         }
626 
627         if (check->leaks) {
628             qprintf(quiet,
629                     "\n%" PRId64 " leaked clusters were found on the image.\n"
630                     "This means waste of disk space, but no harm to data.\n",
631                     check->leaks);
632         }
633 
634         if (check->check_errors) {
635             qprintf(quiet,
636                     "\n%" PRId64
637                     " internal errors have occurred during the check.\n",
638                     check->check_errors);
639         }
640     }
641 
642     if (check->total_clusters != 0 && check->allocated_clusters != 0) {
643         qprintf(quiet, "%" PRId64 "/%" PRId64 " = %0.2f%% allocated, "
644                 "%0.2f%% fragmented, %0.2f%% compressed clusters\n",
645                 check->allocated_clusters, check->total_clusters,
646                 check->allocated_clusters * 100.0 / check->total_clusters,
647                 check->fragmented_clusters * 100.0 / check->allocated_clusters,
648                 check->compressed_clusters * 100.0 /
649                 check->allocated_clusters);
650     }
651 
652     if (check->image_end_offset) {
653         qprintf(quiet,
654                 "Image end offset: %" PRId64 "\n", check->image_end_offset);
655     }
656 }
657 
658 static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
659                    ImageCheck *check,
660                    const char *filename,
661                    const char *fmt,
662                    int fix)
663 {
664     int ret;
665     BdrvCheckResult result;
666 
667     ret = bdrv_check(bs, &result, fix);
668     if (ret < 0) {
669         return ret;
670     }
671 
672     check->filename                 = g_strdup(filename);
673     check->format                   = g_strdup(bdrv_get_format_name(bs));
674     check->check_errors             = result.check_errors;
675     check->corruptions              = result.corruptions;
676     check->has_corruptions          = result.corruptions != 0;
677     check->leaks                    = result.leaks;
678     check->has_leaks                = result.leaks != 0;
679     check->corruptions_fixed        = result.corruptions_fixed;
680     check->has_corruptions_fixed    = result.corruptions_fixed != 0;
681     check->leaks_fixed              = result.leaks_fixed;
682     check->has_leaks_fixed          = result.leaks_fixed != 0;
683     check->image_end_offset         = result.image_end_offset;
684     check->has_image_end_offset     = result.image_end_offset != 0;
685     check->total_clusters           = result.bfi.total_clusters;
686     check->has_total_clusters       = result.bfi.total_clusters != 0;
687     check->allocated_clusters       = result.bfi.allocated_clusters;
688     check->has_allocated_clusters   = result.bfi.allocated_clusters != 0;
689     check->fragmented_clusters      = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters;
690     check->has_fragmented_clusters  = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters != 0;
691     check->compressed_clusters      = result.bfi.compressed_clusters;
692     check->has_compressed_clusters  = result.bfi.compressed_clusters != 0;
693 
694     return 0;
695 }
696 
697 /*
698  * Checks an image for consistency. Exit codes:
699  *
700  *  0 - Check completed, image is good
701  *  1 - Check not completed because of internal errors
702  *  2 - Check completed, image is corrupted
703  *  3 - Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is good otherwise
704  * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
705  */
706 static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
707 {
708     int c, ret;
709     OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
710     const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
711     BlockBackend *blk;
712     BlockDriverState *bs;
713     int fix = 0;
714     int flags = BDRV_O_CHECK;
715     bool writethrough;
716     ImageCheck *check;
717     bool quiet = false;
718     bool image_opts = false;
719     bool force_share = false;
720 
721     fmt = NULL;
722     output = NULL;
723     cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
724 
725     for(;;) {
726         int option_index = 0;
727         static const struct option long_options[] = {
728             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
729             {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
730             {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
731             {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
732             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
733             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
734             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
735             {0, 0, 0, 0}
736         };
737         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:r:T:qU",
738                         long_options, &option_index);
739         if (c == -1) {
740             break;
741         }
742         switch(c) {
743         case ':':
744             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
745             break;
746         case '?':
747             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
748             break;
749         case 'h':
750             help();
751             break;
752         case 'f':
753             fmt = optarg;
754             break;
755         case 'r':
756             flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
757 
758             if (!strcmp(optarg, "leaks")) {
759                 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS;
760             } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "all")) {
761                 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
762             } else {
763                 error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
764                            "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
765             }
766             break;
767         case OPTION_OUTPUT:
768             output = optarg;
769             break;
770         case 'T':
771             cache = optarg;
772             break;
773         case 'q':
774             quiet = true;
775             break;
776         case 'U':
777             force_share = true;
778             break;
779         case OPTION_OBJECT:
780             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
781             break;
782         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
783             image_opts = true;
784             break;
785         }
786     }
787     if (optind != argc - 1) {
788         error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
789     }
790     filename = argv[optind++];
791 
792     if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
793         output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
794     } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
795         output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
796     } else if (output) {
797         error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
798         return 1;
799     }
800 
801     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
802     if (ret < 0) {
803         error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
804         return 1;
805     }
806 
807     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
808                    force_share);
809     if (!blk) {
810         return 1;
811     }
812     bs = blk_bs(blk);
813 
814     check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
815     ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, fix);
816 
817     if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
818         error_report("This image format does not support checks");
819         ret = 63;
820         goto fail;
821     }
822 
823     if (check->corruptions_fixed || check->leaks_fixed) {
824         int corruptions_fixed, leaks_fixed;
825         bool has_leaks_fixed, has_corruptions_fixed;
826 
827         leaks_fixed         = check->leaks_fixed;
828         has_leaks_fixed     = check->has_leaks_fixed;
829         corruptions_fixed   = check->corruptions_fixed;
830         has_corruptions_fixed = check->has_corruptions_fixed;
831 
832         if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
833             qprintf(quiet,
834                     "The following inconsistencies were found and repaired:\n\n"
835                     "    %" PRId64 " leaked clusters\n"
836                     "    %" PRId64 " corruptions\n\n"
837                     "Double checking the fixed image now...\n",
838                     check->leaks_fixed,
839                     check->corruptions_fixed);
840         }
841 
842         qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
843         check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
844         ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, 0);
845 
846         check->leaks_fixed          = leaks_fixed;
847         check->has_leaks_fixed      = has_leaks_fixed;
848         check->corruptions_fixed    = corruptions_fixed;
849         check->has_corruptions_fixed = has_corruptions_fixed;
850     }
851 
852     if (!ret) {
853         switch (output_format) {
854         case OFORMAT_HUMAN:
855             dump_human_image_check(check, quiet);
856             break;
857         case OFORMAT_JSON:
858             dump_json_image_check(check, quiet);
859             break;
860         }
861     }
862 
863     if (ret || check->check_errors) {
864         if (ret) {
865             error_report("Check failed: %s", strerror(-ret));
866         } else {
867             error_report("Check failed");
868         }
869         ret = 1;
870         goto fail;
871     }
872 
873     if (check->corruptions) {
874         ret = 2;
875     } else if (check->leaks) {
876         ret = 3;
877     } else {
878         ret = 0;
879     }
880 
881 fail:
882     qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
883     blk_unref(blk);
884     return ret;
885 }
886 
887 typedef struct CommonBlockJobCBInfo {
888     BlockDriverState *bs;
889     Error **errp;
890 } CommonBlockJobCBInfo;
891 
892 static void common_block_job_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
893 {
894     CommonBlockJobCBInfo *cbi = opaque;
895 
896     if (ret < 0) {
897         error_setg_errno(cbi->errp, -ret, "Block job failed");
898     }
899 }
900 
901 static void run_block_job(BlockJob *job, Error **errp)
902 {
903     uint64_t progress_current, progress_total;
904     AioContext *aio_context = blk_get_aio_context(job->blk);
905     int ret = 0;
906 
907     aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
908     job_ref(&job->job);
909     do {
910         float progress = 0.0f;
911         aio_poll(aio_context, true);
912 
913         progress_get_snapshot(&job->job.progress, &progress_current,
914                               &progress_total);
915         if (progress_total) {
916             progress = (float)progress_current / progress_total * 100.f;
917         }
918         qemu_progress_print(progress, 0);
919     } while (!job_is_ready(&job->job) && !job_is_completed(&job->job));
920 
921     if (!job_is_completed(&job->job)) {
922         ret = job_complete_sync(&job->job, errp);
923     } else {
924         ret = job->job.ret;
925     }
926     job_unref(&job->job);
927     aio_context_release(aio_context);
928 
929     /* publish completion progress only when success */
930     if (!ret) {
931         qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
932     }
933 }
934 
935 static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
936 {
937     int c, ret, flags;
938     const char *filename, *fmt, *cache, *base;
939     BlockBackend *blk;
940     BlockDriverState *bs, *base_bs;
941     BlockJob *job;
942     bool progress = false, quiet = false, drop = false;
943     bool writethrough;
944     Error *local_err = NULL;
945     CommonBlockJobCBInfo cbi;
946     bool image_opts = false;
947     AioContext *aio_context;
948     int64_t rate_limit = 0;
949 
950     fmt = NULL;
951     cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
952     base = NULL;
953     for(;;) {
954         static const struct option long_options[] = {
955             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
956             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
957             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
958             {0, 0, 0, 0}
959         };
960         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:ht:b:dpqr:",
961                         long_options, NULL);
962         if (c == -1) {
963             break;
964         }
965         switch(c) {
966         case ':':
967             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
968             break;
969         case '?':
970             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
971             break;
972         case 'h':
973             help();
974             break;
975         case 'f':
976             fmt = optarg;
977             break;
978         case 't':
979             cache = optarg;
980             break;
981         case 'b':
982             base = optarg;
983             /* -b implies -d */
984             drop = true;
985             break;
986         case 'd':
987             drop = true;
988             break;
989         case 'p':
990             progress = true;
991             break;
992         case 'q':
993             quiet = true;
994             break;
995         case 'r':
996             rate_limit = cvtnum("rate limit", optarg);
997             if (rate_limit < 0) {
998                 return 1;
999             }
1000             break;
1001         case OPTION_OBJECT:
1002             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
1003             break;
1004         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1005             image_opts = true;
1006             break;
1007         }
1008     }
1009 
1010     /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1011     if (quiet) {
1012         progress = false;
1013     }
1014 
1015     if (optind != argc - 1) {
1016         error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
1017     }
1018     filename = argv[optind++];
1019 
1020     flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP;
1021     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
1022     if (ret < 0) {
1023         error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
1024         return 1;
1025     }
1026 
1027     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
1028                    false);
1029     if (!blk) {
1030         return 1;
1031     }
1032     bs = blk_bs(blk);
1033 
1034     qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.f);
1035     qemu_progress_print(0.f, 100);
1036 
1037     if (base) {
1038         base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, base);
1039         if (!base_bs) {
1040             error_setg(&local_err,
1041                        "Did not find '%s' in the backing chain of '%s'",
1042                        base, filename);
1043             goto done;
1044         }
1045     } else {
1046         /* This is different from QMP, which by default uses the deepest file in
1047          * the backing chain (i.e., the very base); however, the traditional
1048          * behavior of qemu-img commit is using the immediate backing file. */
1049         base_bs = bdrv_backing_chain_next(bs);
1050         if (!base_bs) {
1051             error_setg(&local_err, "Image does not have a backing file");
1052             goto done;
1053         }
1054     }
1055 
1056     cbi = (CommonBlockJobCBInfo){
1057         .errp = &local_err,
1058         .bs   = bs,
1059     };
1060 
1061     aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
1062     aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
1063     commit_active_start("commit", bs, base_bs, JOB_DEFAULT, rate_limit,
1064                         BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT, NULL, common_block_job_cb,
1065                         &cbi, false, &local_err);
1066     aio_context_release(aio_context);
1067     if (local_err) {
1068         goto done;
1069     }
1070 
1071     /* When the block job completes, the BlockBackend reference will point to
1072      * the old backing file. In order to avoid that the top image is already
1073      * deleted, so we can still empty it afterwards, increment the reference
1074      * counter here preemptively. */
1075     if (!drop) {
1076         bdrv_ref(bs);
1077     }
1078 
1079     job = block_job_get("commit");
1080     assert(job);
1081     run_block_job(job, &local_err);
1082     if (local_err) {
1083         goto unref_backing;
1084     }
1085 
1086     if (!drop) {
1087         BlockBackend *old_backing_blk;
1088 
1089         old_backing_blk = blk_new_with_bs(bs, BLK_PERM_WRITE, BLK_PERM_ALL,
1090                                           &local_err);
1091         if (!old_backing_blk) {
1092             goto unref_backing;
1093         }
1094         ret = blk_make_empty(old_backing_blk, &local_err);
1095         blk_unref(old_backing_blk);
1096         if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
1097             error_free(local_err);
1098             local_err = NULL;
1099         } else if (ret < 0) {
1100             goto unref_backing;
1101         }
1102     }
1103 
1104 unref_backing:
1105     if (!drop) {
1106         bdrv_unref(bs);
1107     }
1108 
1109 done:
1110     qemu_progress_end();
1111 
1112     blk_unref(blk);
1113 
1114     if (local_err) {
1115         error_report_err(local_err);
1116         return 1;
1117     }
1118 
1119     qprintf(quiet, "Image committed.\n");
1120     return 0;
1121 }
1122 
1123 /*
1124  * Returns -1 if 'buf' contains only zeroes, otherwise the byte index
1125  * of the first sector boundary within buf where the sector contains a
1126  * non-zero byte.  This function is robust to a buffer that is not
1127  * sector-aligned.
1128  */
1129 static int64_t find_nonzero(const uint8_t *buf, int64_t n)
1130 {
1131     int64_t i;
1132     int64_t end = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1133 
1134     for (i = 0; i < end; i += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
1135         if (!buffer_is_zero(buf + i, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
1136             return i;
1137         }
1138     }
1139     if (i < n && !buffer_is_zero(buf + i, n - end)) {
1140         return i;
1141     }
1142     return -1;
1143 }
1144 
1145 /*
1146  * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least
1147  * a non-NUL byte.
1148  *
1149  * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
1150  * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.
1151  * The function will try to align the end offset to alignment boundaries so
1152  * that the request will at least end aligned and consecutive requests will
1153  * also start at an aligned offset.
1154  */
1155 static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
1156                                 int64_t sector_num, int alignment)
1157 {
1158     bool is_zero;
1159     int i, tail;
1160 
1161     if (n <= 0) {
1162         *pnum = 0;
1163         return 0;
1164     }
1165     is_zero = buffer_is_zero(buf, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1166     for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
1167         buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1168         if (is_zero != buffer_is_zero(buf, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
1169             break;
1170         }
1171     }
1172 
1173     tail = (sector_num + i) & (alignment - 1);
1174     if (tail) {
1175         if (is_zero && i <= tail) {
1176             /* treat unallocated areas which only consist
1177              * of a small tail as allocated. */
1178             is_zero = false;
1179         }
1180         if (!is_zero) {
1181             /* align up end offset of allocated areas. */
1182             i += alignment - tail;
1183             i = MIN(i, n);
1184         } else {
1185             /* align down end offset of zero areas. */
1186             i -= tail;
1187         }
1188     }
1189     *pnum = i;
1190     return !is_zero;
1191 }
1192 
1193 /*
1194  * Like is_allocated_sectors, but if the buffer starts with a used sector,
1195  * up to 'min' consecutive sectors containing zeros are ignored. This avoids
1196  * breaking up write requests for only small sparse areas.
1197  */
1198 static int is_allocated_sectors_min(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
1199     int min, int64_t sector_num, int alignment)
1200 {
1201     int ret;
1202     int num_checked, num_used;
1203 
1204     if (n < min) {
1205         min = n;
1206     }
1207 
1208     ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum, sector_num, alignment);
1209     if (!ret) {
1210         return ret;
1211     }
1212 
1213     num_used = *pnum;
1214     buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1215     n -= *pnum;
1216     sector_num += *pnum;
1217     num_checked = num_used;
1218 
1219     while (n > 0) {
1220         ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum, sector_num, alignment);
1221 
1222         buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1223         n -= *pnum;
1224         sector_num += *pnum;
1225         num_checked += *pnum;
1226         if (ret) {
1227             num_used = num_checked;
1228         } else if (*pnum >= min) {
1229             break;
1230         }
1231     }
1232 
1233     *pnum = num_used;
1234     return 1;
1235 }
1236 
1237 /*
1238  * Compares two buffers sector by sector. Returns 0 if the first
1239  * sector of each buffer matches, non-zero otherwise.
1240  *
1241  * pnum is set to the sector-aligned size of the buffer prefix that
1242  * has the same matching status as the first sector.
1243  */
1244 static int compare_buffers(const uint8_t *buf1, const uint8_t *buf2,
1245                            int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
1246 {
1247     bool res;
1248     int64_t i = MIN(bytes, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1249 
1250     assert(bytes > 0);
1251 
1252     res = !!memcmp(buf1, buf2, i);
1253     while (i < bytes) {
1254         int64_t len = MIN(bytes - i, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1255 
1256         if (!!memcmp(buf1 + i, buf2 + i, len) != res) {
1257             break;
1258         }
1259         i += len;
1260     }
1261 
1262     *pnum = i;
1263     return res;
1264 }
1265 
1266 #define IO_BUF_SIZE (2 * MiB)
1267 
1268 /*
1269  * Check if passed sectors are empty (not allocated or contain only 0 bytes)
1270  *
1271  * Intended for use by 'qemu-img compare': Returns 0 in case sectors are
1272  * filled with 0, 1 if sectors contain non-zero data (this is a comparison
1273  * failure), and 4 on error (the exit status for read errors), after emitting
1274  * an error message.
1275  *
1276  * @param blk:  BlockBackend for the image
1277  * @param offset: Starting offset to check
1278  * @param bytes: Number of bytes to check
1279  * @param filename: Name of disk file we are checking (logging purpose)
1280  * @param buffer: Allocated buffer for storing read data
1281  * @param quiet: Flag for quiet mode
1282  */
1283 static int check_empty_sectors(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
1284                                int64_t bytes, const char *filename,
1285                                uint8_t *buffer, bool quiet)
1286 {
1287     int ret = 0;
1288     int64_t idx;
1289 
1290     ret = blk_pread(blk, offset, buffer, bytes);
1291     if (ret < 0) {
1292         error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s: %s",
1293                      offset, filename, strerror(-ret));
1294         return 4;
1295     }
1296     idx = find_nonzero(buffer, bytes);
1297     if (idx >= 0) {
1298         qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1299                 offset + idx);
1300         return 1;
1301     }
1302 
1303     return 0;
1304 }
1305 
1306 /*
1307  * Compares two images. Exit codes:
1308  *
1309  * 0 - Images are identical or the requested help was printed
1310  * 1 - Images differ
1311  * >1 - Error occurred
1312  */
1313 static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
1314 {
1315     const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
1316     BlockBackend *blk1, *blk2;
1317     BlockDriverState *bs1, *bs2;
1318     int64_t total_size1, total_size2;
1319     uint8_t *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
1320     int64_t pnum1, pnum2;
1321     int allocated1, allocated2;
1322     int ret = 0; /* return value - 0 Ident, 1 Different, >1 Error */
1323     bool progress = false, quiet = false, strict = false;
1324     int flags;
1325     bool writethrough;
1326     int64_t total_size;
1327     int64_t offset = 0;
1328     int64_t chunk;
1329     int c;
1330     uint64_t progress_base;
1331     bool image_opts = false;
1332     bool force_share = false;
1333 
1334     cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1335     for (;;) {
1336         static const struct option long_options[] = {
1337             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1338             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
1339             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
1340             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
1341             {0, 0, 0, 0}
1342         };
1343         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:F:T:pqsU",
1344                         long_options, NULL);
1345         if (c == -1) {
1346             break;
1347         }
1348         switch (c) {
1349         case ':':
1350             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
1351             break;
1352         case '?':
1353             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
1354             break;
1355         case 'h':
1356             help();
1357             break;
1358         case 'f':
1359             fmt1 = optarg;
1360             break;
1361         case 'F':
1362             fmt2 = optarg;
1363             break;
1364         case 'T':
1365             cache = optarg;
1366             break;
1367         case 'p':
1368             progress = true;
1369             break;
1370         case 'q':
1371             quiet = true;
1372             break;
1373         case 's':
1374             strict = true;
1375             break;
1376         case 'U':
1377             force_share = true;
1378             break;
1379         case OPTION_OBJECT:
1380             {
1381                 Error *local_err = NULL;
1382 
1383                 if (!user_creatable_add_from_str(optarg, &local_err)) {
1384                     if (local_err) {
1385                         error_report_err(local_err);
1386                         exit(2);
1387                     } else {
1388                         /* Help was printed */
1389                         exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
1390                     }
1391                 }
1392                 break;
1393             }
1394         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1395             image_opts = true;
1396             break;
1397         }
1398     }
1399 
1400     /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1401     if (quiet) {
1402         progress = false;
1403     }
1404 
1405 
1406     if (optind != argc - 2) {
1407         error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
1408     }
1409     filename1 = argv[optind++];
1410     filename2 = argv[optind++];
1411 
1412     /* Initialize before goto out */
1413     qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
1414 
1415     flags = 0;
1416     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
1417     if (ret < 0) {
1418         error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
1419         ret = 2;
1420         goto out3;
1421     }
1422 
1423     blk1 = img_open(image_opts, filename1, fmt1, flags, writethrough, quiet,
1424                     force_share);
1425     if (!blk1) {
1426         ret = 2;
1427         goto out3;
1428     }
1429 
1430     blk2 = img_open(image_opts, filename2, fmt2, flags, writethrough, quiet,
1431                     force_share);
1432     if (!blk2) {
1433         ret = 2;
1434         goto out2;
1435     }
1436     bs1 = blk_bs(blk1);
1437     bs2 = blk_bs(blk2);
1438 
1439     buf1 = blk_blockalign(blk1, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1440     buf2 = blk_blockalign(blk2, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1441     total_size1 = blk_getlength(blk1);
1442     if (total_size1 < 0) {
1443         error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1444                      filename1, strerror(-total_size1));
1445         ret = 4;
1446         goto out;
1447     }
1448     total_size2 = blk_getlength(blk2);
1449     if (total_size2 < 0) {
1450         error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1451                      filename2, strerror(-total_size2));
1452         ret = 4;
1453         goto out;
1454     }
1455     total_size = MIN(total_size1, total_size2);
1456     progress_base = MAX(total_size1, total_size2);
1457 
1458     qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1459 
1460     if (strict && total_size1 != total_size2) {
1461         ret = 1;
1462         qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Image size mismatch!\n");
1463         goto out;
1464     }
1465 
1466     while (offset < total_size) {
1467         int status1, status2;
1468 
1469         status1 = bdrv_block_status_above(bs1, NULL, offset,
1470                                           total_size1 - offset, &pnum1, NULL,
1471                                           NULL);
1472         if (status1 < 0) {
1473             ret = 3;
1474             error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename1);
1475             goto out;
1476         }
1477         allocated1 = status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1478 
1479         status2 = bdrv_block_status_above(bs2, NULL, offset,
1480                                           total_size2 - offset, &pnum2, NULL,
1481                                           NULL);
1482         if (status2 < 0) {
1483             ret = 3;
1484             error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename2);
1485             goto out;
1486         }
1487         allocated2 = status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1488 
1489         assert(pnum1 && pnum2);
1490         chunk = MIN(pnum1, pnum2);
1491 
1492         if (strict) {
1493             if (status1 != status2) {
1494                 ret = 1;
1495                 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Offset %" PRId64
1496                         " block status mismatch!\n", offset);
1497                 goto out;
1498             }
1499         }
1500         if ((status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) && (status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
1501             /* nothing to do */
1502         } else if (allocated1 == allocated2) {
1503             if (allocated1) {
1504                 int64_t pnum;
1505 
1506                 chunk = MIN(chunk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1507                 ret = blk_pread(blk1, offset, buf1, chunk);
1508                 if (ret < 0) {
1509                     error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1510                                  " of %s: %s",
1511                                  offset, filename1, strerror(-ret));
1512                     ret = 4;
1513                     goto out;
1514                 }
1515                 ret = blk_pread(blk2, offset, buf2, chunk);
1516                 if (ret < 0) {
1517                     error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1518                                  " of %s: %s",
1519                                  offset, filename2, strerror(-ret));
1520                     ret = 4;
1521                     goto out;
1522                 }
1523                 ret = compare_buffers(buf1, buf2, chunk, &pnum);
1524                 if (ret || pnum != chunk) {
1525                     qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1526                             offset + (ret ? 0 : pnum));
1527                     ret = 1;
1528                     goto out;
1529                 }
1530             }
1531         } else {
1532             chunk = MIN(chunk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1533             if (allocated1) {
1534                 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk1, offset, chunk,
1535                                           filename1, buf1, quiet);
1536             } else {
1537                 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk2, offset, chunk,
1538                                           filename2, buf1, quiet);
1539             }
1540             if (ret) {
1541                 goto out;
1542             }
1543         }
1544         offset += chunk;
1545         qemu_progress_print(((float) chunk / progress_base) * 100, 100);
1546     }
1547 
1548     if (total_size1 != total_size2) {
1549         BlockBackend *blk_over;
1550         const char *filename_over;
1551 
1552         qprintf(quiet, "Warning: Image size mismatch!\n");
1553         if (total_size1 > total_size2) {
1554             blk_over = blk1;
1555             filename_over = filename1;
1556         } else {
1557             blk_over = blk2;
1558             filename_over = filename2;
1559         }
1560 
1561         while (offset < progress_base) {
1562             ret = bdrv_block_status_above(blk_bs(blk_over), NULL, offset,
1563                                           progress_base - offset, &chunk,
1564                                           NULL, NULL);
1565             if (ret < 0) {
1566                 ret = 3;
1567                 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s",
1568                              filename_over);
1569                 goto out;
1570 
1571             }
1572             if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED && !(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
1573                 chunk = MIN(chunk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1574                 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk_over, offset, chunk,
1575                                           filename_over, buf1, quiet);
1576                 if (ret) {
1577                     goto out;
1578                 }
1579             }
1580             offset += chunk;
1581             qemu_progress_print(((float) chunk / progress_base) * 100, 100);
1582         }
1583     }
1584 
1585     qprintf(quiet, "Images are identical.\n");
1586     ret = 0;
1587 
1588 out:
1589     qemu_vfree(buf1);
1590     qemu_vfree(buf2);
1591     blk_unref(blk2);
1592 out2:
1593     blk_unref(blk1);
1594 out3:
1595     qemu_progress_end();
1596     return ret;
1597 }
1598 
1599 /* Convenience wrapper around qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_merge */
1600 static void do_dirty_bitmap_merge(const char *dst_node, const char *dst_name,
1601                                   const char *src_node, const char *src_name,
1602                                   Error **errp)
1603 {
1604     BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSource *merge_src;
1605     BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSourceList *list = NULL;
1606 
1607     merge_src = g_new0(BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSource, 1);
1608     merge_src->type = QTYPE_QDICT;
1609     merge_src->u.external.node = g_strdup(src_node);
1610     merge_src->u.external.name = g_strdup(src_name);
1611     QAPI_LIST_PREPEND(list, merge_src);
1612     qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_merge(dst_node, dst_name, list, errp);
1613     qapi_free_BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSourceList(list);
1614 }
1615 
1616 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus {
1617     BLK_DATA,
1618     BLK_ZERO,
1619     BLK_BACKING_FILE,
1620 };
1621 
1622 #define MAX_COROUTINES 16
1623 #define CONVERT_THROTTLE_GROUP "img_convert"
1624 
1625 typedef struct ImgConvertState {
1626     BlockBackend **src;
1627     int64_t *src_sectors;
1628     int *src_alignment;
1629     int src_num;
1630     int64_t total_sectors;
1631     int64_t allocated_sectors;
1632     int64_t allocated_done;
1633     int64_t sector_num;
1634     int64_t wr_offs;
1635     enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1636     int64_t sector_next_status;
1637     BlockBackend *target;
1638     bool has_zero_init;
1639     bool compressed;
1640     bool target_is_new;
1641     bool target_has_backing;
1642     int64_t target_backing_sectors; /* negative if unknown */
1643     bool wr_in_order;
1644     bool copy_range;
1645     bool salvage;
1646     bool quiet;
1647     int min_sparse;
1648     int alignment;
1649     size_t cluster_sectors;
1650     size_t buf_sectors;
1651     long num_coroutines;
1652     int running_coroutines;
1653     Coroutine *co[MAX_COROUTINES];
1654     int64_t wait_sector_num[MAX_COROUTINES];
1655     CoMutex lock;
1656     int ret;
1657 } ImgConvertState;
1658 
1659 static void convert_select_part(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1660                                 int *src_cur, int64_t *src_cur_offset)
1661 {
1662     *src_cur = 0;
1663     *src_cur_offset = 0;
1664     while (sector_num - *src_cur_offset >= s->src_sectors[*src_cur]) {
1665         *src_cur_offset += s->src_sectors[*src_cur];
1666         (*src_cur)++;
1667         assert(*src_cur < s->src_num);
1668     }
1669 }
1670 
1671 static int convert_iteration_sectors(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1672 {
1673     int64_t src_cur_offset;
1674     int ret, n, src_cur;
1675     bool post_backing_zero = false;
1676 
1677     convert_select_part(s, sector_num, &src_cur, &src_cur_offset);
1678 
1679     assert(s->total_sectors > sector_num);
1680     n = MIN(s->total_sectors - sector_num, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
1681 
1682     if (s->target_backing_sectors >= 0) {
1683         if (sector_num >= s->target_backing_sectors) {
1684             post_backing_zero = true;
1685         } else if (sector_num + n > s->target_backing_sectors) {
1686             /* Split requests around target_backing_sectors (because
1687              * starting from there, zeros are handled differently) */
1688             n = s->target_backing_sectors - sector_num;
1689         }
1690     }
1691 
1692     if (s->sector_next_status <= sector_num) {
1693         uint64_t offset = (sector_num - src_cur_offset) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1694         int64_t count;
1695         int tail;
1696         BlockDriverState *src_bs = blk_bs(s->src[src_cur]);
1697         BlockDriverState *base;
1698 
1699         if (s->target_has_backing) {
1700             base = bdrv_cow_bs(bdrv_skip_filters(src_bs));
1701         } else {
1702             base = NULL;
1703         }
1704 
1705         do {
1706             count = n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1707 
1708             ret = bdrv_block_status_above(src_bs, base, offset, count, &count,
1709                                           NULL, NULL);
1710 
1711             if (ret < 0) {
1712                 if (s->salvage) {
1713                     if (n == 1) {
1714                         if (!s->quiet) {
1715                             warn_report("error while reading block status at "
1716                                         "offset %" PRIu64 ": %s", offset,
1717                                         strerror(-ret));
1718                         }
1719                         /* Just try to read the data, then */
1720                         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
1721                         count = BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1722                     } else {
1723                         /* Retry on a shorter range */
1724                         n = DIV_ROUND_UP(n, 4);
1725                     }
1726                 } else {
1727                     error_report("error while reading block status at offset "
1728                                  "%" PRIu64 ": %s", offset, strerror(-ret));
1729                     return ret;
1730                 }
1731             }
1732         } while (ret < 0);
1733 
1734         n = DIV_ROUND_UP(count, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1735 
1736         /*
1737          * Avoid that s->sector_next_status becomes unaligned to the source
1738          * request alignment and/or cluster size to avoid unnecessary read
1739          * cycles.
1740          */
1741         tail = (sector_num - src_cur_offset + n) % s->src_alignment[src_cur];
1742         if (n > tail) {
1743             n -= tail;
1744         }
1745 
1746         if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1747             s->status = post_backing_zero ? BLK_BACKING_FILE : BLK_ZERO;
1748         } else if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
1749             s->status = BLK_DATA;
1750         } else {
1751             s->status = s->target_has_backing ? BLK_BACKING_FILE : BLK_DATA;
1752         }
1753 
1754         s->sector_next_status = sector_num + n;
1755     }
1756 
1757     n = MIN(n, s->sector_next_status - sector_num);
1758     if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1759         n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1760     }
1761 
1762     /* We need to write complete clusters for compressed images, so if an
1763      * unallocated area is shorter than that, we must consider the whole
1764      * cluster allocated. */
1765     if (s->compressed) {
1766         if (n < s->cluster_sectors) {
1767             n = MIN(s->cluster_sectors, s->total_sectors - sector_num);
1768             s->status = BLK_DATA;
1769         } else {
1770             n = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, s->cluster_sectors);
1771         }
1772     }
1773 
1774     return n;
1775 }
1776 
1777 static int coroutine_fn convert_co_read(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1778                                         int nb_sectors, uint8_t *buf)
1779 {
1780     uint64_t single_read_until = 0;
1781     int n, ret;
1782 
1783     assert(nb_sectors <= s->buf_sectors);
1784     while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1785         BlockBackend *blk;
1786         int src_cur;
1787         int64_t bs_sectors, src_cur_offset;
1788         uint64_t offset;
1789 
1790         /* In the case of compression with multiple source files, we can get a
1791          * nb_sectors that spreads into the next part. So we must be able to
1792          * read across multiple BDSes for one convert_read() call. */
1793         convert_select_part(s, sector_num, &src_cur, &src_cur_offset);
1794         blk = s->src[src_cur];
1795         bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[src_cur];
1796 
1797         offset = (sector_num - src_cur_offset) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1798 
1799         n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - src_cur_offset));
1800         if (single_read_until > offset) {
1801             n = 1;
1802         }
1803 
1804         ret = blk_co_pread(blk, offset, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf, 0);
1805         if (ret < 0) {
1806             if (s->salvage) {
1807                 if (n > 1) {
1808                     single_read_until = offset + (n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1809                     continue;
1810                 } else {
1811                     if (!s->quiet) {
1812                         warn_report("error while reading offset %" PRIu64
1813                                     ": %s", offset, strerror(-ret));
1814                     }
1815                     memset(buf, 0, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1816                 }
1817             } else {
1818                 return ret;
1819             }
1820         }
1821 
1822         sector_num += n;
1823         nb_sectors -= n;
1824         buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1825     }
1826 
1827     return 0;
1828 }
1829 
1830 
1831 static int coroutine_fn convert_co_write(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1832                                          int nb_sectors, uint8_t *buf,
1833                                          enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status)
1834 {
1835     int ret;
1836 
1837     while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1838         int n = nb_sectors;
1839         BdrvRequestFlags flags = s->compressed ? BDRV_REQ_WRITE_COMPRESSED : 0;
1840 
1841         switch (status) {
1842         case BLK_BACKING_FILE:
1843             /* If we have a backing file, leave clusters unallocated that are
1844              * unallocated in the source image, so that the backing file is
1845              * visible at the respective offset. */
1846             assert(s->target_has_backing);
1847             break;
1848 
1849         case BLK_DATA:
1850             /* If we're told to keep the target fully allocated (-S 0) or there
1851              * is real non-zero data, we must write it. Otherwise we can treat
1852              * it as zero sectors.
1853              * Compressed clusters need to be written as a whole, so in that
1854              * case we can only save the write if the buffer is completely
1855              * zeroed. */
1856             if (!s->min_sparse ||
1857                 (!s->compressed &&
1858                  is_allocated_sectors_min(buf, n, &n, s->min_sparse,
1859                                           sector_num, s->alignment)) ||
1860                 (s->compressed &&
1861                  !buffer_is_zero(buf, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)))
1862             {
1863                 ret = blk_co_pwrite(s->target, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1864                                     n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf, flags);
1865                 if (ret < 0) {
1866                     return ret;
1867                 }
1868                 break;
1869             }
1870             /* fall-through */
1871 
1872         case BLK_ZERO:
1873             if (s->has_zero_init) {
1874                 assert(!s->target_has_backing);
1875                 break;
1876             }
1877             ret = blk_co_pwrite_zeroes(s->target,
1878                                        sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1879                                        n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1880                                        BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP);
1881             if (ret < 0) {
1882                 return ret;
1883             }
1884             break;
1885         }
1886 
1887         sector_num += n;
1888         nb_sectors -= n;
1889         buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1890     }
1891 
1892     return 0;
1893 }
1894 
1895 static int coroutine_fn convert_co_copy_range(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1896                                               int nb_sectors)
1897 {
1898     int n, ret;
1899 
1900     while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1901         BlockBackend *blk;
1902         int src_cur;
1903         int64_t bs_sectors, src_cur_offset;
1904         int64_t offset;
1905 
1906         convert_select_part(s, sector_num, &src_cur, &src_cur_offset);
1907         offset = (sector_num - src_cur_offset) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1908         blk = s->src[src_cur];
1909         bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[src_cur];
1910 
1911         n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - src_cur_offset));
1912 
1913         ret = blk_co_copy_range(blk, offset, s->target,
1914                                 sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1915                                 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0, 0);
1916         if (ret < 0) {
1917             return ret;
1918         }
1919 
1920         sector_num += n;
1921         nb_sectors -= n;
1922     }
1923     return 0;
1924 }
1925 
1926 static void coroutine_fn convert_co_do_copy(void *opaque)
1927 {
1928     ImgConvertState *s = opaque;
1929     uint8_t *buf = NULL;
1930     int ret, i;
1931     int index = -1;
1932 
1933     for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
1934         if (s->co[i] == qemu_coroutine_self()) {
1935             index = i;
1936             break;
1937         }
1938     }
1939     assert(index >= 0);
1940 
1941     s->running_coroutines++;
1942     buf = blk_blockalign(s->target, s->buf_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1943 
1944     while (1) {
1945         int n;
1946         int64_t sector_num;
1947         enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1948         bool copy_range;
1949 
1950         qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1951         if (s->ret != -EINPROGRESS || s->sector_num >= s->total_sectors) {
1952             qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1953             break;
1954         }
1955         n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, s->sector_num);
1956         if (n < 0) {
1957             qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1958             s->ret = n;
1959             break;
1960         }
1961         /* save current sector and allocation status to local variables */
1962         sector_num = s->sector_num;
1963         status = s->status;
1964         if (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO) {
1965             n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1966         }
1967         /* increment global sector counter so that other coroutines can
1968          * already continue reading beyond this request */
1969         s->sector_num += n;
1970         qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1971 
1972         if (status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && status == BLK_ZERO)) {
1973             s->allocated_done += n;
1974             qemu_progress_print(100.0 * s->allocated_done /
1975                                         s->allocated_sectors, 0);
1976         }
1977 
1978 retry:
1979         copy_range = s->copy_range && s->status == BLK_DATA;
1980         if (status == BLK_DATA && !copy_range) {
1981             ret = convert_co_read(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1982             if (ret < 0) {
1983                 error_report("error while reading at byte %lld: %s",
1984                              sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, strerror(-ret));
1985                 s->ret = ret;
1986             }
1987         } else if (!s->min_sparse && status == BLK_ZERO) {
1988             status = BLK_DATA;
1989             memset(buf, 0x00, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1990         }
1991 
1992         if (s->wr_in_order) {
1993             /* keep writes in order */
1994             while (s->wr_offs != sector_num && s->ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
1995                 s->wait_sector_num[index] = sector_num;
1996                 qemu_coroutine_yield();
1997             }
1998             s->wait_sector_num[index] = -1;
1999         }
2000 
2001         if (s->ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
2002             if (copy_range) {
2003                 ret = convert_co_copy_range(s, sector_num, n);
2004                 if (ret) {
2005                     s->copy_range = false;
2006                     goto retry;
2007                 }
2008             } else {
2009                 ret = convert_co_write(s, sector_num, n, buf, status);
2010             }
2011             if (ret < 0) {
2012                 error_report("error while writing at byte %lld: %s",
2013                              sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, strerror(-ret));
2014                 s->ret = ret;
2015             }
2016         }
2017 
2018         if (s->wr_in_order) {
2019             /* reenter the coroutine that might have waited
2020              * for this write to complete */
2021             s->wr_offs = sector_num + n;
2022             for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
2023                 if (s->co[i] && s->wait_sector_num[i] == s->wr_offs) {
2024                     /*
2025                      * A -> B -> A cannot occur because A has
2026                      * s->wait_sector_num[i] == -1 during A -> B.  Therefore
2027                      * B will never enter A during this time window.
2028                      */
2029                     qemu_coroutine_enter(s->co[i]);
2030                     break;
2031                 }
2032             }
2033         }
2034     }
2035 
2036     qemu_vfree(buf);
2037     s->co[index] = NULL;
2038     s->running_coroutines--;
2039     if (!s->running_coroutines && s->ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
2040         /* the convert job finished successfully */
2041         s->ret = 0;
2042     }
2043 }
2044 
2045 static int convert_do_copy(ImgConvertState *s)
2046 {
2047     int ret, i, n;
2048     int64_t sector_num = 0;
2049 
2050     /* Check whether we have zero initialisation or can get it efficiently */
2051     if (!s->has_zero_init && s->target_is_new && s->min_sparse &&
2052         !s->target_has_backing) {
2053         s->has_zero_init = bdrv_has_zero_init(blk_bs(s->target));
2054     }
2055 
2056     /* Allocate buffer for copied data. For compressed images, only one cluster
2057      * can be copied at a time. */
2058     if (s->compressed) {
2059         if (s->cluster_sectors <= 0 || s->cluster_sectors > s->buf_sectors) {
2060             error_report("invalid cluster size");
2061             return -EINVAL;
2062         }
2063         s->buf_sectors = s->cluster_sectors;
2064     }
2065 
2066     while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
2067         n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
2068         if (n < 0) {
2069             return n;
2070         }
2071         if (s->status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO))
2072         {
2073             s->allocated_sectors += n;
2074         }
2075         sector_num += n;
2076     }
2077 
2078     /* Do the copy */
2079     s->sector_next_status = 0;
2080     s->ret = -EINPROGRESS;
2081 
2082     qemu_co_mutex_init(&s->lock);
2083     for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
2084         s->co[i] = qemu_coroutine_create(convert_co_do_copy, s);
2085         s->wait_sector_num[i] = -1;
2086         qemu_coroutine_enter(s->co[i]);
2087     }
2088 
2089     while (s->running_coroutines) {
2090         main_loop_wait(false);
2091     }
2092 
2093     if (s->compressed && !s->ret) {
2094         /* signal EOF to align */
2095         ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(s->target, 0, NULL, 0);
2096         if (ret < 0) {
2097             return ret;
2098         }
2099     }
2100 
2101     return s->ret;
2102 }
2103 
2104 static int convert_copy_bitmaps(BlockDriverState *src, BlockDriverState *dst)
2105 {
2106     BdrvDirtyBitmap *bm;
2107     Error *err = NULL;
2108 
2109     FOR_EACH_DIRTY_BITMAP(src, bm) {
2110         const char *name;
2111 
2112         if (!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_get_persistence(bm)) {
2113             continue;
2114         }
2115         name = bdrv_dirty_bitmap_name(bm);
2116         qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_add(dst->node_name, name,
2117                                    true, bdrv_dirty_bitmap_granularity(bm),
2118                                    true, true,
2119                                    true, !bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bm),
2120                                    &err);
2121         if (err) {
2122             error_reportf_err(err, "Failed to create bitmap %s: ", name);
2123             return -1;
2124         }
2125 
2126         do_dirty_bitmap_merge(dst->node_name, name, src->node_name, name,
2127                               &err);
2128         if (err) {
2129             error_reportf_err(err, "Failed to populate bitmap %s: ", name);
2130             return -1;
2131         }
2132     }
2133 
2134     return 0;
2135 }
2136 
2137 #define MAX_BUF_SECTORS 32768
2138 
2139 static void set_rate_limit(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t rate_limit)
2140 {
2141     ThrottleConfig cfg;
2142 
2143     throttle_config_init(&cfg);
2144     cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_WRITE].avg = rate_limit;
2145 
2146     blk_io_limits_enable(blk, CONVERT_THROTTLE_GROUP);
2147     blk_set_io_limits(blk, &cfg);
2148 }
2149 
2150 static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
2151 {
2152     int c, bs_i, flags, src_flags = BDRV_O_NO_SHARE;
2153     const char *fmt = NULL, *out_fmt = NULL, *cache = "unsafe",
2154                *src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE, *out_baseimg = NULL,
2155                *out_filename, *out_baseimg_param, *snapshot_name = NULL;
2156     BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *proto_drv = NULL;
2157     BlockDriverInfo bdi;
2158     BlockDriverState *out_bs;
2159     QemuOpts *opts = NULL, *sn_opts = NULL;
2160     QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
2161     QDict *open_opts = NULL;
2162     char *options = NULL;
2163     Error *local_err = NULL;
2164     bool writethrough, src_writethrough, image_opts = false,
2165          skip_create = false, progress = false, tgt_image_opts = false;
2166     int64_t ret = -EINVAL;
2167     bool force_share = false;
2168     bool explict_min_sparse = false;
2169     bool bitmaps = false;
2170     int64_t rate_limit = 0;
2171 
2172     ImgConvertState s = (ImgConvertState) {
2173         /* Need at least 4k of zeros for sparse detection */
2174         .min_sparse         = 8,
2175         .copy_range         = false,
2176         .buf_sectors        = IO_BUF_SIZE / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2177         .wr_in_order        = true,
2178         .num_coroutines     = 8,
2179     };
2180 
2181     for(;;) {
2182         static const struct option long_options[] = {
2183             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2184             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2185             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2186             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
2187             {"target-image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_TARGET_IMAGE_OPTS},
2188             {"salvage", no_argument, 0, OPTION_SALVAGE},
2189             {"target-is-zero", no_argument, 0, OPTION_TARGET_IS_ZERO},
2190             {"bitmaps", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BITMAPS},
2191             {0, 0, 0, 0}
2192         };
2193         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:O:B:Cco:l:S:pt:T:qnm:WUr:",
2194                         long_options, NULL);
2195         if (c == -1) {
2196             break;
2197         }
2198         switch(c) {
2199         case ':':
2200             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
2201             break;
2202         case '?':
2203             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
2204             break;
2205         case 'h':
2206             help();
2207             break;
2208         case 'f':
2209             fmt = optarg;
2210             break;
2211         case 'O':
2212             out_fmt = optarg;
2213             break;
2214         case 'B':
2215             out_baseimg = optarg;
2216             break;
2217         case 'C':
2218             s.copy_range = true;
2219             break;
2220         case 'c':
2221             s.compressed = true;
2222             break;
2223         case 'o':
2224             if (accumulate_options(&options, optarg) < 0) {
2225                 goto fail_getopt;
2226             }
2227             break;
2228         case 'l':
2229             if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
2230                 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
2231                                                   optarg, false);
2232                 if (!sn_opts) {
2233                     error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
2234                                  optarg);
2235                     goto fail_getopt;
2236                 }
2237             } else {
2238                 snapshot_name = optarg;
2239             }
2240             break;
2241         case 'S':
2242         {
2243             int64_t sval;
2244 
2245             sval = cvtnum("buffer size for sparse output", optarg);
2246             if (sval < 0) {
2247                 goto fail_getopt;
2248             } else if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(sval, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) ||
2249                 sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE > MAX_BUF_SECTORS) {
2250                 error_report("Invalid buffer size for sparse output specified. "
2251                     "Valid sizes are multiples of %llu up to %llu. Select "
2252                     "0 to disable sparse detection (fully allocates output).",
2253                     BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, MAX_BUF_SECTORS * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2254                 goto fail_getopt;
2255             }
2256 
2257             s.min_sparse = sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2258             explict_min_sparse = true;
2259             break;
2260         }
2261         case 'p':
2262             progress = true;
2263             break;
2264         case 't':
2265             cache = optarg;
2266             break;
2267         case 'T':
2268             src_cache = optarg;
2269             break;
2270         case 'q':
2271             s.quiet = true;
2272             break;
2273         case 'n':
2274             skip_create = true;
2275             break;
2276         case 'm':
2277             if (qemu_strtol(optarg, NULL, 0, &s.num_coroutines) ||
2278                 s.num_coroutines < 1 || s.num_coroutines > MAX_COROUTINES) {
2279                 error_report("Invalid number of coroutines. Allowed number of"
2280                              " coroutines is between 1 and %d", MAX_COROUTINES);
2281                 goto fail_getopt;
2282             }
2283             break;
2284         case 'W':
2285             s.wr_in_order = false;
2286             break;
2287         case 'U':
2288             force_share = true;
2289             break;
2290         case 'r':
2291             rate_limit = cvtnum("rate limit", optarg);
2292             if (rate_limit < 0) {
2293                 goto fail_getopt;
2294             }
2295             break;
2296         case OPTION_OBJECT:
2297             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
2298             break;
2299         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2300             image_opts = true;
2301             break;
2302         case OPTION_SALVAGE:
2303             s.salvage = true;
2304             break;
2305         case OPTION_TARGET_IMAGE_OPTS:
2306             tgt_image_opts = true;
2307             break;
2308         case OPTION_TARGET_IS_ZERO:
2309             /*
2310              * The user asserting that the target is blank has the
2311              * same effect as the target driver supporting zero
2312              * initialisation.
2313              */
2314             s.has_zero_init = true;
2315             break;
2316         case OPTION_BITMAPS:
2317             bitmaps = true;
2318             break;
2319         }
2320     }
2321 
2322     if (!out_fmt && !tgt_image_opts) {
2323         out_fmt = "raw";
2324     }
2325 
2326     if (s.compressed && s.copy_range) {
2327         error_report("Cannot enable copy offloading when -c is used");
2328         goto fail_getopt;
2329     }
2330 
2331     if (explict_min_sparse && s.copy_range) {
2332         error_report("Cannot enable copy offloading when -S is used");
2333         goto fail_getopt;
2334     }
2335 
2336     if (s.copy_range && s.salvage) {
2337         error_report("Cannot use copy offloading in salvaging mode");
2338         goto fail_getopt;
2339     }
2340 
2341     if (tgt_image_opts && !skip_create) {
2342         error_report("--target-image-opts requires use of -n flag");
2343         goto fail_getopt;
2344     }
2345 
2346     if (skip_create && options) {
2347         error_report("-o has no effect when skipping image creation");
2348         goto fail_getopt;
2349     }
2350 
2351     if (s.has_zero_init && !skip_create) {
2352         error_report("--target-is-zero requires use of -n flag");
2353         goto fail_getopt;
2354     }
2355 
2356     s.src_num = argc - optind - 1;
2357     out_filename = s.src_num >= 1 ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
2358 
2359     if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
2360         if (out_fmt) {
2361             ret = print_block_option_help(out_filename, out_fmt);
2362             goto fail_getopt;
2363         } else {
2364             error_report("Option help requires a format be specified");
2365             goto fail_getopt;
2366         }
2367     }
2368 
2369     if (s.src_num < 1) {
2370         error_report("Must specify image file name");
2371         goto fail_getopt;
2372     }
2373 
2374     /* ret is still -EINVAL until here */
2375     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
2376     if (ret < 0) {
2377         error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
2378         goto fail_getopt;
2379     }
2380 
2381     /* Initialize before goto out */
2382     if (s.quiet) {
2383         progress = false;
2384     }
2385     qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
2386     qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
2387 
2388     s.src = g_new0(BlockBackend *, s.src_num);
2389     s.src_sectors = g_new(int64_t, s.src_num);
2390     s.src_alignment = g_new(int, s.src_num);
2391 
2392     for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < s.src_num; bs_i++) {
2393         BlockDriverState *src_bs;
2394         s.src[bs_i] = img_open(image_opts, argv[optind + bs_i],
2395                                fmt, src_flags, src_writethrough, s.quiet,
2396                                force_share);
2397         if (!s.src[bs_i]) {
2398             ret = -1;
2399             goto out;
2400         }
2401         s.src_sectors[bs_i] = blk_nb_sectors(s.src[bs_i]);
2402         if (s.src_sectors[bs_i] < 0) {
2403             error_report("Could not get size of %s: %s",
2404                          argv[optind + bs_i], strerror(-s.src_sectors[bs_i]));
2405             ret = -1;
2406             goto out;
2407         }
2408         src_bs = blk_bs(s.src[bs_i]);
2409         s.src_alignment[bs_i] = DIV_ROUND_UP(src_bs->bl.request_alignment,
2410                                              BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2411         if (!bdrv_get_info(src_bs, &bdi)) {
2412             s.src_alignment[bs_i] = MAX(s.src_alignment[bs_i],
2413                                         bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2414         }
2415         s.total_sectors += s.src_sectors[bs_i];
2416     }
2417 
2418     if (sn_opts) {
2419         bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(blk_bs(s.src[0]),
2420                                qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
2421                                qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
2422                                &local_err);
2423     } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
2424         if (s.src_num > 1) {
2425             error_report("No support for concatenating multiple snapshot");
2426             ret = -1;
2427             goto out;
2428         }
2429 
2430         bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(blk_bs(s.src[0]), snapshot_name,
2431                                              &local_err);
2432     }
2433     if (local_err) {
2434         error_reportf_err(local_err, "Failed to load snapshot: ");
2435         ret = -1;
2436         goto out;
2437     }
2438 
2439     if (!skip_create) {
2440         /* Find driver and parse its options */
2441         drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
2442         if (!drv) {
2443             error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
2444             ret = -1;
2445             goto out;
2446         }
2447 
2448         proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out_filename, true, &local_err);
2449         if (!proto_drv) {
2450             error_report_err(local_err);
2451             ret = -1;
2452             goto out;
2453         }
2454 
2455         if (!drv->create_opts) {
2456             error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2457                          drv->format_name);
2458             ret = -1;
2459             goto out;
2460         }
2461 
2462         if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
2463             error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2464                          proto_drv->format_name);
2465             ret = -1;
2466             goto out;
2467         }
2468 
2469         create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
2470         create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
2471 
2472         opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2473         if (options) {
2474             if (!qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err)) {
2475                 error_report_err(local_err);
2476                 ret = -1;
2477                 goto out;
2478             }
2479         }
2480 
2481         qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
2482                             s.total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, &error_abort);
2483         ret = add_old_style_options(out_fmt, opts, out_baseimg, NULL);
2484         if (ret < 0) {
2485             goto out;
2486         }
2487     }
2488 
2489     /* Get backing file name if -o backing_file was used */
2490     out_baseimg_param = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
2491     if (out_baseimg_param) {
2492         out_baseimg = out_baseimg_param;
2493     }
2494     s.target_has_backing = (bool) out_baseimg;
2495 
2496     if (s.has_zero_init && s.target_has_backing) {
2497         error_report("Cannot use --target-is-zero when the destination "
2498                      "image has a backing file");
2499         goto out;
2500     }
2501 
2502     if (s.src_num > 1 && out_baseimg) {
2503         error_report("Having a backing file for the target makes no sense when "
2504                      "concatenating multiple input images");
2505         ret = -1;
2506         goto out;
2507     }
2508 
2509     if (out_baseimg_param) {
2510         if (!qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT)) {
2511             warn_report("Deprecated use of backing file without explicit "
2512                         "backing format");
2513         }
2514     }
2515 
2516     /* Check if compression is supported */
2517     if (s.compressed) {
2518         bool encryption =
2519             qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, false);
2520         const char *encryptfmt =
2521             qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT);
2522         const char *preallocation =
2523             qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
2524 
2525         if (drv && !block_driver_can_compress(drv)) {
2526             error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
2527             ret = -1;
2528             goto out;
2529         }
2530 
2531         if (encryption || encryptfmt) {
2532             error_report("Compression and encryption not supported at "
2533                          "the same time");
2534             ret = -1;
2535             goto out;
2536         }
2537 
2538         if (preallocation
2539             && strcmp(preallocation, "off"))
2540         {
2541             error_report("Compression and preallocation not supported at "
2542                          "the same time");
2543             ret = -1;
2544             goto out;
2545         }
2546     }
2547 
2548     /* Determine if bitmaps need copying */
2549     if (bitmaps) {
2550         if (s.src_num > 1) {
2551             error_report("Copying bitmaps only possible with single source");
2552             ret = -1;
2553             goto out;
2554         }
2555         if (!bdrv_supports_persistent_dirty_bitmap(blk_bs(s.src[0]))) {
2556             error_report("Source lacks bitmap support");
2557             ret = -1;
2558             goto out;
2559         }
2560     }
2561 
2562     /*
2563      * The later open call will need any decryption secrets, and
2564      * bdrv_create() will purge "opts", so extract them now before
2565      * they are lost.
2566      */
2567     if (!skip_create) {
2568         open_opts = qdict_new();
2569         qemu_opt_foreach(opts, img_add_key_secrets, open_opts, &error_abort);
2570 
2571         /* Create the new image */
2572         ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, opts, &local_err);
2573         if (ret < 0) {
2574             error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: error while converting %s: ",
2575                               out_filename, out_fmt);
2576             goto out;
2577         }
2578     }
2579 
2580     s.target_is_new = !skip_create;
2581 
2582     flags = s.min_sparse ? (BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP) : BDRV_O_RDWR;
2583     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
2584     if (ret < 0) {
2585         error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2586         goto out;
2587     }
2588 
2589     if (skip_create) {
2590         s.target = img_open(tgt_image_opts, out_filename, out_fmt,
2591                             flags, writethrough, s.quiet, false);
2592     } else {
2593         /* TODO ultimately we should allow --target-image-opts
2594          * to be used even when -n is not given.
2595          * That has to wait for bdrv_create to be improved
2596          * to allow filenames in option syntax
2597          */
2598         s.target = img_open_file(out_filename, open_opts, out_fmt,
2599                                  flags, writethrough, s.quiet, false);
2600         open_opts = NULL; /* blk_new_open will have freed it */
2601     }
2602     if (!s.target) {
2603         ret = -1;
2604         goto out;
2605     }
2606     out_bs = blk_bs(s.target);
2607 
2608     if (bitmaps && !bdrv_supports_persistent_dirty_bitmap(out_bs)) {
2609         error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support bitmaps",
2610                      out_bs->drv->format_name);
2611         ret = -1;
2612         goto out;
2613     }
2614 
2615     if (s.compressed && !block_driver_can_compress(out_bs->drv)) {
2616         error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
2617         ret = -1;
2618         goto out;
2619     }
2620 
2621     /* increase bufsectors from the default 4096 (2M) if opt_transfer
2622      * or discard_alignment of the out_bs is greater. Limit to
2623      * MAX_BUF_SECTORS as maximum which is currently 32768 (16MB). */
2624     s.buf_sectors = MIN(MAX_BUF_SECTORS,
2625                         MAX(s.buf_sectors,
2626                             MAX(out_bs->bl.opt_transfer >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
2627                                 out_bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment >>
2628                                 BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)));
2629 
2630     /* try to align the write requests to the destination to avoid unnecessary
2631      * RMW cycles. */
2632     s.alignment = MAX(pow2floor(s.min_sparse),
2633                       DIV_ROUND_UP(out_bs->bl.request_alignment,
2634                                    BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE));
2635     assert(is_power_of_2(s.alignment));
2636 
2637     if (skip_create) {
2638         int64_t output_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(s.target);
2639         if (output_sectors < 0) {
2640             error_report("unable to get output image length: %s",
2641                          strerror(-output_sectors));
2642             ret = -1;
2643             goto out;
2644         } else if (output_sectors < s.total_sectors) {
2645             error_report("output file is smaller than input file");
2646             ret = -1;
2647             goto out;
2648         }
2649     }
2650 
2651     if (s.target_has_backing && s.target_is_new) {
2652         /* Errors are treated as "backing length unknown" (which means
2653          * s.target_backing_sectors has to be negative, which it will
2654          * be automatically).  The backing file length is used only
2655          * for optimizations, so such a case is not fatal. */
2656         s.target_backing_sectors =
2657             bdrv_nb_sectors(bdrv_backing_chain_next(out_bs));
2658     } else {
2659         s.target_backing_sectors = -1;
2660     }
2661 
2662     ret = bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi);
2663     if (ret < 0) {
2664         if (s.compressed) {
2665             error_report("could not get block driver info");
2666             goto out;
2667         }
2668     } else {
2669         s.compressed = s.compressed || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
2670         s.cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2671     }
2672 
2673     if (rate_limit) {
2674         set_rate_limit(s.target, rate_limit);
2675     }
2676 
2677     ret = convert_do_copy(&s);
2678 
2679     /* Now copy the bitmaps */
2680     if (bitmaps && ret == 0) {
2681         ret = convert_copy_bitmaps(blk_bs(s.src[0]), out_bs);
2682     }
2683 
2684 out:
2685     if (!ret) {
2686         qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
2687     }
2688     qemu_progress_end();
2689     qemu_opts_del(opts);
2690     qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
2691     qobject_unref(open_opts);
2692     blk_unref(s.target);
2693     if (s.src) {
2694         for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < s.src_num; bs_i++) {
2695             blk_unref(s.src[bs_i]);
2696         }
2697         g_free(s.src);
2698     }
2699     g_free(s.src_sectors);
2700     g_free(s.src_alignment);
2701 fail_getopt:
2702     qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
2703     g_free(options);
2704 
2705     return !!ret;
2706 }
2707 
2708 
2709 static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)
2710 {
2711     QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
2712     int nb_sns, i;
2713 
2714     nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
2715     if (nb_sns <= 0)
2716         return;
2717     printf("Snapshot list:\n");
2718     bdrv_snapshot_dump(NULL);
2719     printf("\n");
2720     for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
2721         sn = &sn_tab[i];
2722         bdrv_snapshot_dump(sn);
2723         printf("\n");
2724     }
2725     g_free(sn_tab);
2726 }
2727 
2728 static void dump_json_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2729 {
2730     GString *str;
2731     QObject *obj;
2732     Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2733 
2734     visit_type_ImageInfoList(v, NULL, &list, &error_abort);
2735     visit_complete(v, &obj);
2736     str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj, true);
2737     assert(str != NULL);
2738     printf("%s\n", str->str);
2739     qobject_unref(obj);
2740     visit_free(v);
2741     g_string_free(str, true);
2742 }
2743 
2744 static void dump_json_image_info(ImageInfo *info)
2745 {
2746     GString *str;
2747     QObject *obj;
2748     Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2749 
2750     visit_type_ImageInfo(v, NULL, &info, &error_abort);
2751     visit_complete(v, &obj);
2752     str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj, true);
2753     assert(str != NULL);
2754     printf("%s\n", str->str);
2755     qobject_unref(obj);
2756     visit_free(v);
2757     g_string_free(str, true);
2758 }
2759 
2760 static void dump_human_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2761 {
2762     ImageInfoList *elem;
2763     bool delim = false;
2764 
2765     for (elem = list; elem; elem = elem->next) {
2766         if (delim) {
2767             printf("\n");
2768         }
2769         delim = true;
2770 
2771         bdrv_image_info_dump(elem->value);
2772     }
2773 }
2774 
2775 static gboolean str_equal_func(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
2776 {
2777     return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
2778 }
2779 
2780 /**
2781  * Open an image file chain and return an ImageInfoList
2782  *
2783  * @filename: topmost image filename
2784  * @fmt: topmost image format (may be NULL to autodetect)
2785  * @chain: true  - enumerate entire backing file chain
2786  *         false - only topmost image file
2787  *
2788  * Returns a list of ImageInfo objects or NULL if there was an error opening an
2789  * image file.  If there was an error a message will have been printed to
2790  * stderr.
2791  */
2792 static ImageInfoList *collect_image_info_list(bool image_opts,
2793                                               const char *filename,
2794                                               const char *fmt,
2795                                               bool chain, bool force_share)
2796 {
2797     ImageInfoList *head = NULL;
2798     ImageInfoList **tail = &head;
2799     GHashTable *filenames;
2800     Error *err = NULL;
2801 
2802     filenames = g_hash_table_new_full(g_str_hash, str_equal_func, NULL, NULL);
2803 
2804     while (filename) {
2805         BlockBackend *blk;
2806         BlockDriverState *bs;
2807         ImageInfo *info;
2808 
2809         if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(filenames, filename, NULL, NULL)) {
2810             error_report("Backing file '%s' creates an infinite loop.",
2811                          filename);
2812             goto err;
2813         }
2814         g_hash_table_insert(filenames, (gpointer)filename, NULL);
2815 
2816         blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
2817                        BDRV_O_NO_BACKING | BDRV_O_NO_IO, false, false,
2818                        force_share);
2819         if (!blk) {
2820             goto err;
2821         }
2822         bs = blk_bs(blk);
2823 
2824         bdrv_query_image_info(bs, &info, &err);
2825         if (err) {
2826             error_report_err(err);
2827             blk_unref(blk);
2828             goto err;
2829         }
2830 
2831         QAPI_LIST_APPEND(tail, info);
2832 
2833         blk_unref(blk);
2834 
2835         /* Clear parameters that only apply to the topmost image */
2836         filename = fmt = NULL;
2837         image_opts = false;
2838 
2839         if (chain) {
2840             if (info->has_full_backing_filename) {
2841                 filename = info->full_backing_filename;
2842             } else if (info->has_backing_filename) {
2843                 error_report("Could not determine absolute backing filename,"
2844                              " but backing filename '%s' present",
2845                              info->backing_filename);
2846                 goto err;
2847             }
2848             if (info->has_backing_filename_format) {
2849                 fmt = info->backing_filename_format;
2850             }
2851         }
2852     }
2853     g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2854     return head;
2855 
2856 err:
2857     qapi_free_ImageInfoList(head);
2858     g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2859     return NULL;
2860 }
2861 
2862 static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
2863 {
2864     int c;
2865     OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2866     bool chain = false;
2867     const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2868     ImageInfoList *list;
2869     bool image_opts = false;
2870     bool force_share = false;
2871 
2872     fmt = NULL;
2873     output = NULL;
2874     for(;;) {
2875         int option_index = 0;
2876         static const struct option long_options[] = {
2877             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2878             {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2879             {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2880             {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
2881             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2882             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2883             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
2884             {0, 0, 0, 0}
2885         };
2886         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:hU",
2887                         long_options, &option_index);
2888         if (c == -1) {
2889             break;
2890         }
2891         switch(c) {
2892         case ':':
2893             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
2894             break;
2895         case '?':
2896             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
2897             break;
2898         case 'h':
2899             help();
2900             break;
2901         case 'f':
2902             fmt = optarg;
2903             break;
2904         case 'U':
2905             force_share = true;
2906             break;
2907         case OPTION_OUTPUT:
2908             output = optarg;
2909             break;
2910         case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
2911             chain = true;
2912             break;
2913         case OPTION_OBJECT:
2914             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
2915             break;
2916         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2917             image_opts = true;
2918             break;
2919         }
2920     }
2921     if (optind != argc - 1) {
2922         error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2923     }
2924     filename = argv[optind++];
2925 
2926     if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2927         output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2928     } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2929         output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2930     } else if (output) {
2931         error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2932         return 1;
2933     }
2934 
2935     list = collect_image_info_list(image_opts, filename, fmt, chain,
2936                                    force_share);
2937     if (!list) {
2938         return 1;
2939     }
2940 
2941     switch (output_format) {
2942     case OFORMAT_HUMAN:
2943         dump_human_image_info_list(list);
2944         break;
2945     case OFORMAT_JSON:
2946         if (chain) {
2947             dump_json_image_info_list(list);
2948         } else {
2949             dump_json_image_info(list->value);
2950         }
2951         break;
2952     }
2953 
2954     qapi_free_ImageInfoList(list);
2955     return 0;
2956 }
2957 
2958 static int dump_map_entry(OutputFormat output_format, MapEntry *e,
2959                           MapEntry *next)
2960 {
2961     switch (output_format) {
2962     case OFORMAT_HUMAN:
2963         if (e->data && !e->has_offset) {
2964             error_report("File contains external, encrypted or compressed clusters.");
2965             return -1;
2966         }
2967         if (e->data && !e->zero) {
2968             printf("%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%s\n",
2969                    e->start, e->length,
2970                    e->has_offset ? e->offset : 0,
2971                    e->has_filename ? e->filename : "");
2972         }
2973         /* This format ignores the distinction between 0, ZERO and ZERO|DATA.
2974          * Modify the flags here to allow more coalescing.
2975          */
2976         if (next && (!next->data || next->zero)) {
2977             next->data = false;
2978             next->zero = true;
2979         }
2980         break;
2981     case OFORMAT_JSON:
2982         printf("{ \"start\": %"PRId64", \"length\": %"PRId64","
2983                " \"depth\": %"PRId64", \"zero\": %s, \"data\": %s",
2984                e->start, e->length, e->depth,
2985                e->zero ? "true" : "false",
2986                e->data ? "true" : "false");
2987         if (e->has_offset) {
2988             printf(", \"offset\": %"PRId64"", e->offset);
2989         }
2990         putchar('}');
2991 
2992         if (next) {
2993             puts(",");
2994         }
2995         break;
2996     }
2997     return 0;
2998 }
2999 
3000 static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
3001                             int64_t bytes, MapEntry *e)
3002 {
3003     int ret;
3004     int depth;
3005     BlockDriverState *file;
3006     bool has_offset;
3007     int64_t map;
3008     char *filename = NULL;
3009 
3010     /* As an optimization, we could cache the current range of unallocated
3011      * clusters in each file of the chain, and avoid querying the same
3012      * range repeatedly.
3013      */
3014 
3015     depth = 0;
3016     for (;;) {
3017         bs = bdrv_skip_filters(bs);
3018         ret = bdrv_block_status(bs, offset, bytes, &bytes, &map, &file);
3019         if (ret < 0) {
3020             return ret;
3021         }
3022         assert(bytes);
3023         if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO|BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
3024             break;
3025         }
3026         bs = bdrv_cow_bs(bs);
3027         if (bs == NULL) {
3028             ret = 0;
3029             break;
3030         }
3031 
3032         depth++;
3033     }
3034 
3035     has_offset = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID);
3036 
3037     if (file && has_offset) {
3038         bdrv_refresh_filename(file);
3039         filename = file->filename;
3040     }
3041 
3042     *e = (MapEntry) {
3043         .start = offset,
3044         .length = bytes,
3045         .data = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA),
3046         .zero = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO),
3047         .offset = map,
3048         .has_offset = has_offset,
3049         .depth = depth,
3050         .has_filename = filename,
3051         .filename = filename,
3052     };
3053 
3054     return 0;
3055 }
3056 
3057 static inline bool entry_mergeable(const MapEntry *curr, const MapEntry *next)
3058 {
3059     if (curr->length == 0) {
3060         return false;
3061     }
3062     if (curr->zero != next->zero ||
3063         curr->data != next->data ||
3064         curr->depth != next->depth ||
3065         curr->has_filename != next->has_filename ||
3066         curr->has_offset != next->has_offset) {
3067         return false;
3068     }
3069     if (curr->has_filename && strcmp(curr->filename, next->filename)) {
3070         return false;
3071     }
3072     if (curr->has_offset && curr->offset + curr->length != next->offset) {
3073         return false;
3074     }
3075     return true;
3076 }
3077 
3078 static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
3079 {
3080     int c;
3081     OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
3082     BlockBackend *blk;
3083     BlockDriverState *bs;
3084     const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
3085     int64_t length;
3086     MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
3087     int ret = 0;
3088     bool image_opts = false;
3089     bool force_share = false;
3090     int64_t start_offset = 0;
3091     int64_t max_length = -1;
3092 
3093     fmt = NULL;
3094     output = NULL;
3095     for (;;) {
3096         int option_index = 0;
3097         static const struct option long_options[] = {
3098             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3099             {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
3100             {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
3101             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3102             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3103             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
3104             {"start-offset", required_argument, 0, 's'},
3105             {"max-length", required_argument, 0, 'l'},
3106             {0, 0, 0, 0}
3107         };
3108         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:s:l:hU",
3109                         long_options, &option_index);
3110         if (c == -1) {
3111             break;
3112         }
3113         switch (c) {
3114         case ':':
3115             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3116             break;
3117         case '?':
3118             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3119             break;
3120         case 'h':
3121             help();
3122             break;
3123         case 'f':
3124             fmt = optarg;
3125             break;
3126         case 'U':
3127             force_share = true;
3128             break;
3129         case OPTION_OUTPUT:
3130             output = optarg;
3131             break;
3132         case 's':
3133             start_offset = cvtnum("start offset", optarg);
3134             if (start_offset < 0) {
3135                 return 1;
3136             }
3137             break;
3138         case 'l':
3139             max_length = cvtnum("max length", optarg);
3140             if (max_length < 0) {
3141                 return 1;
3142             }
3143             break;
3144         case OPTION_OBJECT:
3145             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
3146             break;
3147         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3148             image_opts = true;
3149             break;
3150         }
3151     }
3152     if (optind != argc - 1) {
3153         error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3154     }
3155     filename = argv[optind];
3156 
3157     if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
3158         output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
3159     } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
3160         output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
3161     } else if (output) {
3162         error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
3163         return 1;
3164     }
3165 
3166     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, 0, false, false, force_share);
3167     if (!blk) {
3168         return 1;
3169     }
3170     bs = blk_bs(blk);
3171 
3172     if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
3173         printf("%-16s%-16s%-16s%s\n", "Offset", "Length", "Mapped to", "File");
3174     } else if (output_format == OFORMAT_JSON) {
3175         putchar('[');
3176     }
3177 
3178     length = blk_getlength(blk);
3179     if (length < 0) {
3180         error_report("Failed to get size for '%s'", filename);
3181         return 1;
3182     }
3183     if (max_length != -1) {
3184         length = MIN(start_offset + max_length, length);
3185     }
3186 
3187     curr.start = start_offset;
3188     while (curr.start + curr.length < length) {
3189         int64_t offset = curr.start + curr.length;
3190         int64_t n = length - offset;
3191 
3192         ret = get_block_status(bs, offset, n, &next);
3193         if (ret < 0) {
3194             error_report("Could not read file metadata: %s", strerror(-ret));
3195             goto out;
3196         }
3197 
3198         if (entry_mergeable(&curr, &next)) {
3199             curr.length += next.length;
3200             continue;
3201         }
3202 
3203         if (curr.length > 0) {
3204             ret = dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, &next);
3205             if (ret < 0) {
3206                 goto out;
3207             }
3208         }
3209         curr = next;
3210     }
3211 
3212     ret = dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, NULL);
3213     if (output_format == OFORMAT_JSON) {
3214         puts("]");
3215     }
3216 
3217 out:
3218     blk_unref(blk);
3219     return ret < 0;
3220 }
3221 
3222 #define SNAPSHOT_LIST   1
3223 #define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
3224 #define SNAPSHOT_APPLY  3
3225 #define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
3226 
3227 static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
3228 {
3229     BlockBackend *blk;
3230     BlockDriverState *bs;
3231     QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
3232     char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
3233     int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
3234     int action = 0;
3235     qemu_timeval tv;
3236     bool quiet = false;
3237     Error *err = NULL;
3238     bool image_opts = false;
3239     bool force_share = false;
3240 
3241     bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
3242     /* Parse commandline parameters */
3243     for(;;) {
3244         static const struct option long_options[] = {
3245             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3246             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3247             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3248             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
3249             {0, 0, 0, 0}
3250         };
3251         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":la:c:d:hqU",
3252                         long_options, NULL);
3253         if (c == -1) {
3254             break;
3255         }
3256         switch(c) {
3257         case ':':
3258             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3259             break;
3260         case '?':
3261             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3262             break;
3263         case 'h':
3264             help();
3265             return 0;
3266         case 'l':
3267             if (action) {
3268                 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
3269                 return 0;
3270             }
3271             action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
3272             bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
3273             break;
3274         case 'a':
3275             if (action) {
3276                 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
3277                 return 0;
3278             }
3279             action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
3280             snapshot_name = optarg;
3281             break;
3282         case 'c':
3283             if (action) {
3284                 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
3285                 return 0;
3286             }
3287             action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
3288             snapshot_name = optarg;
3289             break;
3290         case 'd':
3291             if (action) {
3292                 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
3293                 return 0;
3294             }
3295             action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
3296             snapshot_name = optarg;
3297             break;
3298         case 'q':
3299             quiet = true;
3300             break;
3301         case 'U':
3302             force_share = true;
3303             break;
3304         case OPTION_OBJECT:
3305             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
3306             break;
3307         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3308             image_opts = true;
3309             break;
3310         }
3311     }
3312 
3313     if (optind != argc - 1) {
3314         error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3315     }
3316     filename = argv[optind++];
3317 
3318     /* Open the image */
3319     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, false, quiet,
3320                    force_share);
3321     if (!blk) {
3322         return 1;
3323     }
3324     bs = blk_bs(blk);
3325 
3326     /* Perform the requested action */
3327     switch(action) {
3328     case SNAPSHOT_LIST:
3329         dump_snapshots(bs);
3330         break;
3331 
3332     case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
3333         memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));
3334         pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);
3335 
3336         qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
3337         sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
3338         sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
3339 
3340         ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
3341         if (ret) {
3342             error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
3343                 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
3344         }
3345         break;
3346 
3347     case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
3348         ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name, &err);
3349         if (ret) {
3350             error_reportf_err(err, "Could not apply snapshot '%s': ",
3351                               snapshot_name);
3352         }
3353         break;
3354 
3355     case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
3356         ret = bdrv_snapshot_find(bs, &sn, snapshot_name);
3357         if (ret < 0) {
3358             error_report("Could not delete snapshot '%s': snapshot not "
3359                          "found", snapshot_name);
3360             ret = 1;
3361         } else {
3362             ret = bdrv_snapshot_delete(bs, sn.id_str, sn.name, &err);
3363             if (ret < 0) {
3364                 error_reportf_err(err, "Could not delete snapshot '%s': ",
3365                                   snapshot_name);
3366                 ret = 1;
3367             }
3368         }
3369         break;
3370     }
3371 
3372     /* Cleanup */
3373     blk_unref(blk);
3374     if (ret) {
3375         return 1;
3376     }
3377     return 0;
3378 }
3379 
3380 static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
3381 {
3382     BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *blk_old_backing = NULL, *blk_new_backing = NULL;
3383     uint8_t *buf_old = NULL;
3384     uint8_t *buf_new = NULL;
3385     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL, *prefix_chain_bs = NULL;
3386     BlockDriverState *unfiltered_bs;
3387     char *filename;
3388     const char *fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_basefmt, *out_baseimg;
3389     int c, flags, src_flags, ret;
3390     bool writethrough, src_writethrough;
3391     int unsafe = 0;
3392     bool force_share = false;
3393     int progress = 0;
3394     bool quiet = false;
3395     Error *local_err = NULL;
3396     bool image_opts = false;
3397 
3398     /* Parse commandline parameters */
3399     fmt = NULL;
3400     cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3401     src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3402     out_baseimg = NULL;
3403     out_basefmt = NULL;
3404     for(;;) {
3405         static const struct option long_options[] = {
3406             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3407             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3408             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3409             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
3410             {0, 0, 0, 0}
3411         };
3412         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:F:b:upt:T:qU",
3413                         long_options, NULL);
3414         if (c == -1) {
3415             break;
3416         }
3417         switch(c) {
3418         case ':':
3419             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3420             break;
3421         case '?':
3422             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3423             break;
3424         case 'h':
3425             help();
3426             return 0;
3427         case 'f':
3428             fmt = optarg;
3429             break;
3430         case 'F':
3431             out_basefmt = optarg;
3432             break;
3433         case 'b':
3434             out_baseimg = optarg;
3435             break;
3436         case 'u':
3437             unsafe = 1;
3438             break;
3439         case 'p':
3440             progress = 1;
3441             break;
3442         case 't':
3443             cache = optarg;
3444             break;
3445         case 'T':
3446             src_cache = optarg;
3447             break;
3448         case 'q':
3449             quiet = true;
3450             break;
3451         case OPTION_OBJECT:
3452             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
3453             break;
3454         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3455             image_opts = true;
3456             break;
3457         case 'U':
3458             force_share = true;
3459             break;
3460         }
3461     }
3462 
3463     if (quiet) {
3464         progress = 0;
3465     }
3466 
3467     if (optind != argc - 1) {
3468         error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3469     }
3470     if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
3471         error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
3472     }
3473     filename = argv[optind++];
3474 
3475     qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
3476     qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
3477 
3478     flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | (unsafe ? BDRV_O_NO_BACKING : 0);
3479     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
3480     if (ret < 0) {
3481         error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
3482         goto out;
3483     }
3484 
3485     src_flags = 0;
3486     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
3487     if (ret < 0) {
3488         error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
3489         goto out;
3490     }
3491 
3492     /* The source files are opened read-only, don't care about WCE */
3493     assert((src_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) == 0);
3494     (void) src_writethrough;
3495 
3496     /*
3497      * Open the images.
3498      *
3499      * Ignore the old backing file for unsafe rebase in case we want to correct
3500      * the reference to a renamed or moved backing file.
3501      */
3502     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
3503                    false);
3504     if (!blk) {
3505         ret = -1;
3506         goto out;
3507     }
3508     bs = blk_bs(blk);
3509 
3510     unfiltered_bs = bdrv_skip_filters(bs);
3511 
3512     if (out_basefmt != NULL) {
3513         if (bdrv_find_format(out_basefmt) == NULL) {
3514             error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", out_basefmt);
3515             ret = -1;
3516             goto out;
3517         }
3518     }
3519 
3520     /* For safe rebasing we need to compare old and new backing file */
3521     if (!unsafe) {
3522         QDict *options = NULL;
3523         BlockDriverState *base_bs = bdrv_cow_bs(unfiltered_bs);
3524 
3525         if (base_bs) {
3526             blk_old_backing = blk_new(qemu_get_aio_context(),
3527                                       BLK_PERM_CONSISTENT_READ,
3528                                       BLK_PERM_ALL);
3529             ret = blk_insert_bs(blk_old_backing, base_bs,
3530                                 &local_err);
3531             if (ret < 0) {
3532                 error_reportf_err(local_err,
3533                                   "Could not reuse old backing file '%s': ",
3534                                   base_bs->filename);
3535                 goto out;
3536             }
3537         } else {
3538             blk_old_backing = NULL;
3539         }
3540 
3541         if (out_baseimg[0]) {
3542             const char *overlay_filename;
3543             char *out_real_path;
3544 
3545             options = qdict_new();
3546             if (out_basefmt) {
3547                 qdict_put_str(options, "driver", out_basefmt);
3548             }
3549             if (force_share) {
3550                 qdict_put_bool(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE, true);
3551             }
3552 
3553             bdrv_refresh_filename(bs);
3554             overlay_filename = bs->exact_filename[0] ? bs->exact_filename
3555                                                      : bs->filename;
3556             out_real_path =
3557                 bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(overlay_filename,
3558                                                              out_baseimg,
3559                                                              &local_err);
3560             if (local_err) {
3561                 qobject_unref(options);
3562                 error_reportf_err(local_err,
3563                                   "Could not resolve backing filename: ");
3564                 ret = -1;
3565                 goto out;
3566             }
3567 
3568             /*
3569              * Find out whether we rebase an image on top of a previous image
3570              * in its chain.
3571              */
3572             prefix_chain_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, out_real_path);
3573             if (prefix_chain_bs) {
3574                 qobject_unref(options);
3575                 g_free(out_real_path);
3576 
3577                 blk_new_backing = blk_new(qemu_get_aio_context(),
3578                                           BLK_PERM_CONSISTENT_READ,
3579                                           BLK_PERM_ALL);
3580                 ret = blk_insert_bs(blk_new_backing, prefix_chain_bs,
3581                                     &local_err);
3582                 if (ret < 0) {
3583                     error_reportf_err(local_err,
3584                                       "Could not reuse backing file '%s': ",
3585                                       out_baseimg);
3586                     goto out;
3587                 }
3588             } else {
3589                 blk_new_backing = blk_new_open(out_real_path, NULL,
3590                                                options, src_flags, &local_err);
3591                 g_free(out_real_path);
3592                 if (!blk_new_backing) {
3593                     error_reportf_err(local_err,
3594                                       "Could not open new backing file '%s': ",
3595                                       out_baseimg);
3596                     ret = -1;
3597                     goto out;
3598                 }
3599             }
3600         }
3601     }
3602 
3603     /*
3604      * Check each unallocated cluster in the COW file. If it is unallocated,
3605      * accesses go to the backing file. We must therefore compare this cluster
3606      * in the old and new backing file, and if they differ we need to copy it
3607      * from the old backing file into the COW file.
3608      *
3609      * If qemu-img crashes during this step, no harm is done. The content of
3610      * the image is the same as the original one at any time.
3611      */
3612     if (!unsafe) {
3613         int64_t size;
3614         int64_t old_backing_size = 0;
3615         int64_t new_backing_size = 0;
3616         uint64_t offset;
3617         int64_t n;
3618         float local_progress = 0;
3619 
3620         buf_old = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3621         buf_new = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3622 
3623         size = blk_getlength(blk);
3624         if (size < 0) {
3625             error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3626                          filename, strerror(-size));
3627             ret = -1;
3628             goto out;
3629         }
3630         if (blk_old_backing) {
3631             old_backing_size = blk_getlength(blk_old_backing);
3632             if (old_backing_size < 0) {
3633                 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
3634 
3635                 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name,
3636                                           sizeof(backing_name));
3637                 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3638                              backing_name, strerror(-old_backing_size));
3639                 ret = -1;
3640                 goto out;
3641             }
3642         }
3643         if (blk_new_backing) {
3644             new_backing_size = blk_getlength(blk_new_backing);
3645             if (new_backing_size < 0) {
3646                 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3647                              out_baseimg, strerror(-new_backing_size));
3648                 ret = -1;
3649                 goto out;
3650             }
3651         }
3652 
3653         if (size != 0) {
3654             local_progress = (float)100 / (size / MIN(size, IO_BUF_SIZE));
3655         }
3656 
3657         for (offset = 0; offset < size; offset += n) {
3658             bool buf_old_is_zero = false;
3659 
3660             /* How many bytes can we handle with the next read? */
3661             n = MIN(IO_BUF_SIZE, size - offset);
3662 
3663             /* If the cluster is allocated, we don't need to take action */
3664             ret = bdrv_is_allocated(unfiltered_bs, offset, n, &n);
3665             if (ret < 0) {
3666                 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
3667                              strerror(-ret));
3668                 goto out;
3669             }
3670             if (ret) {
3671                 continue;
3672             }
3673 
3674             if (prefix_chain_bs) {
3675                 /*
3676                  * If cluster wasn't changed since prefix_chain, we don't need
3677                  * to take action
3678                  */
3679                 ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bdrv_cow_bs(unfiltered_bs),
3680                                               prefix_chain_bs, false,
3681                                               offset, n, &n);
3682                 if (ret < 0) {
3683                     error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
3684                                  strerror(-ret));
3685                     goto out;
3686                 }
3687                 if (!ret) {
3688                     continue;
3689                 }
3690             }
3691 
3692             /*
3693              * Read old and new backing file and take into consideration that
3694              * backing files may be smaller than the COW image.
3695              */
3696             if (offset >= old_backing_size) {
3697                 memset(buf_old, 0, n);
3698                 buf_old_is_zero = true;
3699             } else {
3700                 if (offset + n > old_backing_size) {
3701                     n = old_backing_size - offset;
3702                 }
3703 
3704                 ret = blk_pread(blk_old_backing, offset, buf_old, n);
3705                 if (ret < 0) {
3706                     error_report("error while reading from old backing file");
3707                     goto out;
3708                 }
3709             }
3710 
3711             if (offset >= new_backing_size || !blk_new_backing) {
3712                 memset(buf_new, 0, n);
3713             } else {
3714                 if (offset + n > new_backing_size) {
3715                     n = new_backing_size - offset;
3716                 }
3717 
3718                 ret = blk_pread(blk_new_backing, offset, buf_new, n);
3719                 if (ret < 0) {
3720                     error_report("error while reading from new backing file");
3721                     goto out;
3722                 }
3723             }
3724 
3725             /* If they differ, we need to write to the COW file */
3726             uint64_t written = 0;
3727 
3728             while (written < n) {
3729                 int64_t pnum;
3730 
3731                 if (compare_buffers(buf_old + written, buf_new + written,
3732                                     n - written, &pnum))
3733                 {
3734                     if (buf_old_is_zero) {
3735                         ret = blk_pwrite_zeroes(blk, offset + written, pnum, 0);
3736                     } else {
3737                         ret = blk_pwrite(blk, offset + written,
3738                                          buf_old + written, pnum, 0);
3739                     }
3740                     if (ret < 0) {
3741                         error_report("Error while writing to COW image: %s",
3742                             strerror(-ret));
3743                         goto out;
3744                     }
3745                 }
3746 
3747                 written += pnum;
3748             }
3749             qemu_progress_print(local_progress, 100);
3750         }
3751     }
3752 
3753     /*
3754      * Change the backing file. All clusters that are different from the old
3755      * backing file are overwritten in the COW file now, so the visible content
3756      * doesn't change when we switch the backing file.
3757      */
3758     if (out_baseimg && *out_baseimg) {
3759         ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(unfiltered_bs, out_baseimg, out_basefmt,
3760                                        true);
3761     } else {
3762         ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(unfiltered_bs, NULL, NULL, false);
3763     }
3764 
3765     if (ret == -ENOSPC) {
3766         error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': No "
3767                      "space left in the file header", out_baseimg);
3768     } else if (ret < 0) {
3769         error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': %s",
3770             out_baseimg, strerror(-ret));
3771     }
3772 
3773     qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
3774     /*
3775      * TODO At this point it is possible to check if any clusters that are
3776      * allocated in the COW file are the same in the backing file. If so, they
3777      * could be dropped from the COW file. Don't do this before switching the
3778      * backing file, in case of a crash this would lead to corruption.
3779      */
3780 out:
3781     qemu_progress_end();
3782     /* Cleanup */
3783     if (!unsafe) {
3784         blk_unref(blk_old_backing);
3785         blk_unref(blk_new_backing);
3786     }
3787     qemu_vfree(buf_old);
3788     qemu_vfree(buf_new);
3789 
3790     blk_unref(blk);
3791     if (ret) {
3792         return 1;
3793     }
3794     return 0;
3795 }
3796 
3797 static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
3798 {
3799     Error *err = NULL;
3800     int c, ret, relative;
3801     const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
3802     int64_t n, total_size, current_size;
3803     bool quiet = false;
3804     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3805     PreallocMode prealloc = PREALLOC_MODE_OFF;
3806     QemuOpts *param;
3807 
3808     static QemuOptsList resize_options = {
3809         .name = "resize_options",
3810         .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(resize_options.head),
3811         .desc = {
3812             {
3813                 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
3814                 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
3815                 .help = "Virtual disk size"
3816             }, {
3817                 /* end of list */
3818             }
3819         },
3820     };
3821     bool image_opts = false;
3822     bool shrink = false;
3823 
3824     /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
3825      * as options by getopt. */
3826     if (argc < 3) {
3827         error_exit("Not enough arguments");
3828         return 1;
3829     }
3830 
3831     size = argv[--argc];
3832 
3833     /* Parse getopt arguments */
3834     fmt = NULL;
3835     for(;;) {
3836         static const struct option long_options[] = {
3837             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3838             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3839             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3840             {"preallocation", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PREALLOCATION},
3841             {"shrink", no_argument, 0, OPTION_SHRINK},
3842             {0, 0, 0, 0}
3843         };
3844         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:hq",
3845                         long_options, NULL);
3846         if (c == -1) {
3847             break;
3848         }
3849         switch(c) {
3850         case ':':
3851             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3852             break;
3853         case '?':
3854             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3855             break;
3856         case 'h':
3857             help();
3858             break;
3859         case 'f':
3860             fmt = optarg;
3861             break;
3862         case 'q':
3863             quiet = true;
3864             break;
3865         case OPTION_OBJECT:
3866             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
3867             break;
3868         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3869             image_opts = true;
3870             break;
3871         case OPTION_PREALLOCATION:
3872             prealloc = qapi_enum_parse(&PreallocMode_lookup, optarg,
3873                                        PREALLOC_MODE__MAX, NULL);
3874             if (prealloc == PREALLOC_MODE__MAX) {
3875                 error_report("Invalid preallocation mode '%s'", optarg);
3876                 return 1;
3877             }
3878             break;
3879         case OPTION_SHRINK:
3880             shrink = true;
3881             break;
3882         }
3883     }
3884     if (optind != argc - 1) {
3885         error_exit("Expecting image file name and size");
3886     }
3887     filename = argv[optind++];
3888 
3889     /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
3890     switch (size[0]) {
3891     case '+':
3892         relative = 1;
3893         size++;
3894         break;
3895     case '-':
3896         relative = -1;
3897         size++;
3898         break;
3899     default:
3900         relative = 0;
3901         break;
3902     }
3903 
3904     /* Parse size */
3905     param = qemu_opts_create(&resize_options, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3906     if (!qemu_opt_set(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &err)) {
3907         error_report_err(err);
3908         ret = -1;
3909         qemu_opts_del(param);
3910         goto out;
3911     }
3912     n = qemu_opt_get_size(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
3913     qemu_opts_del(param);
3914 
3915     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
3916                    BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_RESIZE, false, quiet,
3917                    false);
3918     if (!blk) {
3919         ret = -1;
3920         goto out;
3921     }
3922 
3923     current_size = blk_getlength(blk);
3924     if (current_size < 0) {
3925         error_report("Failed to inquire current image length: %s",
3926                      strerror(-current_size));
3927         ret = -1;
3928         goto out;
3929     }
3930 
3931     if (relative) {
3932         total_size = current_size + n * relative;
3933     } else {
3934         total_size = n;
3935     }
3936     if (total_size <= 0) {
3937         error_report("New image size must be positive");
3938         ret = -1;
3939         goto out;
3940     }
3941 
3942     if (total_size <= current_size && prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_OFF) {
3943         error_report("Preallocation can only be used for growing images");
3944         ret = -1;
3945         goto out;
3946     }
3947 
3948     if (total_size < current_size && !shrink) {
3949         error_report("Use the --shrink option to perform a shrink operation.");
3950         warn_report("Shrinking an image will delete all data beyond the "
3951                     "shrunken image's end. Before performing such an "
3952                     "operation, make sure there is no important data there.");
3953         ret = -1;
3954         goto out;
3955     }
3956 
3957     /*
3958      * The user expects the image to have the desired size after
3959      * resizing, so pass @exact=true.  It is of no use to report
3960      * success when the image has not actually been resized.
3961      */
3962     ret = blk_truncate(blk, total_size, true, prealloc, 0, &err);
3963     if (!ret) {
3964         qprintf(quiet, "Image resized.\n");
3965     } else {
3966         error_report_err(err);
3967     }
3968 out:
3969     blk_unref(blk);
3970     if (ret) {
3971         return 1;
3972     }
3973     return 0;
3974 }
3975 
3976 static void amend_status_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
3977                             int64_t offset, int64_t total_work_size,
3978                             void *opaque)
3979 {
3980     qemu_progress_print(100.f * offset / total_work_size, 0);
3981 }
3982 
3983 static int print_amend_option_help(const char *format)
3984 {
3985     BlockDriver *drv;
3986 
3987     /* Find driver and parse its options */
3988     drv = bdrv_find_format(format);
3989     if (!drv) {
3990         error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", format);
3991         return 1;
3992     }
3993 
3994     if (!drv->bdrv_amend_options) {
3995         error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support option amendment",
3996                      format);
3997         return 1;
3998     }
3999 
4000     /* Every driver supporting amendment must have amend_opts */
4001     assert(drv->amend_opts);
4002 
4003     printf("Amend options for '%s':\n", format);
4004     qemu_opts_print_help(drv->amend_opts, false);
4005     return 0;
4006 }
4007 
4008 static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
4009 {
4010     Error *err = NULL;
4011     int c, ret = 0;
4012     char *options = NULL;
4013     QemuOptsList *amend_opts = NULL;
4014     QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
4015     const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
4016     int flags;
4017     bool writethrough;
4018     bool quiet = false, progress = false;
4019     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
4020     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
4021     bool image_opts = false;
4022     bool force = false;
4023 
4024     cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
4025     for (;;) {
4026         static const struct option long_options[] = {
4027             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4028             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
4029             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4030             {"force", no_argument, 0, OPTION_FORCE},
4031             {0, 0, 0, 0}
4032         };
4033         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":ho:f:t:pq",
4034                         long_options, NULL);
4035         if (c == -1) {
4036             break;
4037         }
4038 
4039         switch (c) {
4040         case ':':
4041             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4042             break;
4043         case '?':
4044             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4045             break;
4046         case 'h':
4047             help();
4048             break;
4049         case 'o':
4050             if (accumulate_options(&options, optarg) < 0) {
4051                 ret = -1;
4052                 goto out_no_progress;
4053             }
4054             break;
4055         case 'f':
4056             fmt = optarg;
4057             break;
4058         case 't':
4059             cache = optarg;
4060             break;
4061         case 'p':
4062             progress = true;
4063             break;
4064         case 'q':
4065             quiet = true;
4066             break;
4067         case OPTION_OBJECT:
4068             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
4069             break;
4070         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4071             image_opts = true;
4072             break;
4073         case OPTION_FORCE:
4074             force = true;
4075             break;
4076         }
4077     }
4078 
4079     if (!options) {
4080         error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
4081     }
4082 
4083     if (quiet) {
4084         progress = false;
4085     }
4086     qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
4087 
4088     filename = (optind == argc - 1) ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
4089     if (fmt && has_help_option(options)) {
4090         /* If a format is explicitly specified (and possibly no filename is
4091          * given), print option help here */
4092         ret = print_amend_option_help(fmt);
4093         goto out;
4094     }
4095 
4096     if (optind != argc - 1) {
4097         error_report("Expecting one image file name");
4098         ret = -1;
4099         goto out;
4100     }
4101 
4102     flags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
4103     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
4104     if (ret < 0) {
4105         error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
4106         goto out;
4107     }
4108 
4109     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
4110                    false);
4111     if (!blk) {
4112         ret = -1;
4113         goto out;
4114     }
4115     bs = blk_bs(blk);
4116 
4117     fmt = bs->drv->format_name;
4118 
4119     if (has_help_option(options)) {
4120         /* If the format was auto-detected, print option help here */
4121         ret = print_amend_option_help(fmt);
4122         goto out;
4123     }
4124 
4125     if (!bs->drv->bdrv_amend_options) {
4126         error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support option amendment",
4127                      fmt);
4128         ret = -1;
4129         goto out;
4130     }
4131 
4132     /* Every driver supporting amendment must have amend_opts */
4133     assert(bs->drv->amend_opts);
4134 
4135     amend_opts = qemu_opts_append(amend_opts, bs->drv->amend_opts);
4136     opts = qemu_opts_create(amend_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
4137     if (!qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err)) {
4138         /* Try to parse options using the create options */
4139         amend_opts = qemu_opts_append(amend_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
4140         qemu_opts_del(opts);
4141         opts = qemu_opts_create(amend_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
4142         if (qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, NULL)) {
4143             error_append_hint(&err,
4144                               "This option is only supported for image creation\n");
4145         }
4146 
4147         error_report_err(err);
4148         ret = -1;
4149         goto out;
4150     }
4151 
4152     /* In case the driver does not call amend_status_cb() */
4153     qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
4154     ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL, force, &err);
4155     qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
4156     if (ret < 0) {
4157         error_report_err(err);
4158         goto out;
4159     }
4160 
4161 out:
4162     qemu_progress_end();
4163 
4164 out_no_progress:
4165     blk_unref(blk);
4166     qemu_opts_del(opts);
4167     qemu_opts_free(amend_opts);
4168     g_free(options);
4169 
4170     if (ret) {
4171         return 1;
4172     }
4173     return 0;
4174 }
4175 
4176 typedef struct BenchData {
4177     BlockBackend *blk;
4178     uint64_t image_size;
4179     bool write;
4180     int bufsize;
4181     int step;
4182     int nrreq;
4183     int n;
4184     int flush_interval;
4185     bool drain_on_flush;
4186     uint8_t *buf;
4187     QEMUIOVector *qiov;
4188 
4189     int in_flight;
4190     bool in_flush;
4191     uint64_t offset;
4192 } BenchData;
4193 
4194 static void bench_undrained_flush_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
4195 {
4196     if (ret < 0) {
4197         error_report("Failed flush request: %s", strerror(-ret));
4198         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
4199     }
4200 }
4201 
4202 static void bench_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
4203 {
4204     BenchData *b = opaque;
4205     BlockAIOCB *acb;
4206 
4207     if (ret < 0) {
4208         error_report("Failed request: %s", strerror(-ret));
4209         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
4210     }
4211 
4212     if (b->in_flush) {
4213         /* Just finished a flush with drained queue: Start next requests */
4214         assert(b->in_flight == 0);
4215         b->in_flush = false;
4216     } else if (b->in_flight > 0) {
4217         int remaining = b->n - b->in_flight;
4218 
4219         b->n--;
4220         b->in_flight--;
4221 
4222         /* Time for flush? Drain queue if requested, then flush */
4223         if (b->flush_interval && remaining % b->flush_interval == 0) {
4224             if (!b->in_flight || !b->drain_on_flush) {
4225                 BlockCompletionFunc *cb;
4226 
4227                 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
4228                     b->in_flush = true;
4229                     cb = bench_cb;
4230                 } else {
4231                     cb = bench_undrained_flush_cb;
4232                 }
4233 
4234                 acb = blk_aio_flush(b->blk, cb, b);
4235                 if (!acb) {
4236                     error_report("Failed to issue flush request");
4237                     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
4238                 }
4239             }
4240             if (b->drain_on_flush) {
4241                 return;
4242             }
4243         }
4244     }
4245 
4246     while (b->n > b->in_flight && b->in_flight < b->nrreq) {
4247         int64_t offset = b->offset;
4248         /* blk_aio_* might look for completed I/Os and kick bench_cb
4249          * again, so make sure this operation is counted by in_flight
4250          * and b->offset is ready for the next submission.
4251          */
4252         b->in_flight++;
4253         b->offset += b->step;
4254         b->offset %= b->image_size;
4255         if (b->write) {
4256             acb = blk_aio_pwritev(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
4257         } else {
4258             acb = blk_aio_preadv(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
4259         }
4260         if (!acb) {
4261             error_report("Failed to issue request");
4262             exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
4263         }
4264     }
4265 }
4266 
4267 static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
4268 {
4269     int c, ret = 0;
4270     const char *fmt = NULL, *filename;
4271     bool quiet = false;
4272     bool image_opts = false;
4273     bool is_write = false;
4274     int count = 75000;
4275     int depth = 64;
4276     int64_t offset = 0;
4277     size_t bufsize = 4096;
4278     int pattern = 0;
4279     size_t step = 0;
4280     int flush_interval = 0;
4281     bool drain_on_flush = true;
4282     int64_t image_size;
4283     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
4284     BenchData data = {};
4285     int flags = 0;
4286     bool writethrough = false;
4287     struct timeval t1, t2;
4288     int i;
4289     bool force_share = false;
4290     size_t buf_size;
4291 
4292     for (;;) {
4293         static const struct option long_options[] = {
4294             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4295             {"flush-interval", required_argument, 0, OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL},
4296             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4297             {"pattern", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PATTERN},
4298             {"no-drain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_NO_DRAIN},
4299             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
4300             {0, 0, 0, 0}
4301         };
4302         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hc:d:f:ni:o:qs:S:t:wU", long_options,
4303                         NULL);
4304         if (c == -1) {
4305             break;
4306         }
4307 
4308         switch (c) {
4309         case ':':
4310             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4311             break;
4312         case '?':
4313             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4314             break;
4315         case 'h':
4316             help();
4317             break;
4318         case 'c':
4319         {
4320             unsigned long res;
4321 
4322             if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
4323                 error_report("Invalid request count specified");
4324                 return 1;
4325             }
4326             count = res;
4327             break;
4328         }
4329         case 'd':
4330         {
4331             unsigned long res;
4332 
4333             if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
4334                 error_report("Invalid queue depth specified");
4335                 return 1;
4336             }
4337             depth = res;
4338             break;
4339         }
4340         case 'f':
4341             fmt = optarg;
4342             break;
4343         case 'n':
4344             flags |= BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO;
4345             break;
4346         case 'i':
4347             ret = bdrv_parse_aio(optarg, &flags);
4348             if (ret < 0) {
4349                 error_report("Invalid aio option: %s", optarg);
4350                 ret = -1;
4351                 goto out;
4352             }
4353             break;
4354         case 'o':
4355         {
4356             offset = cvtnum("offset", optarg);
4357             if (offset < 0) {
4358                 return 1;
4359             }
4360             break;
4361         }
4362             break;
4363         case 'q':
4364             quiet = true;
4365             break;
4366         case 's':
4367         {
4368             int64_t sval;
4369 
4370             sval = cvtnum_full("buffer size", optarg, 0, INT_MAX);
4371             if (sval < 0) {
4372                 return 1;
4373             }
4374 
4375             bufsize = sval;
4376             break;
4377         }
4378         case 'S':
4379         {
4380             int64_t sval;
4381 
4382             sval = cvtnum_full("step_size", optarg, 0, INT_MAX);
4383             if (sval < 0) {
4384                 return 1;
4385             }
4386 
4387             step = sval;
4388             break;
4389         }
4390         case 't':
4391             ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough);
4392             if (ret < 0) {
4393                 error_report("Invalid cache mode");
4394                 ret = -1;
4395                 goto out;
4396             }
4397             break;
4398         case 'w':
4399             flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
4400             is_write = true;
4401             break;
4402         case 'U':
4403             force_share = true;
4404             break;
4405         case OPTION_PATTERN:
4406         {
4407             unsigned long res;
4408 
4409             if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > 0xff) {
4410                 error_report("Invalid pattern byte specified");
4411                 return 1;
4412             }
4413             pattern = res;
4414             break;
4415         }
4416         case OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL:
4417         {
4418             unsigned long res;
4419 
4420             if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
4421                 error_report("Invalid flush interval specified");
4422                 return 1;
4423             }
4424             flush_interval = res;
4425             break;
4426         }
4427         case OPTION_NO_DRAIN:
4428             drain_on_flush = false;
4429             break;
4430         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4431             image_opts = true;
4432             break;
4433         }
4434     }
4435 
4436     if (optind != argc - 1) {
4437         error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
4438     }
4439     filename = argv[argc - 1];
4440 
4441     if (!is_write && flush_interval) {
4442         error_report("--flush-interval is only available in write tests");
4443         ret = -1;
4444         goto out;
4445     }
4446     if (flush_interval && flush_interval < depth) {
4447         error_report("Flush interval can't be smaller than depth");
4448         ret = -1;
4449         goto out;
4450     }
4451 
4452     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
4453                    force_share);
4454     if (!blk) {
4455         ret = -1;
4456         goto out;
4457     }
4458 
4459     image_size = blk_getlength(blk);
4460     if (image_size < 0) {
4461         ret = image_size;
4462         goto out;
4463     }
4464 
4465     data = (BenchData) {
4466         .blk            = blk,
4467         .image_size     = image_size,
4468         .bufsize        = bufsize,
4469         .step           = step ?: bufsize,
4470         .nrreq          = depth,
4471         .n              = count,
4472         .offset         = offset,
4473         .write          = is_write,
4474         .flush_interval = flush_interval,
4475         .drain_on_flush = drain_on_flush,
4476     };
4477     printf("Sending %d %s requests, %d bytes each, %d in parallel "
4478            "(starting at offset %" PRId64 ", step size %d)\n",
4479            data.n, data.write ? "write" : "read", data.bufsize, data.nrreq,
4480            data.offset, data.step);
4481     if (flush_interval) {
4482         printf("Sending flush every %d requests\n", flush_interval);
4483     }
4484 
4485     buf_size = data.nrreq * data.bufsize;
4486     data.buf = blk_blockalign(blk, buf_size);
4487     memset(data.buf, pattern, data.nrreq * data.bufsize);
4488 
4489     blk_register_buf(blk, data.buf, buf_size);
4490 
4491     data.qiov = g_new(QEMUIOVector, data.nrreq);
4492     for (i = 0; i < data.nrreq; i++) {
4493         qemu_iovec_init(&data.qiov[i], 1);
4494         qemu_iovec_add(&data.qiov[i],
4495                        data.buf + i * data.bufsize, data.bufsize);
4496     }
4497 
4498     gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
4499     bench_cb(&data, 0);
4500 
4501     while (data.n > 0) {
4502         main_loop_wait(false);
4503     }
4504     gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
4505 
4506     printf("Run completed in %3.3f seconds.\n",
4507            (t2.tv_sec - t1.tv_sec)
4508            + ((double)(t2.tv_usec - t1.tv_usec) / 1000000));
4509 
4510 out:
4511     if (data.buf) {
4512         blk_unregister_buf(blk, data.buf);
4513     }
4514     qemu_vfree(data.buf);
4515     blk_unref(blk);
4516 
4517     if (ret) {
4518         return 1;
4519     }
4520     return 0;
4521 }
4522 
4523 enum ImgBitmapAct {
4524     BITMAP_ADD,
4525     BITMAP_REMOVE,
4526     BITMAP_CLEAR,
4527     BITMAP_ENABLE,
4528     BITMAP_DISABLE,
4529     BITMAP_MERGE,
4530 };
4531 typedef struct ImgBitmapAction {
4532     enum ImgBitmapAct act;
4533     const char *src; /* only used for merge */
4534     QSIMPLEQ_ENTRY(ImgBitmapAction) next;
4535 } ImgBitmapAction;
4536 
4537 static int img_bitmap(int argc, char **argv)
4538 {
4539     Error *err = NULL;
4540     int c, ret = 1;
4541     QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
4542     const char *fmt = NULL, *src_fmt = NULL, *src_filename = NULL;
4543     const char *filename, *bitmap;
4544     BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *src = NULL;
4545     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL, *src_bs = NULL;
4546     bool image_opts = false;
4547     int64_t granularity = 0;
4548     bool add = false, merge = false;
4549     QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(, ImgBitmapAction) actions;
4550     ImgBitmapAction *act, *act_next;
4551     const char *op;
4552 
4553     QSIMPLEQ_INIT(&actions);
4554 
4555     for (;;) {
4556         static const struct option long_options[] = {
4557             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4558             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
4559             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4560             {"add", no_argument, 0, OPTION_ADD},
4561             {"remove", no_argument, 0, OPTION_REMOVE},
4562             {"clear", no_argument, 0, OPTION_CLEAR},
4563             {"enable", no_argument, 0, OPTION_ENABLE},
4564             {"disable", no_argument, 0, OPTION_DISABLE},
4565             {"merge", required_argument, 0, OPTION_MERGE},
4566             {"granularity", required_argument, 0, 'g'},
4567             {"source-file", required_argument, 0, 'b'},
4568             {"source-format", required_argument, 0, 'F'},
4569             {0, 0, 0, 0}
4570         };
4571         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":b:f:F:g:h", long_options, NULL);
4572         if (c == -1) {
4573             break;
4574         }
4575 
4576         switch (c) {
4577         case ':':
4578             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4579             break;
4580         case '?':
4581             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4582             break;
4583         case 'h':
4584             help();
4585             break;
4586         case 'b':
4587             src_filename = optarg;
4588             break;
4589         case 'f':
4590             fmt = optarg;
4591             break;
4592         case 'F':
4593             src_fmt = optarg;
4594             break;
4595         case 'g':
4596             granularity = cvtnum("granularity", optarg);
4597             if (granularity < 0) {
4598                 return 1;
4599             }
4600             break;
4601         case OPTION_ADD:
4602             act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4603             act->act = BITMAP_ADD;
4604             QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4605             add = true;
4606             break;
4607         case OPTION_REMOVE:
4608             act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4609             act->act = BITMAP_REMOVE;
4610             QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4611             break;
4612         case OPTION_CLEAR:
4613             act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4614             act->act = BITMAP_CLEAR;
4615             QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4616             break;
4617         case OPTION_ENABLE:
4618             act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4619             act->act = BITMAP_ENABLE;
4620             QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4621             break;
4622         case OPTION_DISABLE:
4623             act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4624             act->act = BITMAP_DISABLE;
4625             QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4626             break;
4627         case OPTION_MERGE:
4628             act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4629             act->act = BITMAP_MERGE;
4630             act->src = optarg;
4631             QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4632             merge = true;
4633             break;
4634         case OPTION_OBJECT:
4635             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
4636             break;
4637         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4638             image_opts = true;
4639             break;
4640         }
4641     }
4642 
4643     if (QSIMPLEQ_EMPTY(&actions)) {
4644         error_report("Need at least one of --add, --remove, --clear, "
4645                      "--enable, --disable, or --merge");
4646         goto out;
4647     }
4648 
4649     if (granularity && !add) {
4650         error_report("granularity only supported with --add");
4651         goto out;
4652     }
4653     if (src_fmt && !src_filename) {
4654         error_report("-F only supported with -b");
4655         goto out;
4656     }
4657     if (src_filename && !merge) {
4658         error_report("Merge bitmap source file only supported with "
4659                      "--merge");
4660         goto out;
4661     }
4662 
4663     if (optind != argc - 2) {
4664         error_report("Expecting filename and bitmap name");
4665         goto out;
4666     }
4667 
4668     filename = argv[optind];
4669     bitmap = argv[optind + 1];
4670 
4671     /*
4672      * No need to open backing chains; we will be manipulating bitmaps
4673      * directly in this image without reference to image contents.
4674      */
4675     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING,
4676                    false, false, false);
4677     if (!blk) {
4678         goto out;
4679     }
4680     bs = blk_bs(blk);
4681     if (src_filename) {
4682         src = img_open(false, src_filename, src_fmt, BDRV_O_NO_BACKING,
4683                        false, false, false);
4684         if (!src) {
4685             goto out;
4686         }
4687         src_bs = blk_bs(src);
4688     } else {
4689         src_bs = bs;
4690     }
4691 
4692     QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH_SAFE(act, &actions, next, act_next) {
4693         switch (act->act) {
4694         case BITMAP_ADD:
4695             qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_add(bs->node_name, bitmap,
4696                                        !!granularity, granularity, true, true,
4697                                        false, false, &err);
4698             op = "add";
4699             break;
4700         case BITMAP_REMOVE:
4701             qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_remove(bs->node_name, bitmap, &err);
4702             op = "remove";
4703             break;
4704         case BITMAP_CLEAR:
4705             qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_clear(bs->node_name, bitmap, &err);
4706             op = "clear";
4707             break;
4708         case BITMAP_ENABLE:
4709             qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_enable(bs->node_name, bitmap, &err);
4710             op = "enable";
4711             break;
4712         case BITMAP_DISABLE:
4713             qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_disable(bs->node_name, bitmap, &err);
4714             op = "disable";
4715             break;
4716         case BITMAP_MERGE:
4717             do_dirty_bitmap_merge(bs->node_name, bitmap, src_bs->node_name,
4718                                   act->src, &err);
4719             op = "merge";
4720             break;
4721         default:
4722             g_assert_not_reached();
4723         }
4724 
4725         if (err) {
4726             error_reportf_err(err, "Operation %s on bitmap %s failed: ",
4727                               op, bitmap);
4728             goto out;
4729         }
4730         g_free(act);
4731     }
4732 
4733     ret = 0;
4734 
4735  out:
4736     blk_unref(src);
4737     blk_unref(blk);
4738     qemu_opts_del(opts);
4739     return ret;
4740 }
4741 
4742 #define C_BS      01
4743 #define C_COUNT   02
4744 #define C_IF      04
4745 #define C_OF      010
4746 #define C_SKIP    020
4747 
4748 struct DdInfo {
4749     unsigned int flags;
4750     int64_t count;
4751 };
4752 
4753 struct DdIo {
4754     int bsz;    /* Block size */
4755     char *filename;
4756     uint8_t *buf;
4757     int64_t offset;
4758 };
4759 
4760 struct DdOpts {
4761     const char *name;
4762     int (*f)(const char *, struct DdIo *, struct DdIo *, struct DdInfo *);
4763     unsigned int flag;
4764 };
4765 
4766 static int img_dd_bs(const char *arg,
4767                      struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4768                      struct DdInfo *dd)
4769 {
4770     int64_t res;
4771 
4772     res = cvtnum_full("bs", arg, 1, INT_MAX);
4773 
4774     if (res < 0) {
4775         return 1;
4776     }
4777     in->bsz = out->bsz = res;
4778 
4779     return 0;
4780 }
4781 
4782 static int img_dd_count(const char *arg,
4783                         struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4784                         struct DdInfo *dd)
4785 {
4786     dd->count = cvtnum("count", arg);
4787 
4788     if (dd->count < 0) {
4789         return 1;
4790     }
4791 
4792     return 0;
4793 }
4794 
4795 static int img_dd_if(const char *arg,
4796                      struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4797                      struct DdInfo *dd)
4798 {
4799     in->filename = g_strdup(arg);
4800 
4801     return 0;
4802 }
4803 
4804 static int img_dd_of(const char *arg,
4805                      struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4806                      struct DdInfo *dd)
4807 {
4808     out->filename = g_strdup(arg);
4809 
4810     return 0;
4811 }
4812 
4813 static int img_dd_skip(const char *arg,
4814                        struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4815                        struct DdInfo *dd)
4816 {
4817     in->offset = cvtnum("skip", arg);
4818 
4819     if (in->offset < 0) {
4820         return 1;
4821     }
4822 
4823     return 0;
4824 }
4825 
4826 static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
4827 {
4828     int ret = 0;
4829     char *arg = NULL;
4830     char *tmp;
4831     BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *proto_drv = NULL;
4832     BlockBackend *blk1 = NULL, *blk2 = NULL;
4833     QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
4834     QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
4835     Error *local_err = NULL;
4836     bool image_opts = false;
4837     int c, i;
4838     const char *out_fmt = "raw";
4839     const char *fmt = NULL;
4840     int64_t size = 0;
4841     int64_t block_count = 0, out_pos, in_pos;
4842     bool force_share = false;
4843     struct DdInfo dd = {
4844         .flags = 0,
4845         .count = 0,
4846     };
4847     struct DdIo in = {
4848         .bsz = 512, /* Block size is by default 512 bytes */
4849         .filename = NULL,
4850         .buf = NULL,
4851         .offset = 0
4852     };
4853     struct DdIo out = {
4854         .bsz = 512,
4855         .filename = NULL,
4856         .buf = NULL,
4857         .offset = 0
4858     };
4859 
4860     const struct DdOpts options[] = {
4861         { "bs", img_dd_bs, C_BS },
4862         { "count", img_dd_count, C_COUNT },
4863         { "if", img_dd_if, C_IF },
4864         { "of", img_dd_of, C_OF },
4865         { "skip", img_dd_skip, C_SKIP },
4866         { NULL, NULL, 0 }
4867     };
4868     const struct option long_options[] = {
4869         { "help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4870         { "object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
4871         { "image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4872         { "force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
4873         { 0, 0, 0, 0 }
4874     };
4875 
4876     while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:O:U", long_options, NULL))) {
4877         if (c == EOF) {
4878             break;
4879         }
4880         switch (c) {
4881         case 'O':
4882             out_fmt = optarg;
4883             break;
4884         case 'f':
4885             fmt = optarg;
4886             break;
4887         case ':':
4888             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4889             break;
4890         case '?':
4891             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4892             break;
4893         case 'h':
4894             help();
4895             break;
4896         case 'U':
4897             force_share = true;
4898             break;
4899         case OPTION_OBJECT:
4900             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
4901             break;
4902         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4903             image_opts = true;
4904             break;
4905         }
4906     }
4907 
4908     for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
4909         int j;
4910         arg = g_strdup(argv[i]);
4911 
4912         tmp = strchr(arg, '=');
4913         if (tmp == NULL) {
4914             error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
4915             ret = -1;
4916             goto out;
4917         }
4918 
4919         *tmp++ = '\0';
4920 
4921         for (j = 0; options[j].name != NULL; j++) {
4922             if (!strcmp(arg, options[j].name)) {
4923                 break;
4924             }
4925         }
4926         if (options[j].name == NULL) {
4927             error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
4928             ret = -1;
4929             goto out;
4930         }
4931 
4932         if (options[j].f(tmp, &in, &out, &dd) != 0) {
4933             ret = -1;
4934             goto out;
4935         }
4936         dd.flags |= options[j].flag;
4937         g_free(arg);
4938         arg = NULL;
4939     }
4940 
4941     if (!(dd.flags & C_IF && dd.flags & C_OF)) {
4942         error_report("Must specify both input and output files");
4943         ret = -1;
4944         goto out;
4945     }
4946 
4947     blk1 = img_open(image_opts, in.filename, fmt, 0, false, false,
4948                     force_share);
4949 
4950     if (!blk1) {
4951         ret = -1;
4952         goto out;
4953     }
4954 
4955     drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
4956     if (!drv) {
4957         error_report("Unknown file format");
4958         ret = -1;
4959         goto out;
4960     }
4961     proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out.filename, true, &local_err);
4962 
4963     if (!proto_drv) {
4964         error_report_err(local_err);
4965         ret = -1;
4966         goto out;
4967     }
4968     if (!drv->create_opts) {
4969         error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4970                      drv->format_name);
4971         ret = -1;
4972         goto out;
4973     }
4974     if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
4975         error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4976                      proto_drv->format_name);
4977         ret = -1;
4978         goto out;
4979     }
4980     create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
4981     create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
4982 
4983     opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
4984 
4985     size = blk_getlength(blk1);
4986     if (size < 0) {
4987         error_report("Failed to get size for '%s'", in.filename);
4988         ret = -1;
4989         goto out;
4990     }
4991 
4992     if (dd.flags & C_COUNT && dd.count <= INT64_MAX / in.bsz &&
4993         dd.count * in.bsz < size) {
4994         size = dd.count * in.bsz;
4995     }
4996 
4997     /* Overflow means the specified offset is beyond input image's size */
4998     if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
4999                               size < in.bsz * in.offset)) {
5000         qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0, &error_abort);
5001     } else {
5002         qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
5003                             size - in.bsz * in.offset, &error_abort);
5004     }
5005 
5006     ret = bdrv_create(drv, out.filename, opts, &local_err);
5007     if (ret < 0) {
5008         error_reportf_err(local_err,
5009                           "%s: error while creating output image: ",
5010                           out.filename);
5011         ret = -1;
5012         goto out;
5013     }
5014 
5015     /* TODO, we can't honour --image-opts for the target,
5016      * since it needs to be given in a format compatible
5017      * with the bdrv_create() call above which does not
5018      * support image-opts style.
5019      */
5020     blk2 = img_open_file(out.filename, NULL, out_fmt, BDRV_O_RDWR,
5021                          false, false, false);
5022 
5023     if (!blk2) {
5024         ret = -1;
5025         goto out;
5026     }
5027 
5028     if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
5029                               size < in.offset * in.bsz)) {
5030         /* We give a warning if the skip option is bigger than the input
5031          * size and create an empty output disk image (i.e. like dd(1)).
5032          */
5033         error_report("%s: cannot skip to specified offset", in.filename);
5034         in_pos = size;
5035     } else {
5036         in_pos = in.offset * in.bsz;
5037     }
5038 
5039     in.buf = g_new(uint8_t, in.bsz);
5040 
5041     for (out_pos = 0; in_pos < size; block_count++) {
5042         int in_ret, out_ret;
5043 
5044         if (in_pos + in.bsz > size) {
5045             in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, size - in_pos);
5046         } else {
5047             in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, in.bsz);
5048         }
5049         if (in_ret < 0) {
5050             error_report("error while reading from input image file: %s",
5051                          strerror(-in_ret));
5052             ret = -1;
5053             goto out;
5054         }
5055         in_pos += in_ret;
5056 
5057         out_ret = blk_pwrite(blk2, out_pos, in.buf, in_ret, 0);
5058 
5059         if (out_ret < 0) {
5060             error_report("error while writing to output image file: %s",
5061                          strerror(-out_ret));
5062             ret = -1;
5063             goto out;
5064         }
5065         out_pos += out_ret;
5066     }
5067 
5068 out:
5069     g_free(arg);
5070     qemu_opts_del(opts);
5071     qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
5072     blk_unref(blk1);
5073     blk_unref(blk2);
5074     g_free(in.filename);
5075     g_free(out.filename);
5076     g_free(in.buf);
5077     g_free(out.buf);
5078 
5079     if (ret) {
5080         return 1;
5081     }
5082     return 0;
5083 }
5084 
5085 static void dump_json_block_measure_info(BlockMeasureInfo *info)
5086 {
5087     GString *str;
5088     QObject *obj;
5089     Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
5090 
5091     visit_type_BlockMeasureInfo(v, NULL, &info, &error_abort);
5092     visit_complete(v, &obj);
5093     str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj, true);
5094     assert(str != NULL);
5095     printf("%s\n", str->str);
5096     qobject_unref(obj);
5097     visit_free(v);
5098     g_string_free(str, true);
5099 }
5100 
5101 static int img_measure(int argc, char **argv)
5102 {
5103     static const struct option long_options[] = {
5104         {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
5105         {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
5106         {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
5107         {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
5108         {"size", required_argument, 0, OPTION_SIZE},
5109         {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
5110         {0, 0, 0, 0}
5111     };
5112     OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
5113     BlockBackend *in_blk = NULL;
5114     BlockDriver *drv;
5115     const char *filename = NULL;
5116     const char *fmt = NULL;
5117     const char *out_fmt = "raw";
5118     char *options = NULL;
5119     char *snapshot_name = NULL;
5120     bool force_share = false;
5121     QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
5122     QemuOpts *object_opts = NULL;
5123     QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
5124     QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
5125     bool image_opts = false;
5126     uint64_t img_size = UINT64_MAX;
5127     BlockMeasureInfo *info = NULL;
5128     Error *local_err = NULL;
5129     int ret = 1;
5130     int c;
5131 
5132     while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:o:l:U",
5133                             long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
5134         switch (c) {
5135         case '?':
5136         case 'h':
5137             help();
5138             break;
5139         case 'f':
5140             fmt = optarg;
5141             break;
5142         case 'O':
5143             out_fmt = optarg;
5144             break;
5145         case 'o':
5146             if (accumulate_options(&options, optarg) < 0) {
5147                 goto out;
5148             }
5149             break;
5150         case 'l':
5151             if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
5152                 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
5153                                                   optarg, false);
5154                 if (!sn_opts) {
5155                     error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
5156                                  optarg);
5157                     goto out;
5158                 }
5159             } else {
5160                 snapshot_name = optarg;
5161             }
5162             break;
5163         case 'U':
5164             force_share = true;
5165             break;
5166         case OPTION_OBJECT:
5167             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
5168             break;
5169         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
5170             image_opts = true;
5171             break;
5172         case OPTION_OUTPUT:
5173             if (!strcmp(optarg, "json")) {
5174                 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
5175             } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "human")) {
5176                 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
5177             } else {
5178                 error_report("--output must be used with human or json "
5179                              "as argument.");
5180                 goto out;
5181             }
5182             break;
5183         case OPTION_SIZE:
5184         {
5185             int64_t sval;
5186 
5187             sval = cvtnum("image size", optarg);
5188             if (sval < 0) {
5189                 goto out;
5190             }
5191             img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
5192         }
5193         break;
5194         }
5195     }
5196 
5197     if (argc - optind > 1) {
5198         error_report("At most one filename argument is allowed.");
5199         goto out;
5200     } else if (argc - optind == 1) {
5201         filename = argv[optind];
5202     }
5203 
5204     if (!filename && (image_opts || fmt || snapshot_name || sn_opts)) {
5205         error_report("--image-opts, -f, and -l require a filename argument.");
5206         goto out;
5207     }
5208     if (filename && img_size != UINT64_MAX) {
5209         error_report("--size N cannot be used together with a filename.");
5210         goto out;
5211     }
5212     if (!filename && img_size == UINT64_MAX) {
5213         error_report("Either --size N or one filename must be specified.");
5214         goto out;
5215     }
5216 
5217     if (filename) {
5218         in_blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, 0,
5219                           false, false, force_share);
5220         if (!in_blk) {
5221             goto out;
5222         }
5223 
5224         if (sn_opts) {
5225             bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(blk_bs(in_blk),
5226                     qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
5227                     qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
5228                     &local_err);
5229         } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
5230             bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(blk_bs(in_blk),
5231                     snapshot_name, &local_err);
5232         }
5233         if (local_err) {
5234             error_reportf_err(local_err, "Failed to load snapshot: ");
5235             goto out;
5236         }
5237     }
5238 
5239     drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
5240     if (!drv) {
5241         error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
5242         goto out;
5243     }
5244     if (!drv->create_opts) {
5245         error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
5246                      drv->format_name);
5247         goto out;
5248     }
5249 
5250     create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
5251     create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bdrv_file.create_opts);
5252     opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
5253     if (options) {
5254         if (!qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err)) {
5255             error_report_err(local_err);
5256             error_report("Invalid options for file format '%s'", out_fmt);
5257             goto out;
5258         }
5259     }
5260     if (img_size != UINT64_MAX) {
5261         qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, img_size, &error_abort);
5262     }
5263 
5264     info = bdrv_measure(drv, opts, in_blk ? blk_bs(in_blk) : NULL, &local_err);
5265     if (local_err) {
5266         error_report_err(local_err);
5267         goto out;
5268     }
5269 
5270     if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
5271         printf("required size: %" PRIu64 "\n", info->required);
5272         printf("fully allocated size: %" PRIu64 "\n", info->fully_allocated);
5273         if (info->has_bitmaps) {
5274             printf("bitmaps size: %" PRIu64 "\n", info->bitmaps);
5275         }
5276     } else {
5277         dump_json_block_measure_info(info);
5278     }
5279 
5280     ret = 0;
5281 
5282 out:
5283     qapi_free_BlockMeasureInfo(info);
5284     qemu_opts_del(object_opts);
5285     qemu_opts_del(opts);
5286     qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
5287     qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
5288     g_free(options);
5289     blk_unref(in_blk);
5290     return ret;
5291 }
5292 
5293 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
5294 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string)        \
5295     { option, callback },
5296 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
5297 #undef DEF
5298     { NULL, NULL, },
5299 };
5300 
5301 int main(int argc, char **argv)
5302 {
5303     const img_cmd_t *cmd;
5304     const char *cmdname;
5305     Error *local_error = NULL;
5306     int c;
5307     static const struct option long_options[] = {
5308         {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
5309         {"version", no_argument, 0, 'V'},
5310         {"trace", required_argument, NULL, 'T'},
5311         {0, 0, 0, 0}
5312     };
5313 
5314 #ifdef CONFIG_POSIX
5315     signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
5316 #endif
5317 
5318     socket_init();
5319     error_init(argv[0]);
5320     module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_TRACE);
5321     qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);
5322 
5323     if (qemu_init_main_loop(&local_error)) {
5324         error_report_err(local_error);
5325         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
5326     }
5327 
5328     qcrypto_init(&error_fatal);
5329 
5330     module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_QOM);
5331     bdrv_init();
5332     if (argc < 2) {
5333         error_exit("Not enough arguments");
5334     }
5335 
5336     qemu_add_opts(&qemu_source_opts);
5337     qemu_add_opts(&qemu_trace_opts);
5338 
5339     while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "+:hVT:", long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
5340         switch (c) {
5341         case ':':
5342             missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
5343             return 0;
5344         case '?':
5345             unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
5346             return 0;
5347         case 'h':
5348             help();
5349             return 0;
5350         case 'V':
5351             printf(QEMU_IMG_VERSION);
5352             return 0;
5353         case 'T':
5354             trace_opt_parse(optarg);
5355             break;
5356         }
5357     }
5358 
5359     cmdname = argv[optind];
5360 
5361     /* reset getopt_long scanning */
5362     argc -= optind;
5363     if (argc < 1) {
5364         return 0;
5365     }
5366     argv += optind;
5367     qemu_reset_optind();
5368 
5369     if (!trace_init_backends()) {
5370         exit(1);
5371     }
5372     trace_init_file();
5373     qemu_set_log(LOG_TRACE);
5374 
5375     /* find the command */
5376     for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
5377         if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
5378             return cmd->handler(argc, argv);
5379         }
5380     }
5381 
5382     /* not found */
5383     error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);
5384 }
5385