docs/about/removed-features.rst

Removed features
================

What follows is a record of recently removed, formerly deprecated
features that serves as a record for users who have encountered
trouble after a recent upgrade.

System emulator command line arguments
--------------------------------------

``-hdachs`` (removed in 2.12)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The geometry defined by ``-hdachs c,h,s,t`` should now be specified via
``-device ide-hd,drive=dr,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s,bios-chs-trans=t``
(together with ``-drive if=none,id=dr,...``).

``-net channel`` (removed in 2.12)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

This option has been replaced by ``-net user,guestfwd=...``.

``-net dump`` (removed in 2.12)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

``-net dump[,vlan=n][,file=filename][,len=maxlen]`` has been replaced by
``-object filter-dump,id=id,netdev=dev[,file=filename][,maxlen=maxlen]``.
Note that the new syntax works with netdev IDs instead of the old "vlan" hubs.

``-no-kvm-pit`` (removed in 2.12)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

This was just a dummy option that has been ignored, since the in-kernel PIT
cannot be disabled separately from the irqchip anymore. A similar effect
(which also disables the KVM IOAPIC) can be obtained with
``-M kernel_irqchip=split``.

``-tdf`` (removed in 2.12)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''

There is no replacement, the ``-tdf`` option has just been ignored since the
behaviour that could be changed by this option in qemu-kvm is now the default
when using the KVM PIT. It still can be requested explicitly using
``-global kvm-pit.lost_tick_policy=delay``.

``-drive secs=s``, ``-drive heads=h`` & ``-drive cyls=c`` (removed in 3.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The drive geometry should now be specified via
``-device ...,drive=dr,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s`` (together with
``-drive if=none,id=dr,...``).

``-drive serial=``, ``-drive trans=`` & ``-drive addr=`` (removed in 3.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``-device ...,drive=dr,serial=r,bios-chs-trans=t,addr=a`` instead
(together with ``-drive if=none,id=dr,...``).

``-net ...,vlan=x`` (removed in 3.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The term "vlan" was very confusing for most users in this context (it's about
specifying a hub ID, not about IEEE 802.1Q or something similar), so this
has been removed. To connect one NIC frontend with a network backend, either
use ``-nic ...`` (e.g. for on-board NICs) or use ``-netdev ...,id=n`` together
with ``-device ...,netdev=n`` (for full control over pluggable NICs). To
connect multiple NICs or network backends via a hub device (which is what
vlan did), use ``-nic hubport,hubid=x,...`` or
``-netdev hubport,id=n,hubid=x,...`` (with ``-device ...,netdev=n``) instead.

``-no-kvm-irqchip`` (removed in 3.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``-machine kernel_irqchip=off`` instead.

``-no-kvm-pit-reinjection`` (removed in 3.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``-global kvm-pit.lost_tick_policy=discard`` instead.

``-balloon`` (removed in 3.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``-balloon virtio`` option has been replaced by ``-device virtio-balloon``.
The ``-balloon none`` option was a no-op and has no replacement.

``-bootp`` (removed in 3.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``-bootp /some/file`` argument is replaced by either
``-netdev user,id=x,bootp=/some/file`` (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with
``-device ...,netdev=x``), or ``-nic user,bootp=/some/file`` (for on-board NICs).
The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC.

``-redir`` (removed in 3.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``-redir [tcp|udp]:hostport:[guestaddr]:guestport`` option is replaced
by either ``-netdev
user,id=x,hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport``
(for pluggable NICs, accompanied with ``-device ...,netdev=x``) or by the option
``-nic user,hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport``
(for on-board NICs). The new syntax allows different settings to be provided
per NIC.

``-smb`` (removed in 3.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``-smb /some/dir`` argument is replaced by either
``-netdev user,id=x,smb=/some/dir`` (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with
``-device ...,netdev=x``), or ``-nic user,smb=/some/dir`` (for on-board NICs).
The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC.

``-tftp`` (removed in 3.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``-tftp /some/dir`` argument is replaced by either
``-netdev user,id=x,tftp=/some/dir`` (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with
``-device ...,netdev=x``), or ``-nic user,tftp=/some/dir`` (for embedded NICs).
The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC.

``-localtime`` (removed in 3.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Replaced by ``-rtc base=localtime``.

``-nodefconfig`` (removed in 3.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``-no-user-config`` instead.

``-rtc-td-hack`` (removed in 3.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``-rtc driftfix=slew`` instead.

``-startdate`` (removed in 3.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Replaced by ``-rtc base=date``.

``-vnc ...,tls=...``, ``-vnc ...,x509=...`` & ``-vnc ...,x509verify=...`` (removed in 3.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The "tls-creds" option should be used instead to point to a "tls-creds-x509"
object created using "-object".

``-mem-path`` fallback to RAM (removed in 5.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

If guest RAM allocation from file pointed by ``mem-path`` failed,
QEMU was falling back to allocating from RAM, which might have resulted
in unpredictable behavior since the backing file specified by the user
as ignored. Currently, users are responsible for making sure the backing storage
specified with ``-mem-path`` can actually provide the guest RAM configured with
``-m`` and QEMU fails to start up if RAM allocation is unsuccessful.

``-net ...,name=...`` (removed in 5.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``name`` parameter of the ``-net`` option was a synonym
for the ``id`` parameter, which should now be used instead.

``-numa node,mem=...`` (removed in 5.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The parameter ``mem`` of ``-numa node`` was used to assign a part of guest RAM
to a NUMA node. But when using it, it's impossible to manage a specified RAM
chunk on the host side (like bind it to a host node, setting bind policy, ...),
so the guest ends up with the fake NUMA configuration with suboptiomal
performance.
However since 2014 there is an alternative way to assign RAM to a NUMA node
using parameter ``memdev``, which does the same as ``mem`` and adds
means to actually manage node RAM on the host side. Use parameter ``memdev``
with *memory-backend-ram* backend as replacement for parameter ``mem``
to achieve the same fake NUMA effect or a properly configured
*memory-backend-file* backend to actually benefit from NUMA configuration.
New machine versions (since 5.1) will not accept the option but it will still
work with old machine types. User can check the QAPI schema to see if the legacy
option is supported by looking at MachineInfo::numa-mem-supported property.

``-numa`` node (without memory specified) (removed in 5.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Splitting RAM by default between NUMA nodes had the same issues as ``mem``
parameter with the difference that the role of the user plays QEMU using
implicit generic or board specific splitting rule.
Use ``memdev`` with *memory-backend-ram* backend or ``mem`` (if
it's supported by used machine type) to define mapping explicitly instead.
Users of existing VMs, wishing to preserve the same RAM distribution, should
configure it explicitly using ``-numa node,memdev`` options. Current RAM
distribution can be retrieved using HMP command ``info numa`` and if separate
memory devices (pc|nv-dimm) are present use ``info memory-device`` and subtract
device memory from output of ``info numa``.

``-smp`` (invalid topologies) (removed in 5.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

CPU topology properties should describe whole machine topology including
possible CPUs.

However, historically it was possible to start QEMU with an incorrect topology
where *n* <= *sockets* * *cores* * *threads* < *maxcpus*,
which could lead to an incorrect topology enumeration by the guest.
Support for invalid topologies is removed, the user must ensure
topologies described with -smp include all possible cpus, i.e.
*sockets* * *cores* * *threads* = *maxcpus*.

``-machine enforce-config-section=on|off`` (removed in 5.2)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``enforce-config-section`` property was replaced by the
``-global migration.send-configuration={on|off}`` option.

``-no-kvm`` (removed in 5.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``-no-kvm`` argument was a synonym for setting ``-machine accel=tcg``.

``-realtime`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``-realtime mlock=on|off`` argument has been replaced by the
``-overcommit mem-lock=on|off`` argument.

``-show-cursor`` option (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``-display sdl,show-cursor=on``, ``-display gtk,show-cursor=on``
or ``-display default,show-cursor=on`` instead.

``-tb-size`` option (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

QEMU 5.0 introduced an alternative syntax to specify the size of the translation
block cache, ``-accel tcg,tb-size=``.

``-usbdevice audio`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

This option lacked the possibility to specify an audio backend device.
Use ``-device usb-audio`` now instead (and specify a corresponding USB
host controller or ``-usb`` if necessary).

``-vnc acl`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``acl`` option to the ``-vnc`` argument has been replaced
by the ``tls-authz`` and ``sasl-authz`` options.

``-mon ...,control=readline,pretty=on|off`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``pretty=on|off`` switch has no effect for HMP monitors and
its use is rejected.

``-drive file=json:{...{'driver':'file'}}`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The 'file' driver for drives is no longer appropriate for character or host
devices and will only accept regular files (S_IFREG). The correct driver
for these file types is 'host_cdrom' or 'host_device' as appropriate.

Floppy controllers' drive properties (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``-device floppy,...`` instead.  When configuring onboard floppy
controllers
::

    -global isa-fdc.driveA=...
    -global sysbus-fdc.driveA=...
    -global SUNW,fdtwo.drive=...

become
::

    -device floppy,unit=0,drive=...

and
::

    -global isa-fdc.driveB=...
    -global sysbus-fdc.driveB=...

become
::

    -device floppy,unit=1,drive=...

When plugging in a floppy controller
::

    -device isa-fdc,...,driveA=...

becomes
::

    -device isa-fdc,...
    -device floppy,unit=0,drive=...

and
::

    -device isa-fdc,...,driveB=...

becomes
::

    -device isa-fdc,...
    -device floppy,unit=1,drive=...

``-drive`` with bogus interface type (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Drives with interface types other than ``if=none`` are for onboard
devices.  Drives the board doesn't pick up can no longer be used with
-device.  Use ``if=none`` instead.

``-usbdevice ccid`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

This option was undocumented and not used in the field.
Use ``-device usb-ccid`` instead.

RISC-V firmware not booted by default (removed in 5.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

QEMU 5.1 changes the default behaviour from ``-bios none`` to ``-bios default``
for the RISC-V ``virt`` machine and ``sifive_u`` machine.

QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands
------------------------------------

``block-dirty-bitmap-add`` "autoload" parameter (removed in 4.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The "autoload" parameter has been ignored since 2.12.0. All bitmaps
are automatically loaded from qcow2 images.

``cpu-add`` (removed in 5.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``device_add`` for hotplugging vCPUs instead of ``cpu-add``.  See
documentation of ``query-hotpluggable-cpus`` for additional details.

``change`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``blockdev-change-medium`` or ``change-vnc-password`` instead.

``query-events`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``query-events`` command has been superseded by the more powerful
and accurate ``query-qmp-schema`` command.

``migrate_set_cache_size`` and ``query-migrate-cache-size`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``migrate_set_parameter`` and ``info migrate_parameters`` instead.

``migrate_set_downtime`` and ``migrate_set_speed`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``migrate_set_parameter`` instead.

``query-cpus`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``query-cpus`` command is replaced by the ``query-cpus-fast`` command.

``query-cpus-fast`` ``arch`` output member (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``arch`` output member of the ``query-cpus-fast`` command is
replaced by the ``target`` output member.

chardev client socket with ``wait`` option (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Character devices creating sockets in client mode should not specify
the 'wait' field, which is only applicable to sockets in server mode

``query-named-block-nodes`` result ``encryption_key_missing`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Removed with no replacement.

``query-block`` result ``inserted.encryption_key_missing`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Removed with no replacement.

``query-named-block-nodes`` and ``query-block`` result dirty-bitmaps[i].status (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``status`` field of the ``BlockDirtyInfo`` structure, returned by
these commands is removed. Two new boolean fields, ``recording`` and
``busy`` effectively replace it.

``query-block`` result field ``dirty-bitmaps`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``dirty-bitmaps`` field of the ``BlockInfo`` structure, returned by
the query-block command is itself now removed. The ``dirty-bitmaps``
field of the ``BlockDeviceInfo`` struct should be used instead, which is the
type of the ``inserted`` field in query-block replies, as well as the
type of array items in query-named-block-nodes.

``object-add`` option ``props`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Specify the properties for the object as top-level arguments instead.

Human Monitor Protocol (HMP) commands
-------------------------------------

``usb_add`` and ``usb_remove`` (removed in 2.12)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Replaced by ``device_add`` and ``device_del`` (use ``device_add help`` for a
list of available devices).

``host_net_add`` and ``host_net_remove`` (removed in 2.12)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Replaced by ``netdev_add`` and ``netdev_del``.

The ``hub_id`` parameter of ``hostfwd_add`` / ``hostfwd_remove`` (removed in 5.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``[hub_id name]`` parameter tuple of the 'hostfwd_add' and
'hostfwd_remove' HMP commands has been replaced by ``netdev_id``.

``cpu-add`` (removed in 5.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``device_add`` for hotplugging vCPUs instead of ``cpu-add``.  See
documentation of ``query-hotpluggable-cpus`` for additional details.

``change vnc TARGET`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

No replacement.  The ``change vnc password`` and ``change DEVICE MEDIUM``
commands are not affected.

``acl_show``, ``acl_reset``, ``acl_policy``, ``acl_add``, ``acl_remove`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``acl_show``, ``acl_reset``, ``acl_policy``, ``acl_add``, and
``acl_remove`` commands were removed with no replacement. Authorization
for VNC should be performed using the pluggable QAuthZ objects.

``migrate-set-cache-size`` and ``info migrate-cache-size`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``migrate-set-parameters`` and ``info migrate-parameters`` instead.

``migrate_set_downtime`` and ``migrate_set_speed`` (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use ``migrate-set-parameters`` instead.

``info cpustats`` (removed in 6.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

This command didn't produce any output already. Removed with no replacement.

Guest Emulator ISAs
-------------------

RISC-V ISA privilege specification version 1.09.1 (removed in 5.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The RISC-V ISA privilege specification version 1.09.1 has been removed.
QEMU supports both the newer version 1.10.0 and the ratified version 1.11.0, these
should be used instead of the 1.09.1 version.

System emulator CPUS
--------------------

KVM guest support on 32-bit Arm hosts (removed in 5.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The Linux kernel has dropped support for allowing 32-bit Arm systems
to host KVM guests as of the 5.7 kernel. Accordingly, QEMU is deprecating
its support for this configuration and will remove it in a future version.
Running 32-bit guests on a 64-bit Arm host remains supported.

RISC-V ISA Specific CPUs (removed in 5.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The RISC-V cpus with the ISA version in the CPU name have been removed. The
four CPUs are: ``rv32gcsu-v1.9.1``, ``rv32gcsu-v1.10.0``, ``rv64gcsu-v1.9.1`` and
``rv64gcsu-v1.10.0``. Instead the version can be specified via the CPU ``priv_spec``
option when using the ``rv32`` or ``rv64`` CPUs.

RISC-V no MMU CPUs (removed in 5.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The RISC-V no MMU cpus have been removed. The two CPUs: ``rv32imacu-nommu`` and
``rv64imacu-nommu`` can no longer be used. Instead the MMU status can be specified
via the CPU ``mmu`` option when using the ``rv32`` or ``rv64`` CPUs.

``compat`` property of server class POWER CPUs (removed in 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``max-cpu-compat`` property of the ``pseries`` machine type should be used
instead.

``moxie`` CPU (removed in 6.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Nobody was using this CPU emulation in QEMU, and there were no test images
available to make sure that the code is still working, so it has been removed
without replacement.

``lm32`` CPUs (removed in 6.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The only public user of this architecture was the milkymist project,
which has been dead for years; there was never an upstream Linux
port.  Removed without replacement.

``unicore32`` CPUs (removed in 6.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Support for this CPU was removed from the upstream Linux kernel, and
there is no available upstream toolchain to build binaries for it.
Removed without replacement.

System emulator machines
------------------------

``s390-virtio`` (removed in 2.6)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use the ``s390-ccw-virtio`` machine instead.

The m68k ``dummy`` machine (removed in 2.9)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Use the ``none`` machine with the ``loader`` device instead.

``xlnx-ep108`` (removed in 3.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The EP108 was an early access development board that is no longer used.
Use the ``xlnx-zcu102`` machine instead.

``spike_v1.9.1`` and ``spike_v1.10`` (removed in 5.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The version specific Spike machines have been removed in favour of the
generic ``spike`` machine. If you need to specify an older version of the RISC-V
spec you can use the ``-cpu rv64gcsu,priv_spec=v1.10.0`` command line argument.

mips ``r4k`` platform (removed in 5.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

This machine type was very old and unmaintained. Users should use the ``malta``
machine type instead.

mips ``fulong2e`` machine alias (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

This machine has been renamed ``fuloong2e``.

``pc-0.10`` up to ``pc-1.3`` (removed in 4.0 up to 6.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

These machine types were very old and likely could not be used for live
migration from old QEMU versions anymore. Use a newer machine type instead.

Raspberry Pi ``raspi2`` and ``raspi3`` machines (removed in 6.2)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The Raspberry Pi machines come in various models (A, A+, B, B+). To be able
to distinguish which model QEMU is implementing, the ``raspi2`` and ``raspi3``
machines have been renamed ``raspi2b`` and ``raspi3b``.


linux-user mode CPUs
--------------------

``tilegx`` CPUs (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``tilegx`` guest CPU support has been removed without replacement. It was
only implemented in linux-user mode, but support for this CPU was removed from
the upstream Linux kernel in 2018, and it has also been dropped from glibc, so
there is no new Linux development taking place with this architecture. For
running the old binaries, you can use older versions of QEMU.

System emulator devices
-----------------------

``spapr-pci-vfio-host-bridge`` (removed in 2.12)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``spapr-pci-vfio-host-bridge`` device type has been replaced by the
``spapr-pci-host-bridge`` device type.

``ivshmem`` (removed in 4.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Replaced by either the ``ivshmem-plain`` or ``ivshmem-doorbell``.

``ide-drive`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The 'ide-drive' device has been removed. Users should use 'ide-hd' or
'ide-cd' as appropriate to get an IDE hard disk or CD-ROM as needed.

``scsi-disk`` (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The 'scsi-disk' device has been removed. Users should use 'scsi-hd' or
'scsi-cd' as appropriate to get a SCSI hard disk or CD-ROM as needed.

Related binaries
----------------

``qemu-nbd --partition`` (removed in 5.0)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The ``qemu-nbd --partition $digit`` code (also spelled ``-P``)
could only handle MBR partitions, and never correctly handled logical
partitions beyond partition 5.  Exporting a partition can still be
done by utilizing the ``--image-opts`` option with a raw blockdev
using the ``offset`` and ``size`` parameters layered on top of
any other existing blockdev. For example, if partition 1 is 100MiB
long starting at 1MiB, the old command::

  qemu-nbd -t -P 1 -f qcow2 file.qcow2

can be rewritten as::

  qemu-nbd -t --image-opts driver=raw,offset=1M,size=100M,file.driver=qcow2,file.file.driver=file,file.file.filename=file.qcow2

``qemu-img convert -n -o`` (removed in 5.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

All options specified in ``-o`` are image creation options, so
they are now rejected when used with ``-n`` to skip image creation.


``qemu-img create -b bad file $size`` (removed in 5.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

When creating an image with a backing file that could not be opened,
``qemu-img create`` used to issue a warning about the failure but
proceed with the image creation if an explicit size was provided.
However, as the ``-u`` option exists for this purpose, it is safer to
enforce that any failure to open the backing image (including if the
backing file is missing or an incorrect format was specified) is an
error when ``-u`` is not used.

qemu-img amend to adjust backing file (removed in 6.1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The use of ``qemu-img amend`` to modify the name or format of a qcow2
backing image was never fully documented or tested, and interferes
with other amend operations that need access to the original backing
image (such as deciding whether a v3 zero cluster may be left
unallocated when converting to a v2 image).  Any changes to the
backing chain should be performed with ``qemu-img rebase -u`` either
before or after the remaining changes being performed by amend, as
appropriate.

qemu-img backing file without format (removed in 6.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The use of ``qemu-img create``, ``qemu-img rebase``, or ``qemu-img
convert`` to create or modify an image that depends on a backing file
now requires that an explicit backing format be provided.  This is
for safety: if QEMU probes a different format than what you thought,
the data presented to the guest will be corrupt; similarly, presenting
a raw image to a guest allows a potential security exploit if a future
probe sees a non-raw image based on guest writes.

To avoid creating unsafe backing chains, you must pass ``-o
backing_fmt=`` (or the shorthand ``-F`` during create) to specify the
intended backing format.  You may use ``qemu-img rebase -u`` to
retroactively add a backing format to an existing image.  However, be
aware that there are already potential security risks to blindly using
``qemu-img info`` to probe the format of an untrusted backing image,
when deciding what format to add into an existing image.

Block devices
-------------

VXHS backend (removed in 5.1)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The VXHS code did not compile since v2.12.0. It was removed in 5.1.

``sheepdog`` driver (removed in 6.0)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

The corresponding upstream server project is no longer maintained.
Users are recommended to switch to an alternative distributed block
device driver such as RBD.