1===== 2D-Bus 3===== 4 5Introduction 6============ 7 8QEMU may be running with various helper processes involved: 9 - vhost-user* processes (gpu, virtfs, input, etc...) 10 - TPM emulation (or other devices) 11 - user networking (slirp) 12 - network services (DHCP/DNS, samba/ftp etc) 13 - background tasks (compression, streaming etc) 14 - client UI 15 - admin & cli 16 17Having several processes allows stricter security rules, as well as 18greater modularity. 19 20While QEMU itself uses QMP as primary IPC (and Spice/VNC for remote 21display), D-Bus is the de facto IPC of choice on Unix systems. The 22wire format is machine friendly, good bindings exist for various 23languages, and there are various tools available. 24 25Using a bus, helper processes can discover and communicate with each 26other easily, without going through QEMU. The bus topology is also 27easier to apprehend and debug than a mesh. However, it is wise to 28consider the security aspects of it. 29 30Security 31======== 32 33A QEMU D-Bus bus should be private to a single VM. Thus, only 34cooperative tasks are running on the same bus to serve the VM. 35 36D-Bus, the protocol and standard, doesn't have mechanisms to enforce 37security between peers once the connection is established. Peers may 38have additional mechanisms to enforce security rules, based for 39example on UNIX credentials. 40 41The daemon can control which peers can send/recv messages using 42various metadata attributes, however, this is alone is not generally 43sufficient to make the deployment secure. The semantics of the actual 44methods implemented using D-Bus are just as critical. Peers need to 45carefully validate any information they received from a peer with a 46different trust level. 47 48dbus-daemon policy 49------------------ 50 51dbus-daemon can enforce various policies based on the UID/GID of the 52processes that are connected to it. It is thus a good idea to run 53helpers as different UID from QEMU and set appropriate policies. 54 55Depending on the use case, you may choose different scenarios: 56 57 - Everything the same UID 58 59 - Convenient for developers 60 - Improved reliability - crash of one part doesn't take 61 out entire VM 62 - No security benefit over traditional QEMU, unless additional 63 unless additional controls such as SELinux or AppArmor are 64 applied 65 66 - Two UIDs, one for QEMU, one for dbus & helpers 67 68 - Moderately improved user based security isolation 69 70 - Many UIDs, one for QEMU one for dbus and one for each helpers 71 72 - Best user based security isolation 73 - Complex to manager distinct UIDs needed for each VM 74 75For example, to allow only ``qemu`` user to talk to ``qemu-helper`` 76``org.qemu.Helper1`` service, a dbus-daemon policy may contain: 77 78.. code:: xml 79 80 <policy user="qemu"> 81 <allow send_destination="org.qemu.Helper1"/> 82 <allow receive_sender="org.qemu.Helper1"/> 83 </policy> 84 85 <policy user="qemu-helper"> 86 <allow own="org.qemu.Helper1"/> 87 </policy> 88 89 90dbus-daemon can also perform SELinux checks based on the security 91context of the source and the target. For example, ``virtiofs_t`` 92could be allowed to send a message to ``svirt_t``, but ``virtiofs_t`` 93wouldn't be allowed to send a message to ``virtiofs_t``. 94 95See dbus-daemon man page for details. 96 97Guidelines 98========== 99 100When implementing new D-Bus interfaces, it is recommended to follow 101the "D-Bus API Design Guidelines": 102https://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-api-design.html 103 104The "org.qemu.*" prefix is reserved for services implemented & 105distributed by the QEMU project. 106 107QEMU Interfaces 108=============== 109 110:doc:`dbus-vmstate` 111 112:doc:`dbus-display` 113