docs/devel/qapi-domain.rst

======================
The Sphinx QAPI Domain
======================

An extension to the `rST syntax
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/basics.html>`_
in Sphinx is provided by the QAPI Domain, located in
``docs/sphinx/qapi_domain.py``. This extension is analogous to the
`Python Domain
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/domains/python.html>`_
included with Sphinx, but provides special directives and roles
for annotating and documenting QAPI definitions
specifically.

A `Domain
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/domains/index.html>`_
provides a set of special rST directives and cross-referencing roles to
Sphinx for understanding rST markup written to document a specific
language. By itself, this QAPI extension is only sufficient to parse rST
markup written by hand; the `autodoc
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/extensions/autodoc.html>`_
functionality is provided elsewhere, in ``docs/sphinx/qapidoc.py``, by
the "Transmogrifier".

It is not expected that any developer nor documentation writer would
never need to write *nor* read these special rST forms. However, in the
event that something needs to be debugged, knowing the syntax of the
domain is quite handy. This reference may also be useful as a guide for
understanding the QAPI Domain extension code itself. Although most of
these forms will not be needed for documentation writing purposes,
understanding the cross-referencing syntax *will* be helpful when
writing rST documentation elsewhere, or for enriching the body of
QAPIDoc blocks themselves.


Concepts
========

The QAPI Domain itself provides no mechanisms for reading the QAPI
Schema or generating documentation from code that exists. It is merely
the rST syntax used to describe things. For instance, the Sphinx Python
domain adds syntax like ``:py:func:`` for describing Python functions in
documentation, but it's the autodoc module that is responsible for
reading Python code and generating such syntax. QAPI is analogous here:
qapidoc.py is responsible for reading the QAPI Schema and generating rST
syntax, and qapi_domain.py is responsible for translating that special
syntax and providing APIs for Sphinx internals.

In other words:

qapi_domain.py adds syntax like ``.. qapi:command::`` to Sphinx, and
qapidoc.py transforms the documentation in ``qapi/*.json`` into rST
using directives defined by the domain.

Or even shorter:

``:py:`` is to ``:qapi:`` as *autodoc* is to *qapidoc*.


Info Field Lists
================

`Field lists
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/basics.html#field-lists>`_
are a standard syntax in reStructuredText. Sphinx `extends that syntax
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/domains/python.html#info-field-lists>`_
to give certain field list entries special meaning and parsing to, for
example, add cross-references. The QAPI Domain takes advantage of this
field list extension to document things like Arguments, Members, Values,
and so on.

The special parsing and handling of info field lists in Sphinx is provided by
three main classes; Field, GroupedField, and TypedField. The behavior
and formatting for each configured field list entry in the domain
changes depending on which class is used.

Field:
  * Creates an ungrouped field: i.e., each entry will create its own
    section and they will not be combined.
  * May *optionally* support an argument.
  * May apply cross-reference roles to *either* the argument *or* the
    content body, both, or neither.

This is used primarily for entries which are not expected to be
repeated, i.e., items that may only show up at most once. The QAPI
domain uses this class for "Errors" section.

GroupedField:
  * Creates a grouped field: i.e. multiple adjacent entries will be
    merged into one section, and the content will form a bulleted list.
  * *Must* take an argument.
  * May optionally apply a cross-reference role to the argument, but not
    the body.
  * Can be configured to remove the bulleted list if there is only a
    single entry.
  * All items will be generated with the form: "argument -- body"

This is used for entries which are expected to be repeated, but aren't
expected to have two arguments, i.e. types without names, or names
without types. The QAPI domain uses this class for features, returns,
and enum values.

TypedField:
  * Creates a grouped, typed field. Multiple adjacent entries will be
    merged into one section, and the content will form a bulleted list.
  * *Must* take at least one argument, but supports up to two -
    nominally, a name and a type.
  * May optionally apply a cross-reference role to the type or the name
    argument, but not the body.
  * Can be configured to remove the bulleted list if there is only a
    single entry.
  * All items will be generated with the form "name (type) -- body"

This is used for entries that are expected to be repeated and will have
a name, a type, and a description. The QAPI domain uses this class for
arguments, alternatives, and members. Wherever type names are referenced
below, They must be a valid, documented type that will be
cross-referenced in the HTML output; or one of the built-in JSON types
(string, number, int, boolean, null, value, q_empty).


``:feat:``
----------

Document a feature attached to a QAPI definition.

:availability: This field list is available in the body of Command,
               Event, Enum, Object and Alternate directives.
:syntax: ``:feat name: Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet...``
:type: `sphinx.util.docfields.GroupedField
       <https://pydoc.dev/sphinx/latest/sphinx.util.docfields.GroupedField.html?private=1>`_

Example::

   .. qapi:object:: BlockdevOptionsVirtioBlkVhostVdpa
      :since: 7.2
      :ifcond: CONFIG_BLKIO

      Driver specific block device options for the virtio-blk-vhost-vdpa
      backend.

   :memb string path: path to the vhost-vdpa character device.
   :feat fdset: Member ``path`` supports the special "/dev/fdset/N" path
       (since 8.1)


``:arg:``
---------

Document an argument to a QAPI command.

:availability: This field list is only available in the body of the
               Command directive.
:syntax: ``:arg type name: description``
:type: `sphinx.util.docfields.TypedField
       <https://pydoc.dev/sphinx/latest/sphinx.util.docfields.TypedField.html?private=1>`_


Example::

   .. qapi:command:: job-pause
      :since: 3.0

      Pause an active job.

      This command returns immediately after marking the active job for
      pausing.  Pausing an already paused job is an error.

      The job will pause as soon as possible, which means transitioning
      into the PAUSED state if it was RUNNING, or into STANDBY if it was
      READY.  The corresponding JOB_STATUS_CHANGE event will be emitted.

      Cancelling a paused job automatically resumes it.

      :arg string id: The job identifier.


``:error:``
-----------

Document the error condition(s) of a QAPI command.

:availability: This field list is only available in the body of the
               Command directive.
:syntax: ``:error: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet ...``
:type: `sphinx.util.docfields.Field
       <https://pydoc.dev/sphinx/latest/sphinx.util.docfields.Field.html?private=1>`_

The format of the :errors: field list description is free-form rST. The
alternative spelling ":errors:" is also permitted, but strictly
analogous.

Example::

   .. qapi:command:: block-job-set-speed
      :since: 1.1

      Set maximum speed for a background block operation.

      This command can only be issued when there is an active block job.

      Throttling can be disabled by setting the speed to 0.

      :arg string device: The job identifier.  This used to be a device
          name (hence the name of the parameter), but since QEMU 2.7 it
          can have other values.
      :arg int speed: the maximum speed, in bytes per second, or 0 for
          unlimited.  Defaults to 0.
      :error:
          - If no background operation is active on this device,
            DeviceNotActive


``:return:``
-------------

Document the return type(s) and value(s) of a QAPI command.

:availability: This field list is only available in the body of the
               Command directive.
:syntax: ``:return type: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet ...``
:type: `sphinx.util.docfields.GroupedField
       <https://pydoc.dev/sphinx/latest/sphinx.util.docfields.GroupedField.html?private=1>`_


Example::

   .. qapi:command:: query-replay
      :since: 5.2

      Retrieve the record/replay information.  It includes current
      instruction count which may be used for ``replay-break`` and
      ``replay-seek`` commands.

      :return ReplayInfo: record/replay information.

      .. qmp-example::

          -> { "execute": "query-replay" }
          <- { "return": {
                 "mode": "play", "filename": "log.rr", "icount": 220414 }
             }


``:return-nodesc:``
-------------------

Document the return type of a QAPI command, without an accompanying
description.

:availability: This field list is only available in the body of the
               Command directive.
:syntax: ``:return-nodesc: type``
:type: `sphinx.util.docfields.Field
       <https://pydoc.dev/sphinx/latest/sphinx.util.docfields.Field.html?private=1>`_


Example::

   .. qapi:command:: query-replay
      :since: 5.2

      Retrieve the record/replay information.  It includes current
      instruction count which may be used for ``replay-break`` and
      ``replay-seek`` commands.

      :return-nodesc: ReplayInfo

      .. qmp-example::

          -> { "execute": "query-replay" }
          <- { "return": {
                 "mode": "play", "filename": "log.rr", "icount": 220414 }
             }

``:value:``
-----------

Document a possible value for a QAPI enum.

:availability: This field list is only available in the body of the Enum
               directive.
:syntax: ``:value name: Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet ...``
:type: `sphinx.util.docfields.GroupedField
       <https://pydoc.dev/sphinx/latest/sphinx.util.docfields.GroupedField.html?private=1>`_

Example::

   .. qapi:enum:: QapiErrorClass
      :since: 1.2

      QEMU error classes

      :value GenericError: this is used for errors that don't require a specific
          error class.  This should be the default case for most errors
      :value CommandNotFound: the requested command has not been found
      :value DeviceNotActive: a device has failed to be become active
      :value DeviceNotFound: the requested device has not been found
      :value KVMMissingCap: the requested operation can't be fulfilled because a
          required KVM capability is missing


``:alt:``
------------

Document a possible branch for a QAPI alternate.

:availability: This field list is only available in the body of the
               Alternate directive.
:syntax: ``:alt type name: Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet ...``
:type: `sphinx.util.docfields.TypedField
       <https://pydoc.dev/sphinx/latest/sphinx.util.docfields.TypedField.html?private=1>`_

As a limitation of Sphinx, we must document the "name" of the branch in
addition to the type, even though this information is not visible on the
wire in the QMP protocol format. This limitation *may* be lifted at a
future date.

Example::

   .. qapi:alternate:: StrOrNull
      :since: 2.10

      This is a string value or the explicit lack of a string (null
      pointer in C).  Intended for cases when 'optional absent' already
      has a different meaning.

       :alt string s: the string value
       :alt null n: no string value


``:memb:``
----------

Document a member of an Event or Object.

:availability: This field list is available in the body of Event or
               Object directives.
:syntax: ``:memb type name: Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet ...``
:type: `sphinx.util.docfields.TypedField
       <https://pydoc.dev/sphinx/latest/sphinx.util.docfields.TypedField.html?private=1>`_

This is fundamentally the same as ``:arg:`` and ``:alt:``, but uses the
"Members" phrasing for Events and Objects (Structs and Unions).

Example::

   .. qapi:event:: JOB_STATUS_CHANGE
      :since: 3.0

      Emitted when a job transitions to a different status.

      :memb string id: The job identifier
      :memb JobStatus status: The new job status


Arbitrary field lists
---------------------

Other field list names, while valid rST syntax, are prohibited inside of
QAPI directives to help prevent accidental misspellings of info field
list names. If you want to add a new arbitrary "non-value-added" field
list to QAPI documentation, you must add the field name to the allow
list in ``docs/conf.py``

For example::

   qapi_allowed_fields = {
       "see also",
   }

Will allow you to add arbitrary field lists in QAPI directives::

   .. qapi:command:: x-fake-command

      :see also: Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet ...


Cross-references
================

Cross-reference `roles
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/roles.html>`_
in the QAPI domain are modeled closely after the `Python
cross-referencing syntax
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/domains/python.html#cross-referencing-python-objects>`_.

QAPI definitions can be referenced using the standard `any
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/referencing.html#role-any>`_
role cross-reference syntax, such as with ```query-blockstats```.  In
the event that disambiguation is needed, cross-references can also be
written using a number of explicit cross-reference roles:

* ``:qapi:mod:`block-core``` -- Reference a QAPI module. The link will
  take you to the beginning of that section in the documentation.
* ``:qapi:cmd:`query-block``` -- Reference a QAPI command.
* ``:qapi:event:`JOB_STATUS_CHANGE``` -- Reference a QAPI event.
* ``:qapi:enum:`QapiErrorClass``` -- Reference a QAPI enum.
* ``:qapi:obj:`BlockdevOptionsVirtioBlkVhostVdpa`` -- Reference a QAPI
  object (struct or union)
* ``:qapi:alt:`StrOrNull``` -- Reference a QAPI alternate.
* ``:qapi:type:`BlockDirtyInfo``` -- Reference *any* QAPI type; this
  excludes modules, commands, and events.
* ``:qapi:any:`block-job-set-speed``` -- Reference absolutely any QAPI entity.

Type arguments in info field lists are converted into references as if
you had used the ``:qapi:type:`` role. All of the special syntax below
applies to both info field lists and standalone explicit
cross-references.


Type decorations
----------------

Type names in references can be surrounded by brackets, like
``[typename]``, to indicate an array of that type.  The cross-reference
will apply only to the type name between the brackets. For example;
``:qapi:type:`[Qcow2BitmapInfoFlags]``` renders to:
:qapi:type:`[QMP:Qcow2BitmapInfoFlags]`

To indicate an optional argument/member in a field list, the type name
can be suffixed with ``?``. The cross-reference will be transformed to
"type, Optional" with the link applying only to the type name. For
example; ``:qapi:type:`BitmapSyncMode?``` renders to:
:qapi:type:`QMP:BitmapSyncMode?`


Namespaces
----------

Mimicking the `Python domain target specification syntax
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/domains/python.html#target-specification>`_,
QAPI allows you to specify the fully qualified path for a data
type.

* A namespace can be explicitly provided;
  e.g. ``:qapi:type:`QMP:BitmapSyncMode``
* A module can be explicitly provided;
  ``:qapi:type:`QMP:block-core.BitmapSyncMode``` will render to:
  :qapi:type:`QMP:block-core.BitmapSyncMode`
* If you don't want to display the "fully qualified" name, it can be
  prefixed with a tilde; ``:qapi:type:`~QMP:block-core.BitmapSyncMode```
  will render to: :qapi:type:`~QMP:block-core.BitmapSyncMode`


Target resolution
-----------------

Any cross-reference to a QAPI type, whether using the ```any``` style of
reference or the more explicit ```:qapi:any:`target``` syntax, allows
for the presence or absence of either the namespace or module
information.

When absent, their value will be inferred from context by the presence
of any ``qapi:namespace`` or ``qapi:module`` directives preceding the
cross-reference.

If no results are found when using the inferred values, other
namespaces/modules will be searched as a last resort; but any explicitly
provided values must always match in order to succeed.

This allows for efficient cross-referencing with a minimum of syntax in
the large majority of cases, but additional context or namespace markup
may be required outside of the QAPI reference documents when linking to
items that share a name across multiple documented QAPI schema.


Custom link text
----------------

The name of a cross-reference link can be explicitly overridden like
`most stock Sphinx references
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/referencing.html#syntax>`_
using the ``custom text <target>`` syntax.

For example, ``:qapi:cmd:`Merge dirty bitmaps
<block-dirty-bitmap-merge>``` will render as: :qapi:cmd:`Merge dirty
bitmaps <QMP:block-dirty-bitmap-merge>`


Directives
==========

The QAPI domain adds a number of custom directives for documenting
various QAPI/QMP entities. The syntax is plain rST, and follows this
general format::

  .. qapi:directive:: argument
     :option:
     :another-option: with an argument

     Content body, arbitrary rST is allowed here.


Sphinx standard options
-----------------------

All QAPI directives inherit a number of `standard options
<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/domains/index.html#basic-markup>`_
from Sphinx's ObjectDescription class.

The dashed spellings of the below options were added in Sphinx 7.2, the
undashed spellings are currently retained as aliases, but will be
removed in a future version.

* ``:no-index:`` and ``:noindex:`` -- Do not add this item into the
  Index, and do not make it available for cross-referencing.
* ``no-index-entry:`` and ``:noindexentry:`` -- Do not add this item
  into the Index, but allow it to be cross-referenced.
* ``no-contents-entry`` and ``:nocontentsentry:`` -- Exclude this item
  from the Table of Contents.
* ``no-typesetting`` -- Create TOC, Index and cross-referencing
  entities, but don't actually display the content.


QAPI standard options
---------------------

All QAPI directives -- *except* for namespace and module -- support
these common options.

* ``:namespace: name`` -- This option allows you to override the
  namespace association of a given definition.
* ``:module: modname`` -- Borrowed from the Python domain, this option allows
  you to override the module association of a given definition.
* ``:since: x.y`` -- Allows the documenting of "Since" information, which is
  displayed in the signature bar.
* ``:ifcond: CONDITION`` -- Allows the documenting of conditional availability
  information, which is displayed in an eyecatch just below the
  signature bar.
* ``:deprecated:`` -- Adds an eyecatch just below the signature bar that
  advertises that this definition is deprecated and should be avoided.
* ``:unstable:`` -- Adds an eyecatch just below the signature bar that
  advertises that this definition is unstable and should not be used in
  production code.


qapi:namespace
--------------

The ``qapi:namespace`` directive marks the start of a QAPI namespace. It
does not take a content body, nor any options. All subsequent QAPI
directives are associated with the most recent namespace. This affects
the definition's "fully qualified name", allowing two different
namespaces to create an otherwise identically named definition.

This directive also influences how reference resolution works for any
references that do not explicitly specify a namespace, so this directive
can be used to nudge references into preferring targets from within that
namespace.

Example::

   .. qapi:namespace:: QMP


This directive has no visible effect.


qapi:module
-----------

The ``qapi:module`` directive marks the start of a QAPI module. It may have
a content body, but it can be omitted. All subsequent QAPI directives
are associated with the most recent module; this effects their "fully
qualified" name, but has no other effect.

Example::

   .. qapi:module:: block-core

      Welcome to the block-core module!

Will be rendered as:

.. qapi:module:: block-core
   :noindex:

   Welcome to the block-core module!


qapi:command
------------

This directive documents a QMP command. It may use any of the standard
Sphinx or QAPI options, and the documentation body may contain
``:arg:``, ``:feat:``, ``:error:``, or ``:return:`` info field list
entries.

Example::

  .. qapi:command:: x-fake-command
     :since: 42.0
     :unstable:

     This command is fake, so it can't hurt you!

     :arg int foo: Your favorite number.
     :arg string? bar: Your favorite season.
     :return [string]: A lovely computer-written poem for you.


Will be rendered as:

  .. qapi:command:: x-fake-command
     :noindex:
     :since: 42.0
     :unstable:

     This command is fake, so it can't hurt you!

     :arg int foo: Your favorite number.
     :arg string? bar: Your favorite season.
     :return [string]: A lovely computer-written poem for you.


qapi:event
----------

This directive documents a QMP event. It may use any of the standard
Sphinx or QAPI options, and the documentation body may contain
``:memb:`` or ``:feat:`` info field list entries.

Example::

  .. qapi:event:: COMPUTER_IS_RUINED
     :since: 0.1
     :deprecated:

     This event is emitted when your computer is *extremely* ruined.

     :memb string reason: Diagnostics as to what caused your computer to
        be ruined.
     :feat sadness: When present, the diagnostic message will also
        explain how sad the computer is as a result of your wrongdoings.

Will be rendered as:

.. qapi:event:: COMPUTER_IS_RUINED
   :noindex:
   :since: 0.1
   :deprecated:

   This event is emitted when your computer is *extremely* ruined.

   :memb string reason: Diagnostics as to what caused your computer to
      be ruined.
   :feat sadness: When present, the diagnostic message will also explain
      how sad the computer is as a result of your wrongdoings.


qapi:enum
---------

This directive documents a QAPI enum. It may use any of the standard
Sphinx or QAPI options, and the documentation body may contain
``:value:`` or ``:feat:`` info field list entries.

Example::

  .. qapi:enum:: Mood
     :ifcond: LIB_PERSONALITY

     This enum represents your virtual machine's current mood!

     :value Happy: Your VM is content and well-fed.
     :value Hungry: Your VM needs food.
     :value Melancholic: Your VM is experiencing existential angst.
     :value Petulant: Your VM is throwing a temper tantrum.

Will be rendered as:

.. qapi:enum:: Mood
   :noindex:
   :ifcond: LIB_PERSONALITY

   This enum represents your virtual machine's current mood!

   :value Happy: Your VM is content and well-fed.
   :value Hungry: Your VM needs food.
   :value Melancholic: Your VM is experiencing existential angst.
   :value Petulant: Your VM is throwing a temper tantrum.


qapi:object
-----------

This directive documents a QAPI structure or union and represents a QMP
object. It may use any of the standard Sphinx or QAPI options, and the
documentation body may contain ``:memb:`` or ``:feat:`` info field list
entries.

Example::

  .. qapi:object:: BigBlobOfStuff

     This object has a bunch of disparate and unrelated things in it.

     :memb int Birthday: Your birthday, represented in seconds since the
                         UNIX epoch.
     :memb [string] Fav-Foods: A list of your favorite foods.
     :memb boolean? Bizarre-Docs: True if the documentation reference
        should be strange.

Will be rendered as:

.. qapi:object:: BigBlobOfStuff
   :noindex:

   This object has a bunch of disparate and unrelated things in it.

   :memb int Birthday: Your birthday, represented in seconds since the
                       UNIX epoch.
   :memb [string] Fav-Foods: A list of your favorite foods.
   :memb boolean? Bizarre-Docs: True if the documentation reference
      should be strange.


qapi:alternate
--------------

This directive documents a QAPI alternate. It may use any of the
standard Sphinx or QAPI options, and the documentation body may contain
``:alt:`` or ``:feat:`` info field list entries.

Example::

  .. qapi:alternate:: ErrorCode

     This alternate represents an Error Code from the VM.

     :alt int ec: An error code, like the type you're used to.
     :alt string em: An expletive-laced error message, if your
        computer is feeling particularly cranky and tired of your
        antics.

Will be rendered as:

.. qapi:alternate:: ErrorCode
   :noindex:

   This alternate represents an Error Code from the VM.

   :alt int ec: An error code, like the type you're used to.
   :alt string em: An expletive-laced error message, if your
      computer is feeling particularly cranky and tired of your
      antics.