xref: /openbmc/qemu/block/file-posix.c (revision ac132d05)
1 /*
2  * Block driver for RAW files (posix)
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 2006 Fabrice Bellard
5  *
6  * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7  * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8  * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9  * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10  * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11  * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
12  *
13  * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14  * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
15  *
16  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17  * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19  * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
22  * THE SOFTWARE.
23  */
24 
25 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
26 #include "qapi/error.h"
27 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
28 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
29 #include "block/block-io.h"
30 #include "block/block_int.h"
31 #include "qemu/module.h"
32 #include "qemu/option.h"
33 #include "qemu/units.h"
34 #include "qemu/memalign.h"
35 #include "trace.h"
36 #include "block/thread-pool.h"
37 #include "qemu/iov.h"
38 #include "block/raw-aio.h"
39 #include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
40 #include "qapi/qmp/qstring.h"
41 
42 #include "scsi/pr-manager.h"
43 #include "scsi/constants.h"
44 
45 #if defined(__APPLE__) && (__MACH__)
46 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
47 #if defined(HAVE_HOST_BLOCK_DEVICE)
48 #include <paths.h>
49 #include <sys/param.h>
50 #include <sys/mount.h>
51 #include <IOKit/IOKitLib.h>
52 #include <IOKit/IOBSD.h>
53 #include <IOKit/storage/IOMediaBSDClient.h>
54 #include <IOKit/storage/IOMedia.h>
55 #include <IOKit/storage/IOCDMedia.h>
56 //#include <IOKit/storage/IOCDTypes.h>
57 #include <IOKit/storage/IODVDMedia.h>
58 #include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>
59 #endif /* defined(HAVE_HOST_BLOCK_DEVICE) */
60 #endif
61 
62 #ifdef __sun__
63 #define _POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS 1
64 #include <sys/dkio.h>
65 #endif
66 #ifdef __linux__
67 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
68 #include <sys/param.h>
69 #include <sys/syscall.h>
70 #include <sys/vfs.h>
71 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
72 #include <linux/blkzoned.h>
73 #endif
74 #include <linux/cdrom.h>
75 #include <linux/fd.h>
76 #include <linux/fs.h>
77 #include <linux/hdreg.h>
78 #include <linux/magic.h>
79 #include <scsi/sg.h>
80 #ifdef __s390__
81 #include <asm/dasd.h>
82 #endif
83 #ifndef FS_NOCOW_FL
84 #define FS_NOCOW_FL                     0x00800000 /* Do not cow file */
85 #endif
86 #endif
87 #if defined(CONFIG_FALLOCATE_PUNCH_HOLE) || defined(CONFIG_FALLOCATE_ZERO_RANGE)
88 #include <linux/falloc.h>
89 #endif
90 #if defined (__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
91 #include <sys/disk.h>
92 #include <sys/cdio.h>
93 #endif
94 
95 #ifdef __OpenBSD__
96 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
97 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
98 #include <sys/dkio.h>
99 #endif
100 
101 #ifdef __NetBSD__
102 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
103 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
104 #include <sys/dkio.h>
105 #include <sys/disk.h>
106 #endif
107 
108 #ifdef __DragonFly__
109 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
110 #include <sys/diskslice.h>
111 #endif
112 
113 /* OS X does not have O_DSYNC */
114 #ifndef O_DSYNC
115 #ifdef O_SYNC
116 #define O_DSYNC O_SYNC
117 #elif defined(O_FSYNC)
118 #define O_DSYNC O_FSYNC
119 #endif
120 #endif
121 
122 /* Approximate O_DIRECT with O_DSYNC if O_DIRECT isn't available */
123 #ifndef O_DIRECT
124 #define O_DIRECT O_DSYNC
125 #endif
126 
127 #define FTYPE_FILE   0
128 #define FTYPE_CD     1
129 
130 #define MAX_BLOCKSIZE	4096
131 
132 /* Posix file locking bytes. Libvirt takes byte 0, we start from higher bytes,
133  * leaving a few more bytes for its future use. */
134 #define RAW_LOCK_PERM_BASE             100
135 #define RAW_LOCK_SHARED_BASE           200
136 
137 typedef struct BDRVRawState {
138     int fd;
139     bool use_lock;
140     int type;
141     int open_flags;
142     size_t buf_align;
143 
144     /* The current permissions. */
145     uint64_t perm;
146     uint64_t shared_perm;
147 
148     /* The perms bits whose corresponding bytes are already locked in
149      * s->fd. */
150     uint64_t locked_perm;
151     uint64_t locked_shared_perm;
152 
153     uint64_t aio_max_batch;
154 
155     int perm_change_fd;
156     int perm_change_flags;
157     BDRVReopenState *reopen_state;
158 
159     bool has_discard:1;
160     bool has_write_zeroes:1;
161     bool use_linux_aio:1;
162     bool use_linux_io_uring:1;
163     int64_t *offset; /* offset of zone append operation */
164     int page_cache_inconsistent; /* errno from fdatasync failure */
165     bool has_fallocate;
166     bool needs_alignment;
167     bool force_alignment;
168     bool drop_cache;
169     bool check_cache_dropped;
170     struct {
171         uint64_t discard_nb_ok;
172         uint64_t discard_nb_failed;
173         uint64_t discard_bytes_ok;
174     } stats;
175 
176     PRManager *pr_mgr;
177 } BDRVRawState;
178 
179 typedef struct BDRVRawReopenState {
180     int open_flags;
181     bool drop_cache;
182     bool check_cache_dropped;
183 } BDRVRawReopenState;
184 
185 static int fd_open(BlockDriverState *bs)
186 {
187     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
188 
189     /* this is just to ensure s->fd is sane (its called by io ops) */
190     if (s->fd >= 0) {
191         return 0;
192     }
193     return -EIO;
194 }
195 
196 static int64_t raw_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs);
197 
198 typedef struct RawPosixAIOData {
199     BlockDriverState *bs;
200     int aio_type;
201     int aio_fildes;
202 
203     off_t aio_offset;
204     uint64_t aio_nbytes;
205 
206     union {
207         struct {
208             struct iovec *iov;
209             int niov;
210         } io;
211         struct {
212             uint64_t cmd;
213             void *buf;
214         } ioctl;
215         struct {
216             int aio_fd2;
217             off_t aio_offset2;
218         } copy_range;
219         struct {
220             PreallocMode prealloc;
221             Error **errp;
222         } truncate;
223         struct {
224             unsigned int *nr_zones;
225             BlockZoneDescriptor *zones;
226         } zone_report;
227         struct {
228             unsigned long op;
229         } zone_mgmt;
230     };
231 } RawPosixAIOData;
232 
233 #if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
234 static int cdrom_reopen(BlockDriverState *bs);
235 #endif
236 
237 /*
238  * Elide EAGAIN and EACCES details when failing to lock, as this
239  * indicates that the specified file region is already locked by
240  * another process, which is considered a common scenario.
241  */
242 #define raw_lock_error_setg_errno(errp, err, fmt, ...)                  \
243     do {                                                                \
244         if ((err) == EAGAIN || (err) == EACCES) {                       \
245             error_setg((errp), (fmt), ## __VA_ARGS__);                  \
246         } else {                                                        \
247             error_setg_errno((errp), (err), (fmt), ## __VA_ARGS__);     \
248         }                                                               \
249     } while (0)
250 
251 #if defined(__NetBSD__)
252 static int raw_normalize_devicepath(const char **filename, Error **errp)
253 {
254     static char namebuf[PATH_MAX];
255     const char *dp, *fname;
256     struct stat sb;
257 
258     fname = *filename;
259     dp = strrchr(fname, '/');
260     if (lstat(fname, &sb) < 0) {
261         error_setg_file_open(errp, errno, fname);
262         return -errno;
263     }
264 
265     if (!S_ISBLK(sb.st_mode)) {
266         return 0;
267     }
268 
269     if (dp == NULL) {
270         snprintf(namebuf, PATH_MAX, "r%s", fname);
271     } else {
272         snprintf(namebuf, PATH_MAX, "%.*s/r%s",
273             (int)(dp - fname), fname, dp + 1);
274     }
275     *filename = namebuf;
276     warn_report("%s is a block device, using %s", fname, *filename);
277 
278     return 0;
279 }
280 #else
281 static int raw_normalize_devicepath(const char **filename, Error **errp)
282 {
283     return 0;
284 }
285 #endif
286 
287 /*
288  * Get logical block size via ioctl. On success store it in @sector_size_p.
289  */
290 static int probe_logical_blocksize(int fd, unsigned int *sector_size_p)
291 {
292     unsigned int sector_size;
293     bool success = false;
294     int i;
295 
296     errno = ENOTSUP;
297     static const unsigned long ioctl_list[] = {
298 #ifdef BLKSSZGET
299         BLKSSZGET,
300 #endif
301 #ifdef DKIOCGETBLOCKSIZE
302         DKIOCGETBLOCKSIZE,
303 #endif
304 #ifdef DIOCGSECTORSIZE
305         DIOCGSECTORSIZE,
306 #endif
307     };
308 
309     /* Try a few ioctls to get the right size */
310     for (i = 0; i < (int)ARRAY_SIZE(ioctl_list); i++) {
311         if (ioctl(fd, ioctl_list[i], &sector_size) >= 0) {
312             *sector_size_p = sector_size;
313             success = true;
314         }
315     }
316 
317     return success ? 0 : -errno;
318 }
319 
320 /**
321  * Get physical block size of @fd.
322  * On success, store it in @blk_size and return 0.
323  * On failure, return -errno.
324  */
325 static int probe_physical_blocksize(int fd, unsigned int *blk_size)
326 {
327 #ifdef BLKPBSZGET
328     if (ioctl(fd, BLKPBSZGET, blk_size) < 0) {
329         return -errno;
330     }
331     return 0;
332 #else
333     return -ENOTSUP;
334 #endif
335 }
336 
337 /*
338  * Returns true if no alignment restrictions are necessary even for files
339  * opened with O_DIRECT.
340  *
341  * raw_probe_alignment() probes the required alignment and assume that 1 means
342  * the probing failed, so it falls back to a safe default of 4k. This can be
343  * avoided if we know that byte alignment is okay for the file.
344  */
345 static bool dio_byte_aligned(int fd)
346 {
347 #ifdef __linux__
348     struct statfs buf;
349     int ret;
350 
351     ret = fstatfs(fd, &buf);
352     if (ret == 0 && buf.f_type == NFS_SUPER_MAGIC) {
353         return true;
354     }
355 #endif
356     return false;
357 }
358 
359 static bool raw_needs_alignment(BlockDriverState *bs)
360 {
361     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
362 
363     if ((bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE) != 0 && !dio_byte_aligned(s->fd)) {
364         return true;
365     }
366 
367     return s->force_alignment;
368 }
369 
370 /* Check if read is allowed with given memory buffer and length.
371  *
372  * This function is used to check O_DIRECT memory buffer and request alignment.
373  */
374 static bool raw_is_io_aligned(int fd, void *buf, size_t len)
375 {
376     ssize_t ret = pread(fd, buf, len, 0);
377 
378     if (ret >= 0) {
379         return true;
380     }
381 
382 #ifdef __linux__
383     /* The Linux kernel returns EINVAL for misaligned O_DIRECT reads.  Ignore
384      * other errors (e.g. real I/O error), which could happen on a failed
385      * drive, since we only care about probing alignment.
386      */
387     if (errno != EINVAL) {
388         return true;
389     }
390 #endif
391 
392     return false;
393 }
394 
395 static void raw_probe_alignment(BlockDriverState *bs, int fd, Error **errp)
396 {
397     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
398     char *buf;
399     size_t max_align = MAX(MAX_BLOCKSIZE, qemu_real_host_page_size());
400     size_t alignments[] = {1, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096};
401 
402     /* For SCSI generic devices the alignment is not really used.
403        With buffered I/O, we don't have any restrictions. */
404     if (bdrv_is_sg(bs) || !s->needs_alignment) {
405         bs->bl.request_alignment = 1;
406         s->buf_align = 1;
407         return;
408     }
409 
410     bs->bl.request_alignment = 0;
411     s->buf_align = 0;
412     /* Let's try to use the logical blocksize for the alignment. */
413     if (probe_logical_blocksize(fd, &bs->bl.request_alignment) < 0) {
414         bs->bl.request_alignment = 0;
415     }
416 
417 #ifdef __linux__
418     /*
419      * The XFS ioctl definitions are shipped in extra packages that might
420      * not always be available. Since we just need the XFS_IOC_DIOINFO ioctl
421      * here, we simply use our own definition instead:
422      */
423     struct xfs_dioattr {
424         uint32_t d_mem;
425         uint32_t d_miniosz;
426         uint32_t d_maxiosz;
427     } da;
428     if (ioctl(fd, _IOR('X', 30, struct xfs_dioattr), &da) >= 0) {
429         bs->bl.request_alignment = da.d_miniosz;
430         /* The kernel returns wrong information for d_mem */
431         /* s->buf_align = da.d_mem; */
432     }
433 #endif
434 
435     /*
436      * If we could not get the sizes so far, we can only guess them. First try
437      * to detect request alignment, since it is more likely to succeed. Then
438      * try to detect buf_align, which cannot be detected in some cases (e.g.
439      * Gluster). If buf_align cannot be detected, we fallback to the value of
440      * request_alignment.
441      */
442 
443     if (!bs->bl.request_alignment) {
444         int i;
445         size_t align;
446         buf = qemu_memalign(max_align, max_align);
447         for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(alignments); i++) {
448             align = alignments[i];
449             if (raw_is_io_aligned(fd, buf, align)) {
450                 /* Fallback to safe value. */
451                 bs->bl.request_alignment = (align != 1) ? align : max_align;
452                 break;
453             }
454         }
455         qemu_vfree(buf);
456     }
457 
458     if (!s->buf_align) {
459         int i;
460         size_t align;
461         buf = qemu_memalign(max_align, 2 * max_align);
462         for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(alignments); i++) {
463             align = alignments[i];
464             if (raw_is_io_aligned(fd, buf + align, max_align)) {
465                 /* Fallback to request_alignment. */
466                 s->buf_align = (align != 1) ? align : bs->bl.request_alignment;
467                 break;
468             }
469         }
470         qemu_vfree(buf);
471     }
472 
473     if (!s->buf_align || !bs->bl.request_alignment) {
474         error_setg(errp, "Could not find working O_DIRECT alignment");
475         error_append_hint(errp, "Try cache.direct=off\n");
476     }
477 }
478 
479 static int check_hdev_writable(int fd)
480 {
481 #if defined(BLKROGET)
482     /* Linux block devices can be configured "read-only" using blockdev(8).
483      * This is independent of device node permissions and therefore open(2)
484      * with O_RDWR succeeds.  Actual writes fail with EPERM.
485      *
486      * bdrv_open() is supposed to fail if the disk is read-only.  Explicitly
487      * check for read-only block devices so that Linux block devices behave
488      * properly.
489      */
490     struct stat st;
491     int readonly = 0;
492 
493     if (fstat(fd, &st)) {
494         return -errno;
495     }
496 
497     if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
498         return 0;
499     }
500 
501     if (ioctl(fd, BLKROGET, &readonly) < 0) {
502         return -errno;
503     }
504 
505     if (readonly) {
506         return -EACCES;
507     }
508 #endif /* defined(BLKROGET) */
509     return 0;
510 }
511 
512 static void raw_parse_flags(int bdrv_flags, int *open_flags, bool has_writers)
513 {
514     bool read_write = false;
515     assert(open_flags != NULL);
516 
517     *open_flags |= O_BINARY;
518     *open_flags &= ~O_ACCMODE;
519 
520     if (bdrv_flags & BDRV_O_AUTO_RDONLY) {
521         read_write = has_writers;
522     } else if (bdrv_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) {
523         read_write = true;
524     }
525 
526     if (read_write) {
527         *open_flags |= O_RDWR;
528     } else {
529         *open_flags |= O_RDONLY;
530     }
531 
532     /* Use O_DSYNC for write-through caching, no flags for write-back caching,
533      * and O_DIRECT for no caching. */
534     if ((bdrv_flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE)) {
535         *open_flags |= O_DIRECT;
536     }
537 }
538 
539 static void raw_parse_filename(const char *filename, QDict *options,
540                                Error **errp)
541 {
542     bdrv_parse_filename_strip_prefix(filename, "file:", options);
543 }
544 
545 static QemuOptsList raw_runtime_opts = {
546     .name = "raw",
547     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(raw_runtime_opts.head),
548     .desc = {
549         {
550             .name = "filename",
551             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
552             .help = "File name of the image",
553         },
554         {
555             .name = "aio",
556             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
557             .help = "host AIO implementation (threads, native, io_uring)",
558         },
559         {
560             .name = "aio-max-batch",
561             .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
562             .help = "AIO max batch size (0 = auto handled by AIO backend, default: 0)",
563         },
564         {
565             .name = "locking",
566             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
567             .help = "file locking mode (on/off/auto, default: auto)",
568         },
569         {
570             .name = "pr-manager",
571             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
572             .help = "id of persistent reservation manager object (default: none)",
573         },
574 #if defined(__linux__)
575         {
576             .name = "drop-cache",
577             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
578             .help = "invalidate page cache during live migration (default: on)",
579         },
580 #endif
581         {
582             .name = "x-check-cache-dropped",
583             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
584             .help = "check that page cache was dropped on live migration (default: off)"
585         },
586         { /* end of list */ }
587     },
588 };
589 
590 static const char *const mutable_opts[] = { "x-check-cache-dropped", NULL };
591 
592 static int raw_open_common(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options,
593                            int bdrv_flags, int open_flags,
594                            bool device, Error **errp)
595 {
596     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
597     QemuOpts *opts;
598     Error *local_err = NULL;
599     const char *filename = NULL;
600     const char *str;
601     BlockdevAioOptions aio, aio_default;
602     int fd, ret;
603     struct stat st;
604     OnOffAuto locking;
605 
606     opts = qemu_opts_create(&raw_runtime_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
607     if (!qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(opts, options, errp)) {
608         ret = -EINVAL;
609         goto fail;
610     }
611 
612     filename = qemu_opt_get(opts, "filename");
613 
614     ret = raw_normalize_devicepath(&filename, errp);
615     if (ret != 0) {
616         goto fail;
617     }
618 
619     if (bdrv_flags & BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO) {
620         aio_default = BLOCKDEV_AIO_OPTIONS_NATIVE;
621 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING
622     } else if (bdrv_flags & BDRV_O_IO_URING) {
623         aio_default = BLOCKDEV_AIO_OPTIONS_IO_URING;
624 #endif
625     } else {
626         aio_default = BLOCKDEV_AIO_OPTIONS_THREADS;
627     }
628 
629     aio = qapi_enum_parse(&BlockdevAioOptions_lookup,
630                           qemu_opt_get(opts, "aio"),
631                           aio_default, &local_err);
632     if (local_err) {
633         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
634         ret = -EINVAL;
635         goto fail;
636     }
637 
638     s->use_linux_aio = (aio == BLOCKDEV_AIO_OPTIONS_NATIVE);
639 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING
640     s->use_linux_io_uring = (aio == BLOCKDEV_AIO_OPTIONS_IO_URING);
641 #endif
642 
643     s->aio_max_batch = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "aio-max-batch", 0);
644 
645     locking = qapi_enum_parse(&OnOffAuto_lookup,
646                               qemu_opt_get(opts, "locking"),
647                               ON_OFF_AUTO_AUTO, &local_err);
648     if (local_err) {
649         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
650         ret = -EINVAL;
651         goto fail;
652     }
653     switch (locking) {
654     case ON_OFF_AUTO_ON:
655         s->use_lock = true;
656         if (!qemu_has_ofd_lock()) {
657             warn_report("File lock requested but OFD locking syscall is "
658                         "unavailable, falling back to POSIX file locks");
659             error_printf("Due to the implementation, locks can be lost "
660                          "unexpectedly.\n");
661         }
662         break;
663     case ON_OFF_AUTO_OFF:
664         s->use_lock = false;
665         break;
666     case ON_OFF_AUTO_AUTO:
667         s->use_lock = qemu_has_ofd_lock();
668         break;
669     default:
670         abort();
671     }
672 
673     str = qemu_opt_get(opts, "pr-manager");
674     if (str) {
675         s->pr_mgr = pr_manager_lookup(str, &local_err);
676         if (local_err) {
677             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
678             ret = -EINVAL;
679             goto fail;
680         }
681     }
682 
683     s->drop_cache = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "drop-cache", true);
684     s->check_cache_dropped = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "x-check-cache-dropped",
685                                                false);
686 
687     s->open_flags = open_flags;
688     raw_parse_flags(bdrv_flags, &s->open_flags, false);
689 
690     s->fd = -1;
691     fd = qemu_open(filename, s->open_flags, errp);
692     ret = fd < 0 ? -errno : 0;
693 
694     if (ret < 0) {
695         if (ret == -EROFS) {
696             ret = -EACCES;
697         }
698         goto fail;
699     }
700     s->fd = fd;
701 
702     /* Check s->open_flags rather than bdrv_flags due to auto-read-only */
703     if (s->open_flags & O_RDWR) {
704         ret = check_hdev_writable(s->fd);
705         if (ret < 0) {
706             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "The device is not writable");
707             goto fail;
708         }
709     }
710 
711     s->perm = 0;
712     s->shared_perm = BLK_PERM_ALL;
713 
714 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_AIO
715      /* Currently Linux does AIO only for files opened with O_DIRECT */
716     if (s->use_linux_aio) {
717         if (!(s->open_flags & O_DIRECT)) {
718             error_setg(errp, "aio=native was specified, but it requires "
719                              "cache.direct=on, which was not specified.");
720             ret = -EINVAL;
721             goto fail;
722         }
723         if (!aio_setup_linux_aio(bdrv_get_aio_context(bs), errp)) {
724             error_prepend(errp, "Unable to use native AIO: ");
725             goto fail;
726         }
727     }
728 #else
729     if (s->use_linux_aio) {
730         error_setg(errp, "aio=native was specified, but is not supported "
731                          "in this build.");
732         ret = -EINVAL;
733         goto fail;
734     }
735 #endif /* !defined(CONFIG_LINUX_AIO) */
736 
737 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING
738     if (s->use_linux_io_uring) {
739         if (!aio_setup_linux_io_uring(bdrv_get_aio_context(bs), errp)) {
740             error_prepend(errp, "Unable to use io_uring: ");
741             goto fail;
742         }
743     }
744 #else
745     if (s->use_linux_io_uring) {
746         error_setg(errp, "aio=io_uring was specified, but is not supported "
747                          "in this build.");
748         ret = -EINVAL;
749         goto fail;
750     }
751 #endif /* !defined(CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING) */
752 
753     s->has_discard = true;
754     s->has_write_zeroes = true;
755 
756     if (fstat(s->fd, &st) < 0) {
757         ret = -errno;
758         error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "Could not stat file");
759         goto fail;
760     }
761 
762     if (!device) {
763         if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
764             error_setg(errp, "'%s' driver requires '%s' to be a regular file",
765                        bs->drv->format_name, bs->filename);
766             ret = -EINVAL;
767             goto fail;
768         } else {
769             s->has_fallocate = true;
770         }
771     } else {
772         if (!(S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))) {
773             error_setg(errp, "'%s' driver requires '%s' to be either "
774                        "a character or block device",
775                        bs->drv->format_name, bs->filename);
776             ret = -EINVAL;
777             goto fail;
778         }
779     }
780 #ifdef CONFIG_BLKZONED
781     /*
782      * The kernel page cache does not reliably work for writes to SWR zones
783      * of zoned block device because it can not guarantee the order of writes.
784      */
785     if ((bs->bl.zoned != BLK_Z_NONE) &&
786         (!(s->open_flags & O_DIRECT))) {
787         error_setg(errp, "The driver supports zoned devices, and it requires "
788                          "cache.direct=on, which was not specified.");
789         return -EINVAL; /* No host kernel page cache */
790     }
791 #endif
792 
793     if (S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
794 #ifdef __linux__
795         /* On Linux 3.10, BLKDISCARD leaves stale data in the page cache.  Do
796          * not rely on the contents of discarded blocks unless using O_DIRECT.
797          * Same for BLKZEROOUT.
798          */
799         if (!(bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE)) {
800             s->has_write_zeroes = false;
801         }
802 #endif
803     }
804 #ifdef __FreeBSD__
805     if (S_ISCHR(st.st_mode)) {
806         /*
807          * The file is a char device (disk), which on FreeBSD isn't behind
808          * a pager, so force all requests to be aligned. This is needed
809          * so QEMU makes sure all IO operations on the device are aligned
810          * to sector size, or else FreeBSD will reject them with EINVAL.
811          */
812         s->force_alignment = true;
813     }
814 #endif
815     s->needs_alignment = raw_needs_alignment(bs);
816 
817     bs->supported_zero_flags = BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP | BDRV_REQ_NO_FALLBACK;
818     if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
819         /* When extending regular files, we get zeros from the OS */
820         bs->supported_truncate_flags = BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE;
821     }
822     ret = 0;
823 fail:
824     if (ret < 0 && s->fd != -1) {
825         qemu_close(s->fd);
826     }
827     if (filename && (bdrv_flags & BDRV_O_TEMPORARY)) {
828         unlink(filename);
829     }
830     qemu_opts_del(opts);
831     return ret;
832 }
833 
834 static int raw_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
835                     Error **errp)
836 {
837     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
838 
839     s->type = FTYPE_FILE;
840     return raw_open_common(bs, options, flags, 0, false, errp);
841 }
842 
843 typedef enum {
844     RAW_PL_PREPARE,
845     RAW_PL_COMMIT,
846     RAW_PL_ABORT,
847 } RawPermLockOp;
848 
849 #define PERM_FOREACH(i) \
850     for ((i) = 0; (1ULL << (i)) <= BLK_PERM_ALL; i++)
851 
852 /* Lock bytes indicated by @perm_lock_bits and @shared_perm_lock_bits in the
853  * file; if @unlock == true, also unlock the unneeded bytes.
854  * @shared_perm_lock_bits is the mask of all permissions that are NOT shared.
855  */
856 static int raw_apply_lock_bytes(BDRVRawState *s, int fd,
857                                 uint64_t perm_lock_bits,
858                                 uint64_t shared_perm_lock_bits,
859                                 bool unlock, Error **errp)
860 {
861     int ret;
862     int i;
863     uint64_t locked_perm, locked_shared_perm;
864 
865     if (s) {
866         locked_perm = s->locked_perm;
867         locked_shared_perm = s->locked_shared_perm;
868     } else {
869         /*
870          * We don't have the previous bits, just lock/unlock for each of the
871          * requested bits.
872          */
873         if (unlock) {
874             locked_perm = BLK_PERM_ALL;
875             locked_shared_perm = BLK_PERM_ALL;
876         } else {
877             locked_perm = 0;
878             locked_shared_perm = 0;
879         }
880     }
881 
882     PERM_FOREACH(i) {
883         int off = RAW_LOCK_PERM_BASE + i;
884         uint64_t bit = (1ULL << i);
885         if ((perm_lock_bits & bit) && !(locked_perm & bit)) {
886             ret = qemu_lock_fd(fd, off, 1, false);
887             if (ret) {
888                 raw_lock_error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to lock byte %d",
889                                           off);
890                 return ret;
891             } else if (s) {
892                 s->locked_perm |= bit;
893             }
894         } else if (unlock && (locked_perm & bit) && !(perm_lock_bits & bit)) {
895             ret = qemu_unlock_fd(fd, off, 1);
896             if (ret) {
897                 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to unlock byte %d", off);
898                 return ret;
899             } else if (s) {
900                 s->locked_perm &= ~bit;
901             }
902         }
903     }
904     PERM_FOREACH(i) {
905         int off = RAW_LOCK_SHARED_BASE + i;
906         uint64_t bit = (1ULL << i);
907         if ((shared_perm_lock_bits & bit) && !(locked_shared_perm & bit)) {
908             ret = qemu_lock_fd(fd, off, 1, false);
909             if (ret) {
910                 raw_lock_error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to lock byte %d",
911                                           off);
912                 return ret;
913             } else if (s) {
914                 s->locked_shared_perm |= bit;
915             }
916         } else if (unlock && (locked_shared_perm & bit) &&
917                    !(shared_perm_lock_bits & bit)) {
918             ret = qemu_unlock_fd(fd, off, 1);
919             if (ret) {
920                 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to unlock byte %d", off);
921                 return ret;
922             } else if (s) {
923                 s->locked_shared_perm &= ~bit;
924             }
925         }
926     }
927     return 0;
928 }
929 
930 /* Check "unshared" bytes implied by @perm and ~@shared_perm in the file. */
931 static int raw_check_lock_bytes(int fd, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared_perm,
932                                 Error **errp)
933 {
934     int ret;
935     int i;
936 
937     PERM_FOREACH(i) {
938         int off = RAW_LOCK_SHARED_BASE + i;
939         uint64_t p = 1ULL << i;
940         if (perm & p) {
941             ret = qemu_lock_fd_test(fd, off, 1, true);
942             if (ret) {
943                 char *perm_name = bdrv_perm_names(p);
944 
945                 raw_lock_error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
946                                           "Failed to get \"%s\" lock",
947                                           perm_name);
948                 g_free(perm_name);
949                 return ret;
950             }
951         }
952     }
953     PERM_FOREACH(i) {
954         int off = RAW_LOCK_PERM_BASE + i;
955         uint64_t p = 1ULL << i;
956         if (!(shared_perm & p)) {
957             ret = qemu_lock_fd_test(fd, off, 1, true);
958             if (ret) {
959                 char *perm_name = bdrv_perm_names(p);
960 
961                 raw_lock_error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
962                                           "Failed to get shared \"%s\" lock",
963                                           perm_name);
964                 g_free(perm_name);
965                 return ret;
966             }
967         }
968     }
969     return 0;
970 }
971 
972 static int raw_handle_perm_lock(BlockDriverState *bs,
973                                 RawPermLockOp op,
974                                 uint64_t new_perm, uint64_t new_shared,
975                                 Error **errp)
976 {
977     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
978     int ret = 0;
979     Error *local_err = NULL;
980 
981     if (!s->use_lock) {
982         return 0;
983     }
984 
985     if (bdrv_get_flags(bs) & BDRV_O_INACTIVE) {
986         return 0;
987     }
988 
989     switch (op) {
990     case RAW_PL_PREPARE:
991         if ((s->perm | new_perm) == s->perm &&
992             (s->shared_perm & new_shared) == s->shared_perm)
993         {
994             /*
995              * We are going to unlock bytes, it should not fail. If it fail due
996              * to some fs-dependent permission-unrelated reasons (which occurs
997              * sometimes on NFS and leads to abort in bdrv_replace_child) we
998              * can't prevent such errors by any check here. And we ignore them
999              * anyway in ABORT and COMMIT.
1000              */
1001             return 0;
1002         }
1003         ret = raw_apply_lock_bytes(s, s->fd, s->perm | new_perm,
1004                                    ~s->shared_perm | ~new_shared,
1005                                    false, errp);
1006         if (!ret) {
1007             ret = raw_check_lock_bytes(s->fd, new_perm, new_shared, errp);
1008             if (!ret) {
1009                 return 0;
1010             }
1011             error_append_hint(errp,
1012                               "Is another process using the image [%s]?\n",
1013                               bs->filename);
1014         }
1015         /* fall through to unlock bytes. */
1016     case RAW_PL_ABORT:
1017         raw_apply_lock_bytes(s, s->fd, s->perm, ~s->shared_perm,
1018                              true, &local_err);
1019         if (local_err) {
1020             /* Theoretically the above call only unlocks bytes and it cannot
1021              * fail. Something weird happened, report it.
1022              */
1023             warn_report_err(local_err);
1024         }
1025         break;
1026     case RAW_PL_COMMIT:
1027         raw_apply_lock_bytes(s, s->fd, new_perm, ~new_shared,
1028                              true, &local_err);
1029         if (local_err) {
1030             /* Theoretically the above call only unlocks bytes and it cannot
1031              * fail. Something weird happened, report it.
1032              */
1033             warn_report_err(local_err);
1034         }
1035         break;
1036     }
1037     return ret;
1038 }
1039 
1040 /* Sets a specific flag */
1041 static int fcntl_setfl(int fd, int flag)
1042 {
1043     int flags;
1044 
1045     flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
1046     if (flags == -1) {
1047         return -errno;
1048     }
1049     if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | flag) == -1) {
1050         return -errno;
1051     }
1052     return 0;
1053 }
1054 
1055 static int raw_reconfigure_getfd(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags,
1056                                  int *open_flags, uint64_t perm, bool force_dup,
1057                                  Error **errp)
1058 {
1059     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
1060     int fd = -1;
1061     int ret;
1062     bool has_writers = perm &
1063         (BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_WRITE_UNCHANGED | BLK_PERM_RESIZE);
1064     int fcntl_flags = O_APPEND | O_NONBLOCK;
1065 #ifdef O_NOATIME
1066     fcntl_flags |= O_NOATIME;
1067 #endif
1068 
1069     *open_flags = 0;
1070     if (s->type == FTYPE_CD) {
1071         *open_flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
1072     }
1073 
1074     raw_parse_flags(flags, open_flags, has_writers);
1075 
1076 #ifdef O_ASYNC
1077     /* Not all operating systems have O_ASYNC, and those that don't
1078      * will not let us track the state into rs->open_flags (typically
1079      * you achieve the same effect with an ioctl, for example I_SETSIG
1080      * on Solaris). But we do not use O_ASYNC, so that's fine.
1081      */
1082     assert((s->open_flags & O_ASYNC) == 0);
1083 #endif
1084 
1085     if (!force_dup && *open_flags == s->open_flags) {
1086         /* We're lucky, the existing fd is fine */
1087         return s->fd;
1088     }
1089 
1090     if ((*open_flags & ~fcntl_flags) == (s->open_flags & ~fcntl_flags)) {
1091         /* dup the original fd */
1092         fd = qemu_dup(s->fd);
1093         if (fd >= 0) {
1094             ret = fcntl_setfl(fd, *open_flags);
1095             if (ret) {
1096                 qemu_close(fd);
1097                 fd = -1;
1098             }
1099         }
1100     }
1101 
1102     /* If we cannot use fcntl, or fcntl failed, fall back to qemu_open() */
1103     if (fd == -1) {
1104         const char *normalized_filename = bs->filename;
1105         ret = raw_normalize_devicepath(&normalized_filename, errp);
1106         if (ret >= 0) {
1107             fd = qemu_open(normalized_filename, *open_flags, errp);
1108             if (fd == -1) {
1109                 return -1;
1110             }
1111         }
1112     }
1113 
1114     if (fd != -1 && (*open_flags & O_RDWR)) {
1115         ret = check_hdev_writable(fd);
1116         if (ret < 0) {
1117             qemu_close(fd);
1118             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "The device is not writable");
1119             return -1;
1120         }
1121     }
1122 
1123     return fd;
1124 }
1125 
1126 static int raw_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,
1127                               BlockReopenQueue *queue, Error **errp)
1128 {
1129     BDRVRawState *s;
1130     BDRVRawReopenState *rs;
1131     QemuOpts *opts;
1132     int ret;
1133 
1134     assert(state != NULL);
1135     assert(state->bs != NULL);
1136 
1137     s = state->bs->opaque;
1138 
1139     state->opaque = g_new0(BDRVRawReopenState, 1);
1140     rs = state->opaque;
1141 
1142     /* Handle options changes */
1143     opts = qemu_opts_create(&raw_runtime_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
1144     if (!qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(opts, state->options, errp)) {
1145         ret = -EINVAL;
1146         goto out;
1147     }
1148 
1149     rs->drop_cache = qemu_opt_get_bool_del(opts, "drop-cache", true);
1150     rs->check_cache_dropped =
1151         qemu_opt_get_bool_del(opts, "x-check-cache-dropped", false);
1152 
1153     /* This driver's reopen function doesn't currently allow changing
1154      * other options, so let's put them back in the original QDict and
1155      * bdrv_reopen_prepare() will detect changes and complain. */
1156     qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, state->options);
1157 
1158     /*
1159      * As part of reopen prepare we also want to create new fd by
1160      * raw_reconfigure_getfd(). But it wants updated "perm", when in
1161      * bdrv_reopen_multiple() .bdrv_reopen_prepare() callback called prior to
1162      * permission update. Happily, permission update is always a part
1163      * (a separate stage) of bdrv_reopen_multiple() so we can rely on this
1164      * fact and reconfigure fd in raw_check_perm().
1165      */
1166 
1167     s->reopen_state = state;
1168     ret = 0;
1169 
1170 out:
1171     qemu_opts_del(opts);
1172     return ret;
1173 }
1174 
1175 static void raw_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *state)
1176 {
1177     BDRVRawReopenState *rs = state->opaque;
1178     BDRVRawState *s = state->bs->opaque;
1179 
1180     s->drop_cache = rs->drop_cache;
1181     s->check_cache_dropped = rs->check_cache_dropped;
1182     s->open_flags = rs->open_flags;
1183     g_free(state->opaque);
1184     state->opaque = NULL;
1185 
1186     assert(s->reopen_state == state);
1187     s->reopen_state = NULL;
1188 }
1189 
1190 
1191 static void raw_reopen_abort(BDRVReopenState *state)
1192 {
1193     BDRVRawReopenState *rs = state->opaque;
1194     BDRVRawState *s = state->bs->opaque;
1195 
1196      /* nothing to do if NULL, we didn't get far enough */
1197     if (rs == NULL) {
1198         return;
1199     }
1200 
1201     g_free(state->opaque);
1202     state->opaque = NULL;
1203 
1204     assert(s->reopen_state == state);
1205     s->reopen_state = NULL;
1206 }
1207 
1208 static int hdev_get_max_hw_transfer(int fd, struct stat *st)
1209 {
1210 #ifdef BLKSECTGET
1211     if (S_ISBLK(st->st_mode)) {
1212         unsigned short max_sectors = 0;
1213         if (ioctl(fd, BLKSECTGET, &max_sectors) == 0) {
1214             return max_sectors * 512;
1215         }
1216     } else {
1217         int max_bytes = 0;
1218         if (ioctl(fd, BLKSECTGET, &max_bytes) == 0) {
1219             return max_bytes;
1220         }
1221     }
1222     return -errno;
1223 #else
1224     return -ENOSYS;
1225 #endif
1226 }
1227 
1228 /*
1229  * Get a sysfs attribute value as character string.
1230  */
1231 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX
1232 static int get_sysfs_str_val(struct stat *st, const char *attribute,
1233                              char **val) {
1234     g_autofree char *sysfspath = NULL;
1235     size_t len;
1236 
1237     if (!S_ISBLK(st->st_mode)) {
1238         return -ENOTSUP;
1239     }
1240 
1241     sysfspath = g_strdup_printf("/sys/dev/block/%u:%u/queue/%s",
1242                                 major(st->st_rdev), minor(st->st_rdev),
1243                                 attribute);
1244     if (!g_file_get_contents(sysfspath, val, &len, NULL)) {
1245         return -ENOENT;
1246     }
1247 
1248     /* The file is ended with '\n' */
1249     char *p;
1250     p = *val;
1251     if (*(p + len - 1) == '\n') {
1252         *(p + len - 1) = '\0';
1253     }
1254     return 0;
1255 }
1256 #endif
1257 
1258 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
1259 static int get_sysfs_zoned_model(struct stat *st, BlockZoneModel *zoned)
1260 {
1261     g_autofree char *val = NULL;
1262     int ret;
1263 
1264     ret = get_sysfs_str_val(st, "zoned", &val);
1265     if (ret < 0) {
1266         return ret;
1267     }
1268 
1269     if (strcmp(val, "host-managed") == 0) {
1270         *zoned = BLK_Z_HM;
1271     } else if (strcmp(val, "host-aware") == 0) {
1272         *zoned = BLK_Z_HA;
1273     } else if (strcmp(val, "none") == 0) {
1274         *zoned = BLK_Z_NONE;
1275     } else {
1276         return -ENOTSUP;
1277     }
1278     return 0;
1279 }
1280 #endif /* defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED) */
1281 
1282 /*
1283  * Get a sysfs attribute value as a long integer.
1284  */
1285 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX
1286 static long get_sysfs_long_val(struct stat *st, const char *attribute)
1287 {
1288     g_autofree char *str = NULL;
1289     const char *end;
1290     long val;
1291     int ret;
1292 
1293     ret = get_sysfs_str_val(st, attribute, &str);
1294     if (ret < 0) {
1295         return ret;
1296     }
1297 
1298     /* The file is ended with '\n', pass 'end' to accept that. */
1299     ret = qemu_strtol(str, &end, 10, &val);
1300     if (ret == 0 && end && *end == '\0') {
1301         ret = val;
1302     }
1303     return ret;
1304 }
1305 #endif
1306 
1307 static int hdev_get_max_segments(int fd, struct stat *st)
1308 {
1309 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX
1310     int ret;
1311 
1312     if (S_ISCHR(st->st_mode)) {
1313         if (ioctl(fd, SG_GET_SG_TABLESIZE, &ret) == 0) {
1314             return ret;
1315         }
1316         return -ENOTSUP;
1317     }
1318     return get_sysfs_long_val(st, "max_segments");
1319 #else
1320     return -ENOTSUP;
1321 #endif
1322 }
1323 
1324 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
1325 /*
1326  * If the reset_all flag is true, then the wps of zone whose state is
1327  * not readonly or offline should be all reset to the start sector.
1328  * Else, take the real wp of the device.
1329  */
1330 static int get_zones_wp(BlockDriverState *bs, int fd, int64_t offset,
1331                         unsigned int nrz, bool reset_all)
1332 {
1333     struct blk_zone *blkz;
1334     size_t rep_size;
1335     uint64_t sector = offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1336     BlockZoneWps *wps = bs->wps;
1337     unsigned int j = offset / bs->bl.zone_size;
1338     unsigned int n = 0, i = 0;
1339     int ret;
1340     rep_size = sizeof(struct blk_zone_report) + nrz * sizeof(struct blk_zone);
1341     g_autofree struct blk_zone_report *rep = NULL;
1342 
1343     rep = g_malloc(rep_size);
1344     blkz = (struct blk_zone *)(rep + 1);
1345     while (n < nrz) {
1346         memset(rep, 0, rep_size);
1347         rep->sector = sector;
1348         rep->nr_zones = nrz - n;
1349 
1350         do {
1351             ret = ioctl(fd, BLKREPORTZONE, rep);
1352         } while (ret != 0 && errno == EINTR);
1353         if (ret != 0) {
1354             error_report("%d: ioctl BLKREPORTZONE at %" PRId64 " failed %d",
1355                     fd, offset, errno);
1356             return -errno;
1357         }
1358 
1359         if (!rep->nr_zones) {
1360             break;
1361         }
1362 
1363         for (i = 0; i < rep->nr_zones; ++i, ++n, ++j) {
1364             /*
1365              * The wp tracking cares only about sequential writes required and
1366              * sequential write preferred zones so that the wp can advance to
1367              * the right location.
1368              * Use the most significant bit of the wp location to indicate the
1369              * zone type: 0 for SWR/SWP zones and 1 for conventional zones.
1370              */
1371             if (blkz[i].type == BLK_ZONE_TYPE_CONVENTIONAL) {
1372                 wps->wp[j] |= 1ULL << 63;
1373             } else {
1374                 switch(blkz[i].cond) {
1375                 case BLK_ZONE_COND_FULL:
1376                 case BLK_ZONE_COND_READONLY:
1377                     /* Zone not writable */
1378                     wps->wp[j] = (blkz[i].start + blkz[i].len) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1379                     break;
1380                 case BLK_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE:
1381                     /* Zone not writable nor readable */
1382                     wps->wp[j] = (blkz[i].start) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1383                     break;
1384                 default:
1385                     if (reset_all) {
1386                         wps->wp[j] = blkz[i].start << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1387                     } else {
1388                         wps->wp[j] = blkz[i].wp << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1389                     }
1390                     break;
1391                 }
1392             }
1393         }
1394         sector = blkz[i - 1].start + blkz[i - 1].len;
1395     }
1396 
1397     return 0;
1398 }
1399 
1400 static void update_zones_wp(BlockDriverState *bs, int fd, int64_t offset,
1401                             unsigned int nrz)
1402 {
1403     if (get_zones_wp(bs, fd, offset, nrz, 0) < 0) {
1404         error_report("update zone wp failed");
1405     }
1406 }
1407 
1408 static void raw_refresh_zoned_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, struct stat *st,
1409                                      Error **errp)
1410 {
1411     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
1412     BlockZoneModel zoned;
1413     int ret;
1414 
1415     ret = get_sysfs_zoned_model(st, &zoned);
1416     if (ret < 0 || zoned == BLK_Z_NONE) {
1417         goto no_zoned;
1418     }
1419     bs->bl.zoned = zoned;
1420 
1421     ret = get_sysfs_long_val(st, "max_open_zones");
1422     if (ret >= 0) {
1423         bs->bl.max_open_zones = ret;
1424     }
1425 
1426     ret = get_sysfs_long_val(st, "max_active_zones");
1427     if (ret >= 0) {
1428         bs->bl.max_active_zones = ret;
1429     }
1430 
1431     /*
1432      * The zoned device must at least have zone size and nr_zones fields.
1433      */
1434     ret = get_sysfs_long_val(st, "chunk_sectors");
1435     if (ret < 0) {
1436         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Unable to read chunk_sectors "
1437                                      "sysfs attribute");
1438         goto no_zoned;
1439     } else if (!ret) {
1440         error_setg(errp, "Read 0 from chunk_sectors sysfs attribute");
1441         goto no_zoned;
1442     }
1443     bs->bl.zone_size = ret << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1444 
1445     ret = get_sysfs_long_val(st, "nr_zones");
1446     if (ret < 0) {
1447         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Unable to read nr_zones "
1448                                      "sysfs attribute");
1449         goto no_zoned;
1450     } else if (!ret) {
1451         error_setg(errp, "Read 0 from nr_zones sysfs attribute");
1452         goto no_zoned;
1453     }
1454     bs->bl.nr_zones = ret;
1455 
1456     ret = get_sysfs_long_val(st, "zone_append_max_bytes");
1457     if (ret > 0) {
1458         bs->bl.max_append_sectors = ret >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1459     }
1460 
1461     ret = get_sysfs_long_val(st, "physical_block_size");
1462     if (ret >= 0) {
1463         bs->bl.write_granularity = ret;
1464     }
1465 
1466     /* The refresh_limits() function can be called multiple times. */
1467     g_free(bs->wps);
1468     bs->wps = g_malloc(sizeof(BlockZoneWps) +
1469             sizeof(int64_t) * bs->bl.nr_zones);
1470     ret = get_zones_wp(bs, s->fd, 0, bs->bl.nr_zones, 0);
1471     if (ret < 0) {
1472         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "report wps failed");
1473         goto no_zoned;
1474     }
1475     qemu_co_mutex_init(&bs->wps->colock);
1476     return;
1477 
1478 no_zoned:
1479     bs->bl.zoned = BLK_Z_NONE;
1480     g_free(bs->wps);
1481     bs->wps = NULL;
1482 }
1483 #else /* !defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED) */
1484 static void raw_refresh_zoned_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, struct stat *st,
1485                                      Error **errp)
1486 {
1487     bs->bl.zoned = BLK_Z_NONE;
1488 }
1489 #endif /* !defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED) */
1490 
1491 static void raw_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
1492 {
1493     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
1494     struct stat st;
1495 
1496     s->needs_alignment = raw_needs_alignment(bs);
1497     raw_probe_alignment(bs, s->fd, errp);
1498 
1499     bs->bl.min_mem_alignment = s->buf_align;
1500     bs->bl.opt_mem_alignment = MAX(s->buf_align, qemu_real_host_page_size());
1501 
1502     /*
1503      * Maximum transfers are best effort, so it is okay to ignore any
1504      * errors.  That said, based on the man page errors in fstat would be
1505      * very much unexpected; the only possible case seems to be ENOMEM.
1506      */
1507     if (fstat(s->fd, &st)) {
1508         return;
1509     }
1510 
1511 #if defined(__APPLE__) && (__MACH__)
1512     struct statfs buf;
1513 
1514     if (!fstatfs(s->fd, &buf)) {
1515         bs->bl.opt_transfer = buf.f_iosize;
1516         bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment = buf.f_bsize;
1517     }
1518 #endif
1519 
1520     if (bdrv_is_sg(bs) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
1521         int ret = hdev_get_max_hw_transfer(s->fd, &st);
1522 
1523         if (ret > 0 && ret <= BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES) {
1524             bs->bl.max_hw_transfer = ret;
1525         }
1526 
1527         ret = hdev_get_max_segments(s->fd, &st);
1528         if (ret > 0) {
1529             bs->bl.max_hw_iov = ret;
1530         }
1531     }
1532 
1533     raw_refresh_zoned_limits(bs, &st, errp);
1534 }
1535 
1536 static int check_for_dasd(int fd)
1537 {
1538 #ifdef BIODASDINFO2
1539     struct dasd_information2_t info = {0};
1540 
1541     return ioctl(fd, BIODASDINFO2, &info);
1542 #else
1543     return -1;
1544 #endif
1545 }
1546 
1547 /**
1548  * Try to get @bs's logical and physical block size.
1549  * On success, store them in @bsz and return zero.
1550  * On failure, return negative errno.
1551  */
1552 static int hdev_probe_blocksizes(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockSizes *bsz)
1553 {
1554     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
1555     int ret;
1556 
1557     /* If DASD or zoned devices, get blocksizes */
1558     if (check_for_dasd(s->fd) < 0) {
1559         /* zoned devices are not DASD */
1560         if (bs->bl.zoned == BLK_Z_NONE) {
1561             return -ENOTSUP;
1562         }
1563     }
1564     ret = probe_logical_blocksize(s->fd, &bsz->log);
1565     if (ret < 0) {
1566         return ret;
1567     }
1568     return probe_physical_blocksize(s->fd, &bsz->phys);
1569 }
1570 
1571 /**
1572  * Try to get @bs's geometry: cyls, heads, sectors.
1573  * On success, store them in @geo and return 0.
1574  * On failure return -errno.
1575  * (Allows block driver to assign default geometry values that guest sees)
1576  */
1577 #ifdef __linux__
1578 static int hdev_probe_geometry(BlockDriverState *bs, HDGeometry *geo)
1579 {
1580     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
1581     struct hd_geometry ioctl_geo = {0};
1582 
1583     /* If DASD, get its geometry */
1584     if (check_for_dasd(s->fd) < 0) {
1585         return -ENOTSUP;
1586     }
1587     if (ioctl(s->fd, HDIO_GETGEO, &ioctl_geo) < 0) {
1588         return -errno;
1589     }
1590     /* HDIO_GETGEO may return success even though geo contains zeros
1591        (e.g. certain multipath setups) */
1592     if (!ioctl_geo.heads || !ioctl_geo.sectors || !ioctl_geo.cylinders) {
1593         return -ENOTSUP;
1594     }
1595     /* Do not return a geometry for partition */
1596     if (ioctl_geo.start != 0) {
1597         return -ENOTSUP;
1598     }
1599     geo->heads = ioctl_geo.heads;
1600     geo->sectors = ioctl_geo.sectors;
1601     geo->cylinders = ioctl_geo.cylinders;
1602 
1603     return 0;
1604 }
1605 #else /* __linux__ */
1606 static int hdev_probe_geometry(BlockDriverState *bs, HDGeometry *geo)
1607 {
1608     return -ENOTSUP;
1609 }
1610 #endif
1611 
1612 #if defined(__linux__)
1613 static int handle_aiocb_ioctl(void *opaque)
1614 {
1615     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
1616     int ret;
1617 
1618     ret = RETRY_ON_EINTR(
1619         ioctl(aiocb->aio_fildes, aiocb->ioctl.cmd, aiocb->ioctl.buf)
1620     );
1621     if (ret == -1) {
1622         return -errno;
1623     }
1624 
1625     return 0;
1626 }
1627 #endif /* linux */
1628 
1629 static int handle_aiocb_flush(void *opaque)
1630 {
1631     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
1632     BDRVRawState *s = aiocb->bs->opaque;
1633     int ret;
1634 
1635     if (s->page_cache_inconsistent) {
1636         return -s->page_cache_inconsistent;
1637     }
1638 
1639     ret = qemu_fdatasync(aiocb->aio_fildes);
1640     if (ret == -1) {
1641         trace_file_flush_fdatasync_failed(errno);
1642 
1643         /* There is no clear definition of the semantics of a failing fsync(),
1644          * so we may have to assume the worst. The sad truth is that this
1645          * assumption is correct for Linux. Some pages are now probably marked
1646          * clean in the page cache even though they are inconsistent with the
1647          * on-disk contents. The next fdatasync() call would succeed, but no
1648          * further writeback attempt will be made. We can't get back to a state
1649          * in which we know what is on disk (we would have to rewrite
1650          * everything that was touched since the last fdatasync() at least), so
1651          * make bdrv_flush() fail permanently. Given that the behaviour isn't
1652          * really defined, I have little hope that other OSes are doing better.
1653          *
1654          * Obviously, this doesn't affect O_DIRECT, which bypasses the page
1655          * cache. */
1656         if ((s->open_flags & O_DIRECT) == 0) {
1657             s->page_cache_inconsistent = errno;
1658         }
1659         return -errno;
1660     }
1661     return 0;
1662 }
1663 
1664 #ifdef CONFIG_PREADV
1665 
1666 static bool preadv_present = true;
1667 
1668 static ssize_t
1669 qemu_preadv(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int nr_iov, off_t offset)
1670 {
1671     return preadv(fd, iov, nr_iov, offset);
1672 }
1673 
1674 static ssize_t
1675 qemu_pwritev(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int nr_iov, off_t offset)
1676 {
1677     return pwritev(fd, iov, nr_iov, offset);
1678 }
1679 
1680 #else
1681 
1682 static bool preadv_present = false;
1683 
1684 static ssize_t
1685 qemu_preadv(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int nr_iov, off_t offset)
1686 {
1687     return -ENOSYS;
1688 }
1689 
1690 static ssize_t
1691 qemu_pwritev(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int nr_iov, off_t offset)
1692 {
1693     return -ENOSYS;
1694 }
1695 
1696 #endif
1697 
1698 static ssize_t handle_aiocb_rw_vector(RawPosixAIOData *aiocb)
1699 {
1700     ssize_t len;
1701 
1702     len = RETRY_ON_EINTR(
1703         (aiocb->aio_type & (QEMU_AIO_WRITE | QEMU_AIO_ZONE_APPEND)) ?
1704             qemu_pwritev(aiocb->aio_fildes,
1705                            aiocb->io.iov,
1706                            aiocb->io.niov,
1707                            aiocb->aio_offset) :
1708             qemu_preadv(aiocb->aio_fildes,
1709                           aiocb->io.iov,
1710                           aiocb->io.niov,
1711                           aiocb->aio_offset)
1712     );
1713 
1714     if (len == -1) {
1715         return -errno;
1716     }
1717     return len;
1718 }
1719 
1720 /*
1721  * Read/writes the data to/from a given linear buffer.
1722  *
1723  * Returns the number of bytes handles or -errno in case of an error. Short
1724  * reads are only returned if the end of the file is reached.
1725  */
1726 static ssize_t handle_aiocb_rw_linear(RawPosixAIOData *aiocb, char *buf)
1727 {
1728     ssize_t offset = 0;
1729     ssize_t len;
1730 
1731     while (offset < aiocb->aio_nbytes) {
1732         if (aiocb->aio_type & (QEMU_AIO_WRITE | QEMU_AIO_ZONE_APPEND)) {
1733             len = pwrite(aiocb->aio_fildes,
1734                          (const char *)buf + offset,
1735                          aiocb->aio_nbytes - offset,
1736                          aiocb->aio_offset + offset);
1737         } else {
1738             len = pread(aiocb->aio_fildes,
1739                         buf + offset,
1740                         aiocb->aio_nbytes - offset,
1741                         aiocb->aio_offset + offset);
1742         }
1743         if (len == -1 && errno == EINTR) {
1744             continue;
1745         } else if (len == -1 && errno == EINVAL &&
1746                    (aiocb->bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE) &&
1747                    !(aiocb->aio_type & QEMU_AIO_WRITE) &&
1748                    offset > 0) {
1749             /* O_DIRECT pread() may fail with EINVAL when offset is unaligned
1750              * after a short read.  Assume that O_DIRECT short reads only occur
1751              * at EOF.  Therefore this is a short read, not an I/O error.
1752              */
1753             break;
1754         } else if (len == -1) {
1755             offset = -errno;
1756             break;
1757         } else if (len == 0) {
1758             break;
1759         }
1760         offset += len;
1761     }
1762 
1763     return offset;
1764 }
1765 
1766 static int handle_aiocb_rw(void *opaque)
1767 {
1768     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
1769     ssize_t nbytes;
1770     char *buf;
1771 
1772     if (!(aiocb->aio_type & QEMU_AIO_MISALIGNED)) {
1773         /*
1774          * If there is just a single buffer, and it is properly aligned
1775          * we can just use plain pread/pwrite without any problems.
1776          */
1777         if (aiocb->io.niov == 1) {
1778             nbytes = handle_aiocb_rw_linear(aiocb, aiocb->io.iov->iov_base);
1779             goto out;
1780         }
1781         /*
1782          * We have more than one iovec, and all are properly aligned.
1783          *
1784          * Try preadv/pwritev first and fall back to linearizing the
1785          * buffer if it's not supported.
1786          */
1787         if (preadv_present) {
1788             nbytes = handle_aiocb_rw_vector(aiocb);
1789             if (nbytes == aiocb->aio_nbytes ||
1790                 (nbytes < 0 && nbytes != -ENOSYS)) {
1791                 goto out;
1792             }
1793             preadv_present = false;
1794         }
1795 
1796         /*
1797          * XXX(hch): short read/write.  no easy way to handle the reminder
1798          * using these interfaces.  For now retry using plain
1799          * pread/pwrite?
1800          */
1801     }
1802 
1803     /*
1804      * Ok, we have to do it the hard way, copy all segments into
1805      * a single aligned buffer.
1806      */
1807     buf = qemu_try_blockalign(aiocb->bs, aiocb->aio_nbytes);
1808     if (buf == NULL) {
1809         nbytes = -ENOMEM;
1810         goto out;
1811     }
1812 
1813     if (aiocb->aio_type & QEMU_AIO_WRITE) {
1814         char *p = buf;
1815         int i;
1816 
1817         for (i = 0; i < aiocb->io.niov; ++i) {
1818             memcpy(p, aiocb->io.iov[i].iov_base, aiocb->io.iov[i].iov_len);
1819             p += aiocb->io.iov[i].iov_len;
1820         }
1821         assert(p - buf == aiocb->aio_nbytes);
1822     }
1823 
1824     nbytes = handle_aiocb_rw_linear(aiocb, buf);
1825     if (!(aiocb->aio_type & (QEMU_AIO_WRITE | QEMU_AIO_ZONE_APPEND))) {
1826         char *p = buf;
1827         size_t count = aiocb->aio_nbytes, copy;
1828         int i;
1829 
1830         for (i = 0; i < aiocb->io.niov && count; ++i) {
1831             copy = count;
1832             if (copy > aiocb->io.iov[i].iov_len) {
1833                 copy = aiocb->io.iov[i].iov_len;
1834             }
1835             memcpy(aiocb->io.iov[i].iov_base, p, copy);
1836             assert(count >= copy);
1837             p     += copy;
1838             count -= copy;
1839         }
1840         assert(count == 0);
1841     }
1842     qemu_vfree(buf);
1843 
1844 out:
1845     if (nbytes == aiocb->aio_nbytes) {
1846         return 0;
1847     } else if (nbytes >= 0 && nbytes < aiocb->aio_nbytes) {
1848         if (aiocb->aio_type & QEMU_AIO_WRITE) {
1849             return -EINVAL;
1850         } else {
1851             iov_memset(aiocb->io.iov, aiocb->io.niov, nbytes,
1852                       0, aiocb->aio_nbytes - nbytes);
1853             return 0;
1854         }
1855     } else {
1856         assert(nbytes < 0);
1857         return nbytes;
1858     }
1859 }
1860 
1861 #if defined(CONFIG_FALLOCATE) || defined(BLKZEROOUT) || defined(BLKDISCARD)
1862 static int translate_err(int err)
1863 {
1864     if (err == -ENODEV || err == -ENOSYS || err == -EOPNOTSUPP ||
1865         err == -ENOTTY) {
1866         err = -ENOTSUP;
1867     }
1868     return err;
1869 }
1870 #endif
1871 
1872 #ifdef CONFIG_FALLOCATE
1873 static int do_fallocate(int fd, int mode, off_t offset, off_t len)
1874 {
1875     do {
1876         if (fallocate(fd, mode, offset, len) == 0) {
1877             return 0;
1878         }
1879     } while (errno == EINTR);
1880     return translate_err(-errno);
1881 }
1882 #endif
1883 
1884 static ssize_t handle_aiocb_write_zeroes_block(RawPosixAIOData *aiocb)
1885 {
1886     int ret = -ENOTSUP;
1887     BDRVRawState *s = aiocb->bs->opaque;
1888 
1889     if (!s->has_write_zeroes) {
1890         return -ENOTSUP;
1891     }
1892 
1893 #ifdef BLKZEROOUT
1894     /* The BLKZEROOUT implementation in the kernel doesn't set
1895      * BLKDEV_ZERO_NOFALLBACK, so we can't call this if we have to avoid slow
1896      * fallbacks. */
1897     if (!(aiocb->aio_type & QEMU_AIO_NO_FALLBACK)) {
1898         do {
1899             uint64_t range[2] = { aiocb->aio_offset, aiocb->aio_nbytes };
1900             if (ioctl(aiocb->aio_fildes, BLKZEROOUT, range) == 0) {
1901                 return 0;
1902             }
1903         } while (errno == EINTR);
1904 
1905         ret = translate_err(-errno);
1906         if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
1907             s->has_write_zeroes = false;
1908         }
1909     }
1910 #endif
1911 
1912     return ret;
1913 }
1914 
1915 static int handle_aiocb_write_zeroes(void *opaque)
1916 {
1917     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
1918 #ifdef CONFIG_FALLOCATE
1919     BDRVRawState *s = aiocb->bs->opaque;
1920     int64_t len;
1921 #endif
1922 
1923     if (aiocb->aio_type & QEMU_AIO_BLKDEV) {
1924         return handle_aiocb_write_zeroes_block(aiocb);
1925     }
1926 
1927 #ifdef CONFIG_FALLOCATE_ZERO_RANGE
1928     if (s->has_write_zeroes) {
1929         int ret = do_fallocate(s->fd, FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE,
1930                                aiocb->aio_offset, aiocb->aio_nbytes);
1931         if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
1932             s->has_write_zeroes = false;
1933         } else if (ret == 0 || ret != -EINVAL) {
1934             return ret;
1935         }
1936         /*
1937          * Note: Some file systems do not like unaligned byte ranges, and
1938          * return EINVAL in such a case, though they should not do it according
1939          * to the man-page of fallocate(). Thus we simply ignore this return
1940          * value and try the other fallbacks instead.
1941          */
1942     }
1943 #endif
1944 
1945 #ifdef CONFIG_FALLOCATE_PUNCH_HOLE
1946     if (s->has_discard && s->has_fallocate) {
1947         int ret = do_fallocate(s->fd,
1948                                FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,
1949                                aiocb->aio_offset, aiocb->aio_nbytes);
1950         if (ret == 0) {
1951             ret = do_fallocate(s->fd, 0, aiocb->aio_offset, aiocb->aio_nbytes);
1952             if (ret == 0 || ret != -ENOTSUP) {
1953                 return ret;
1954             }
1955             s->has_fallocate = false;
1956         } else if (ret == -EINVAL) {
1957             /*
1958              * Some file systems like older versions of GPFS do not like un-
1959              * aligned byte ranges, and return EINVAL in such a case, though
1960              * they should not do it according to the man-page of fallocate().
1961              * Warn about the bad filesystem and try the final fallback instead.
1962              */
1963             warn_report_once("Your file system is misbehaving: "
1964                              "fallocate(FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE) returned EINVAL. "
1965                              "Please report this bug to your file system "
1966                              "vendor.");
1967         } else if (ret != -ENOTSUP) {
1968             return ret;
1969         } else {
1970             s->has_discard = false;
1971         }
1972     }
1973 #endif
1974 
1975 #ifdef CONFIG_FALLOCATE
1976     /* Last resort: we are trying to extend the file with zeroed data. This
1977      * can be done via fallocate(fd, 0) */
1978     len = raw_getlength(aiocb->bs);
1979     if (s->has_fallocate && len >= 0 && aiocb->aio_offset >= len) {
1980         int ret = do_fallocate(s->fd, 0, aiocb->aio_offset, aiocb->aio_nbytes);
1981         if (ret == 0 || ret != -ENOTSUP) {
1982             return ret;
1983         }
1984         s->has_fallocate = false;
1985     }
1986 #endif
1987 
1988     return -ENOTSUP;
1989 }
1990 
1991 static int handle_aiocb_write_zeroes_unmap(void *opaque)
1992 {
1993     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
1994     BDRVRawState *s G_GNUC_UNUSED = aiocb->bs->opaque;
1995 
1996     /* First try to write zeros and unmap at the same time */
1997 
1998 #ifdef CONFIG_FALLOCATE_PUNCH_HOLE
1999     int ret = do_fallocate(s->fd, FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,
2000                            aiocb->aio_offset, aiocb->aio_nbytes);
2001     switch (ret) {
2002     case -ENOTSUP:
2003     case -EINVAL:
2004     case -EBUSY:
2005         break;
2006     default:
2007         return ret;
2008     }
2009 #endif
2010 
2011     /* If we couldn't manage to unmap while guaranteed that the area reads as
2012      * all-zero afterwards, just write zeroes without unmapping */
2013     return handle_aiocb_write_zeroes(aiocb);
2014 }
2015 
2016 #ifndef HAVE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
2017 static off_t copy_file_range(int in_fd, off_t *in_off, int out_fd,
2018                              off_t *out_off, size_t len, unsigned int flags)
2019 {
2020 #ifdef __NR_copy_file_range
2021     return syscall(__NR_copy_file_range, in_fd, in_off, out_fd,
2022                    out_off, len, flags);
2023 #else
2024     errno = ENOSYS;
2025     return -1;
2026 #endif
2027 }
2028 #endif
2029 
2030 /*
2031  * parse_zone - Fill a zone descriptor
2032  */
2033 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
2034 static inline int parse_zone(struct BlockZoneDescriptor *zone,
2035                               const struct blk_zone *blkz) {
2036     zone->start = blkz->start << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2037     zone->length = blkz->len << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2038     zone->wp = blkz->wp << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2039 
2040 #ifdef HAVE_BLK_ZONE_REP_CAPACITY
2041     zone->cap = blkz->capacity << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2042 #else
2043     zone->cap = blkz->len << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2044 #endif
2045 
2046     switch (blkz->type) {
2047     case BLK_ZONE_TYPE_SEQWRITE_REQ:
2048         zone->type = BLK_ZT_SWR;
2049         break;
2050     case BLK_ZONE_TYPE_SEQWRITE_PREF:
2051         zone->type = BLK_ZT_SWP;
2052         break;
2053     case BLK_ZONE_TYPE_CONVENTIONAL:
2054         zone->type = BLK_ZT_CONV;
2055         break;
2056     default:
2057         error_report("Unsupported zone type: 0x%x", blkz->type);
2058         return -ENOTSUP;
2059     }
2060 
2061     switch (blkz->cond) {
2062     case BLK_ZONE_COND_NOT_WP:
2063         zone->state = BLK_ZS_NOT_WP;
2064         break;
2065     case BLK_ZONE_COND_EMPTY:
2066         zone->state = BLK_ZS_EMPTY;
2067         break;
2068     case BLK_ZONE_COND_IMP_OPEN:
2069         zone->state = BLK_ZS_IOPEN;
2070         break;
2071     case BLK_ZONE_COND_EXP_OPEN:
2072         zone->state = BLK_ZS_EOPEN;
2073         break;
2074     case BLK_ZONE_COND_CLOSED:
2075         zone->state = BLK_ZS_CLOSED;
2076         break;
2077     case BLK_ZONE_COND_READONLY:
2078         zone->state = BLK_ZS_RDONLY;
2079         break;
2080     case BLK_ZONE_COND_FULL:
2081         zone->state = BLK_ZS_FULL;
2082         break;
2083     case BLK_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE:
2084         zone->state = BLK_ZS_OFFLINE;
2085         break;
2086     default:
2087         error_report("Unsupported zone state: 0x%x", blkz->cond);
2088         return -ENOTSUP;
2089     }
2090     return 0;
2091 }
2092 #endif
2093 
2094 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
2095 static int handle_aiocb_zone_report(void *opaque)
2096 {
2097     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
2098     int fd = aiocb->aio_fildes;
2099     unsigned int *nr_zones = aiocb->zone_report.nr_zones;
2100     BlockZoneDescriptor *zones = aiocb->zone_report.zones;
2101     /* zoned block devices use 512-byte sectors */
2102     uint64_t sector = aiocb->aio_offset / 512;
2103 
2104     struct blk_zone *blkz;
2105     size_t rep_size;
2106     unsigned int nrz;
2107     int ret;
2108     unsigned int n = 0, i = 0;
2109 
2110     nrz = *nr_zones;
2111     rep_size = sizeof(struct blk_zone_report) + nrz * sizeof(struct blk_zone);
2112     g_autofree struct blk_zone_report *rep = NULL;
2113     rep = g_malloc(rep_size);
2114 
2115     blkz = (struct blk_zone *)(rep + 1);
2116     while (n < nrz) {
2117         memset(rep, 0, rep_size);
2118         rep->sector = sector;
2119         rep->nr_zones = nrz - n;
2120 
2121         do {
2122             ret = ioctl(fd, BLKREPORTZONE, rep);
2123         } while (ret != 0 && errno == EINTR);
2124         if (ret != 0) {
2125             error_report("%d: ioctl BLKREPORTZONE at %" PRId64 " failed %d",
2126                          fd, sector, errno);
2127             return -errno;
2128         }
2129 
2130         if (!rep->nr_zones) {
2131             break;
2132         }
2133 
2134         for (i = 0; i < rep->nr_zones; i++, n++) {
2135             ret = parse_zone(&zones[n], &blkz[i]);
2136             if (ret != 0) {
2137                 return ret;
2138             }
2139 
2140             /* The next report should start after the last zone reported */
2141             sector = blkz[i].start + blkz[i].len;
2142         }
2143     }
2144 
2145     *nr_zones = n;
2146     return 0;
2147 }
2148 #endif
2149 
2150 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
2151 static int handle_aiocb_zone_mgmt(void *opaque)
2152 {
2153     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
2154     int fd = aiocb->aio_fildes;
2155     uint64_t sector = aiocb->aio_offset / 512;
2156     int64_t nr_sectors = aiocb->aio_nbytes / 512;
2157     struct blk_zone_range range;
2158     int ret;
2159 
2160     /* Execute the operation */
2161     range.sector = sector;
2162     range.nr_sectors = nr_sectors;
2163     do {
2164         ret = ioctl(fd, aiocb->zone_mgmt.op, &range);
2165     } while (ret != 0 && errno == EINTR);
2166 
2167     return ret < 0 ? -errno : ret;
2168 }
2169 #endif
2170 
2171 static int handle_aiocb_copy_range(void *opaque)
2172 {
2173     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
2174     uint64_t bytes = aiocb->aio_nbytes;
2175     off_t in_off = aiocb->aio_offset;
2176     off_t out_off = aiocb->copy_range.aio_offset2;
2177 
2178     while (bytes) {
2179         ssize_t ret = copy_file_range(aiocb->aio_fildes, &in_off,
2180                                       aiocb->copy_range.aio_fd2, &out_off,
2181                                       bytes, 0);
2182         trace_file_copy_file_range(aiocb->bs, aiocb->aio_fildes, in_off,
2183                                    aiocb->copy_range.aio_fd2, out_off, bytes,
2184                                    0, ret);
2185         if (ret == 0) {
2186             /* No progress (e.g. when beyond EOF), let the caller fall back to
2187              * buffer I/O. */
2188             return -ENOSPC;
2189         }
2190         if (ret < 0) {
2191             switch (errno) {
2192             case ENOSYS:
2193                 return -ENOTSUP;
2194             case EINTR:
2195                 continue;
2196             default:
2197                 return -errno;
2198             }
2199         }
2200         bytes -= ret;
2201     }
2202     return 0;
2203 }
2204 
2205 static int handle_aiocb_discard(void *opaque)
2206 {
2207     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
2208     int ret = -ENOTSUP;
2209     BDRVRawState *s = aiocb->bs->opaque;
2210 
2211     if (!s->has_discard) {
2212         return -ENOTSUP;
2213     }
2214 
2215     if (aiocb->aio_type & QEMU_AIO_BLKDEV) {
2216 #ifdef BLKDISCARD
2217         do {
2218             uint64_t range[2] = { aiocb->aio_offset, aiocb->aio_nbytes };
2219             if (ioctl(aiocb->aio_fildes, BLKDISCARD, range) == 0) {
2220                 return 0;
2221             }
2222         } while (errno == EINTR);
2223 
2224         ret = translate_err(-errno);
2225 #endif
2226     } else {
2227 #ifdef CONFIG_FALLOCATE_PUNCH_HOLE
2228         ret = do_fallocate(s->fd, FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,
2229                            aiocb->aio_offset, aiocb->aio_nbytes);
2230         ret = translate_err(ret);
2231 #elif defined(__APPLE__) && (__MACH__)
2232         fpunchhole_t fpunchhole;
2233         fpunchhole.fp_flags = 0;
2234         fpunchhole.reserved = 0;
2235         fpunchhole.fp_offset = aiocb->aio_offset;
2236         fpunchhole.fp_length = aiocb->aio_nbytes;
2237         if (fcntl(s->fd, F_PUNCHHOLE, &fpunchhole) == -1) {
2238             ret = errno == ENODEV ? -ENOTSUP : -errno;
2239         } else {
2240             ret = 0;
2241         }
2242 #endif
2243     }
2244 
2245     if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
2246         s->has_discard = false;
2247     }
2248     return ret;
2249 }
2250 
2251 /*
2252  * Help alignment probing by allocating the first block.
2253  *
2254  * When reading with direct I/O from unallocated area on Gluster backed by XFS,
2255  * reading succeeds regardless of request length. In this case we fallback to
2256  * safe alignment which is not optimal. Allocating the first block avoids this
2257  * fallback.
2258  *
2259  * fd may be opened with O_DIRECT, but we don't know the buffer alignment or
2260  * request alignment, so we use safe values.
2261  *
2262  * Returns: 0 on success, -errno on failure. Since this is an optimization,
2263  * caller may ignore failures.
2264  */
2265 static int allocate_first_block(int fd, size_t max_size)
2266 {
2267     size_t write_size = (max_size < MAX_BLOCKSIZE)
2268         ? BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE
2269         : MAX_BLOCKSIZE;
2270     size_t max_align = MAX(MAX_BLOCKSIZE, qemu_real_host_page_size());
2271     void *buf;
2272     ssize_t n;
2273     int ret;
2274 
2275     buf = qemu_memalign(max_align, write_size);
2276     memset(buf, 0, write_size);
2277 
2278     n = RETRY_ON_EINTR(pwrite(fd, buf, write_size, 0));
2279 
2280     ret = (n == -1) ? -errno : 0;
2281 
2282     qemu_vfree(buf);
2283     return ret;
2284 }
2285 
2286 static int handle_aiocb_truncate(void *opaque)
2287 {
2288     RawPosixAIOData *aiocb = opaque;
2289     int result = 0;
2290     int64_t current_length = 0;
2291     char *buf = NULL;
2292     struct stat st;
2293     int fd = aiocb->aio_fildes;
2294     int64_t offset = aiocb->aio_offset;
2295     PreallocMode prealloc = aiocb->truncate.prealloc;
2296     Error **errp = aiocb->truncate.errp;
2297 
2298     if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
2299         result = -errno;
2300         error_setg_errno(errp, -result, "Could not stat file");
2301         return result;
2302     }
2303 
2304     current_length = st.st_size;
2305     if (current_length > offset && prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_OFF) {
2306         error_setg(errp, "Cannot use preallocation for shrinking files");
2307         return -ENOTSUP;
2308     }
2309 
2310     switch (prealloc) {
2311 #ifdef CONFIG_POSIX_FALLOCATE
2312     case PREALLOC_MODE_FALLOC:
2313         /*
2314          * Truncating before posix_fallocate() makes it about twice slower on
2315          * file systems that do not support fallocate(), trying to check if a
2316          * block is allocated before allocating it, so don't do that here.
2317          */
2318         if (offset != current_length) {
2319             result = -posix_fallocate(fd, current_length,
2320                                       offset - current_length);
2321             if (result != 0) {
2322                 /* posix_fallocate() doesn't set errno. */
2323                 error_setg_errno(errp, -result,
2324                                  "Could not preallocate new data");
2325             } else if (current_length == 0) {
2326                 /*
2327                  * posix_fallocate() uses fallocate() if the filesystem
2328                  * supports it, or fallback to manually writing zeroes. If
2329                  * fallocate() was used, unaligned reads from the fallocated
2330                  * area in raw_probe_alignment() will succeed, hence we need to
2331                  * allocate the first block.
2332                  *
2333                  * Optimize future alignment probing; ignore failures.
2334                  */
2335                 allocate_first_block(fd, offset);
2336             }
2337         } else {
2338             result = 0;
2339         }
2340         goto out;
2341 #endif
2342     case PREALLOC_MODE_FULL:
2343     {
2344         int64_t num = 0, left = offset - current_length;
2345         off_t seek_result;
2346 
2347         /*
2348          * Knowing the final size from the beginning could allow the file
2349          * system driver to do less allocations and possibly avoid
2350          * fragmentation of the file.
2351          */
2352         if (ftruncate(fd, offset) != 0) {
2353             result = -errno;
2354             error_setg_errno(errp, -result, "Could not resize file");
2355             goto out;
2356         }
2357 
2358         buf = g_malloc0(65536);
2359 
2360         seek_result = lseek(fd, current_length, SEEK_SET);
2361         if (seek_result < 0) {
2362             result = -errno;
2363             error_setg_errno(errp, -result,
2364                              "Failed to seek to the old end of file");
2365             goto out;
2366         }
2367 
2368         while (left > 0) {
2369             num = MIN(left, 65536);
2370             result = write(fd, buf, num);
2371             if (result < 0) {
2372                 if (errno == EINTR) {
2373                     continue;
2374                 }
2375                 result = -errno;
2376                 error_setg_errno(errp, -result,
2377                                  "Could not write zeros for preallocation");
2378                 goto out;
2379             }
2380             left -= result;
2381         }
2382         if (result >= 0) {
2383             result = fsync(fd);
2384             if (result < 0) {
2385                 result = -errno;
2386                 error_setg_errno(errp, -result,
2387                                  "Could not flush file to disk");
2388                 goto out;
2389             }
2390         }
2391         goto out;
2392     }
2393     case PREALLOC_MODE_OFF:
2394         if (ftruncate(fd, offset) != 0) {
2395             result = -errno;
2396             error_setg_errno(errp, -result, "Could not resize file");
2397         } else if (current_length == 0 && offset > current_length) {
2398             /* Optimize future alignment probing; ignore failures. */
2399             allocate_first_block(fd, offset);
2400         }
2401         return result;
2402     default:
2403         result = -ENOTSUP;
2404         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported preallocation mode: %s",
2405                    PreallocMode_str(prealloc));
2406         return result;
2407     }
2408 
2409 out:
2410     if (result < 0) {
2411         if (ftruncate(fd, current_length) < 0) {
2412             error_report("Failed to restore old file length: %s",
2413                          strerror(errno));
2414         }
2415     }
2416 
2417     g_free(buf);
2418     return result;
2419 }
2420 
2421 static int coroutine_fn raw_thread_pool_submit(ThreadPoolFunc func, void *arg)
2422 {
2423     return thread_pool_submit_co(func, arg);
2424 }
2425 
2426 /*
2427  * Check if all memory in this vector is sector aligned.
2428  */
2429 static bool bdrv_qiov_is_aligned(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
2430 {
2431     int i;
2432     size_t alignment = bdrv_min_mem_align(bs);
2433     size_t len = bs->bl.request_alignment;
2434     IO_CODE();
2435 
2436     for (i = 0; i < qiov->niov; i++) {
2437         if ((uintptr_t) qiov->iov[i].iov_base % alignment) {
2438             return false;
2439         }
2440         if (qiov->iov[i].iov_len % len) {
2441             return false;
2442         }
2443     }
2444 
2445     return true;
2446 }
2447 
2448 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_prw(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
2449                                    uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int type)
2450 {
2451     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2452     RawPosixAIOData acb;
2453     int ret;
2454 
2455     if (fd_open(bs) < 0)
2456         return -EIO;
2457 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
2458     if ((type & (QEMU_AIO_WRITE | QEMU_AIO_ZONE_APPEND)) &&
2459         bs->bl.zoned != BLK_Z_NONE) {
2460         qemu_co_mutex_lock(&bs->wps->colock);
2461         if (type & QEMU_AIO_ZONE_APPEND) {
2462             int index = offset / bs->bl.zone_size;
2463             offset = bs->wps->wp[index];
2464         }
2465     }
2466 #endif
2467 
2468     /*
2469      * When using O_DIRECT, the request must be aligned to be able to use
2470      * either libaio or io_uring interface. If not fail back to regular thread
2471      * pool read/write code which emulates this for us if we
2472      * set QEMU_AIO_MISALIGNED.
2473      */
2474     if (s->needs_alignment && !bdrv_qiov_is_aligned(bs, qiov)) {
2475         type |= QEMU_AIO_MISALIGNED;
2476 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING
2477     } else if (s->use_linux_io_uring) {
2478         assert(qiov->size == bytes);
2479         ret = luring_co_submit(bs, s->fd, offset, qiov, type);
2480         goto out;
2481 #endif
2482 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_AIO
2483     } else if (s->use_linux_aio) {
2484         assert(qiov->size == bytes);
2485         ret = laio_co_submit(s->fd, offset, qiov, type,
2486                               s->aio_max_batch);
2487         goto out;
2488 #endif
2489     }
2490 
2491     acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
2492         .bs             = bs,
2493         .aio_fildes     = s->fd,
2494         .aio_type       = type,
2495         .aio_offset     = offset,
2496         .aio_nbytes     = bytes,
2497         .io             = {
2498             .iov            = qiov->iov,
2499             .niov           = qiov->niov,
2500         },
2501     };
2502 
2503     assert(qiov->size == bytes);
2504     ret = raw_thread_pool_submit(handle_aiocb_rw, &acb);
2505     goto out; /* Avoid the compiler err of unused label */
2506 
2507 out:
2508 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
2509     if ((type & (QEMU_AIO_WRITE | QEMU_AIO_ZONE_APPEND)) &&
2510         bs->bl.zoned != BLK_Z_NONE) {
2511         BlockZoneWps *wps = bs->wps;
2512         if (ret == 0) {
2513             uint64_t *wp = &wps->wp[offset / bs->bl.zone_size];
2514             if (!BDRV_ZT_IS_CONV(*wp)) {
2515                 if (type & QEMU_AIO_ZONE_APPEND) {
2516                     *s->offset = *wp;
2517                     trace_zbd_zone_append_complete(bs, *s->offset
2518                         >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
2519                 }
2520                 /* Advance the wp if needed */
2521                 if (offset + bytes > *wp) {
2522                     *wp = offset + bytes;
2523                 }
2524             }
2525         } else {
2526             update_zones_wp(bs, s->fd, 0, 1);
2527         }
2528 
2529         qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&wps->colock);
2530     }
2531 #endif
2532     return ret;
2533 }
2534 
2535 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
2536                                       int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
2537                                       BdrvRequestFlags flags)
2538 {
2539     return raw_co_prw(bs, offset, bytes, qiov, QEMU_AIO_READ);
2540 }
2541 
2542 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
2543                                        int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
2544                                        BdrvRequestFlags flags)
2545 {
2546     return raw_co_prw(bs, offset, bytes, qiov, QEMU_AIO_WRITE);
2547 }
2548 
2549 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_flush_to_disk(BlockDriverState *bs)
2550 {
2551     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2552     RawPosixAIOData acb;
2553     int ret;
2554 
2555     ret = fd_open(bs);
2556     if (ret < 0) {
2557         return ret;
2558     }
2559 
2560     acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
2561         .bs             = bs,
2562         .aio_fildes     = s->fd,
2563         .aio_type       = QEMU_AIO_FLUSH,
2564     };
2565 
2566 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING
2567     if (s->use_linux_io_uring) {
2568         return luring_co_submit(bs, s->fd, 0, NULL, QEMU_AIO_FLUSH);
2569     }
2570 #endif
2571     return raw_thread_pool_submit(handle_aiocb_flush, &acb);
2572 }
2573 
2574 static void raw_aio_attach_aio_context(BlockDriverState *bs,
2575                                        AioContext *new_context)
2576 {
2577     BDRVRawState __attribute__((unused)) *s = bs->opaque;
2578 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_AIO
2579     if (s->use_linux_aio) {
2580         Error *local_err = NULL;
2581         if (!aio_setup_linux_aio(new_context, &local_err)) {
2582             error_reportf_err(local_err, "Unable to use native AIO, "
2583                                          "falling back to thread pool: ");
2584             s->use_linux_aio = false;
2585         }
2586     }
2587 #endif
2588 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING
2589     if (s->use_linux_io_uring) {
2590         Error *local_err = NULL;
2591         if (!aio_setup_linux_io_uring(new_context, &local_err)) {
2592             error_reportf_err(local_err, "Unable to use linux io_uring, "
2593                                          "falling back to thread pool: ");
2594             s->use_linux_io_uring = false;
2595         }
2596     }
2597 #endif
2598 }
2599 
2600 static void raw_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
2601 {
2602     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2603 
2604     if (s->fd >= 0) {
2605 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
2606         g_free(bs->wps);
2607 #endif
2608         qemu_close(s->fd);
2609         s->fd = -1;
2610     }
2611 }
2612 
2613 /**
2614  * Truncates the given regular file @fd to @offset and, when growing, fills the
2615  * new space according to @prealloc.
2616  *
2617  * Returns: 0 on success, -errno on failure.
2618  */
2619 static int coroutine_fn
2620 raw_regular_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int fd, int64_t offset,
2621                      PreallocMode prealloc, Error **errp)
2622 {
2623     RawPosixAIOData acb;
2624 
2625     acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
2626         .bs             = bs,
2627         .aio_fildes     = fd,
2628         .aio_type       = QEMU_AIO_TRUNCATE,
2629         .aio_offset     = offset,
2630         .truncate       = {
2631             .prealloc       = prealloc,
2632             .errp           = errp,
2633         },
2634     };
2635 
2636     return raw_thread_pool_submit(handle_aiocb_truncate, &acb);
2637 }
2638 
2639 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
2640                                         bool exact, PreallocMode prealloc,
2641                                         BdrvRequestFlags flags, Error **errp)
2642 {
2643     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2644     struct stat st;
2645     int ret;
2646 
2647     if (fstat(s->fd, &st)) {
2648         ret = -errno;
2649         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to fstat() the file");
2650         return ret;
2651     }
2652 
2653     if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
2654         /* Always resizes to the exact @offset */
2655         return raw_regular_truncate(bs, s->fd, offset, prealloc, errp);
2656     }
2657 
2658     if (prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_OFF) {
2659         error_setg(errp, "Preallocation mode '%s' unsupported for this "
2660                    "non-regular file", PreallocMode_str(prealloc));
2661         return -ENOTSUP;
2662     }
2663 
2664     if (S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
2665         int64_t cur_length = raw_getlength(bs);
2666 
2667         if (offset != cur_length && exact) {
2668             error_setg(errp, "Cannot resize device files");
2669             return -ENOTSUP;
2670         } else if (offset > cur_length) {
2671             error_setg(errp, "Cannot grow device files");
2672             return -EINVAL;
2673         }
2674     } else {
2675         error_setg(errp, "Resizing this file is not supported");
2676         return -ENOTSUP;
2677     }
2678 
2679     return 0;
2680 }
2681 
2682 #ifdef __OpenBSD__
2683 static int64_t raw_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
2684 {
2685     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2686     int fd = s->fd;
2687     struct stat st;
2688 
2689     if (fstat(fd, &st))
2690         return -errno;
2691     if (S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
2692         struct disklabel dl;
2693 
2694         if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGDINFO, &dl))
2695             return -errno;
2696         return (uint64_t)dl.d_secsize *
2697             dl.d_partitions[DISKPART(st.st_rdev)].p_size;
2698     } else
2699         return st.st_size;
2700 }
2701 #elif defined(__NetBSD__)
2702 static int64_t raw_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
2703 {
2704     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2705     int fd = s->fd;
2706     struct stat st;
2707 
2708     if (fstat(fd, &st))
2709         return -errno;
2710     if (S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
2711         struct dkwedge_info dkw;
2712 
2713         if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGWEDGEINFO, &dkw) != -1) {
2714             return dkw.dkw_size * 512;
2715         } else {
2716             struct disklabel dl;
2717 
2718             if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGDINFO, &dl))
2719                 return -errno;
2720             return (uint64_t)dl.d_secsize *
2721                 dl.d_partitions[DISKPART(st.st_rdev)].p_size;
2722         }
2723     } else
2724         return st.st_size;
2725 }
2726 #elif defined(__sun__)
2727 static int64_t raw_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
2728 {
2729     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2730     struct dk_minfo minfo;
2731     int ret;
2732     int64_t size;
2733 
2734     ret = fd_open(bs);
2735     if (ret < 0) {
2736         return ret;
2737     }
2738 
2739     /*
2740      * Use the DKIOCGMEDIAINFO ioctl to read the size.
2741      */
2742     ret = ioctl(s->fd, DKIOCGMEDIAINFO, &minfo);
2743     if (ret != -1) {
2744         return minfo.dki_lbsize * minfo.dki_capacity;
2745     }
2746 
2747     /*
2748      * There are reports that lseek on some devices fails, but
2749      * irc discussion said that contingency on contingency was overkill.
2750      */
2751     size = lseek(s->fd, 0, SEEK_END);
2752     if (size < 0) {
2753         return -errno;
2754     }
2755     return size;
2756 }
2757 #elif defined(CONFIG_BSD)
2758 static int64_t raw_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
2759 {
2760     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2761     int fd = s->fd;
2762     int64_t size;
2763     struct stat sb;
2764 #if defined (__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
2765     int reopened = 0;
2766 #endif
2767     int ret;
2768 
2769     ret = fd_open(bs);
2770     if (ret < 0)
2771         return ret;
2772 
2773 #if defined (__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
2774 again:
2775 #endif
2776     if (!fstat(fd, &sb) && (S_IFCHR & sb.st_mode)) {
2777         size = 0;
2778 #ifdef DIOCGMEDIASIZE
2779         if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGMEDIASIZE, (off_t *)&size)) {
2780             size = 0;
2781         }
2782 #endif
2783 #ifdef DIOCGPART
2784         if (size == 0) {
2785             struct partinfo pi;
2786             if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGPART, &pi) == 0) {
2787                 size = pi.media_size;
2788             }
2789         }
2790 #endif
2791 #if defined(DKIOCGETBLOCKCOUNT) && defined(DKIOCGETBLOCKSIZE)
2792         if (size == 0) {
2793             uint64_t sectors = 0;
2794             uint32_t sector_size = 0;
2795 
2796             if (ioctl(fd, DKIOCGETBLOCKCOUNT, &sectors) == 0
2797                && ioctl(fd, DKIOCGETBLOCKSIZE, &sector_size) == 0) {
2798                 size = sectors * sector_size;
2799             }
2800         }
2801 #endif
2802         if (size == 0) {
2803             size = lseek(fd, 0LL, SEEK_END);
2804         }
2805         if (size < 0) {
2806             return -errno;
2807         }
2808 #if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
2809         switch(s->type) {
2810         case FTYPE_CD:
2811             /* XXX FreeBSD acd returns UINT_MAX sectors for an empty drive */
2812             if (size == 2048LL * (unsigned)-1)
2813                 size = 0;
2814             /* XXX no disc?  maybe we need to reopen... */
2815             if (size <= 0 && !reopened && cdrom_reopen(bs) >= 0) {
2816                 reopened = 1;
2817                 goto again;
2818             }
2819         }
2820 #endif
2821     } else {
2822         size = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
2823         if (size < 0) {
2824             return -errno;
2825         }
2826     }
2827     return size;
2828 }
2829 #else
2830 static int64_t raw_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
2831 {
2832     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2833     int ret;
2834     int64_t size;
2835 
2836     ret = fd_open(bs);
2837     if (ret < 0) {
2838         return ret;
2839     }
2840 
2841     size = lseek(s->fd, 0, SEEK_END);
2842     if (size < 0) {
2843         return -errno;
2844     }
2845     return size;
2846 }
2847 #endif
2848 
2849 static int64_t coroutine_fn raw_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
2850 {
2851     return raw_getlength(bs);
2852 }
2853 
2854 static int64_t coroutine_fn raw_co_get_allocated_file_size(BlockDriverState *bs)
2855 {
2856     struct stat st;
2857     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
2858 
2859     if (fstat(s->fd, &st) < 0) {
2860         return -errno;
2861     }
2862     return (int64_t)st.st_blocks * 512;
2863 }
2864 
2865 static int coroutine_fn
2866 raw_co_create(BlockdevCreateOptions *options, Error **errp)
2867 {
2868     BlockdevCreateOptionsFile *file_opts;
2869     Error *local_err = NULL;
2870     int fd;
2871     uint64_t perm, shared;
2872     int result = 0;
2873 
2874     /* Validate options and set default values */
2875     assert(options->driver == BLOCKDEV_DRIVER_FILE);
2876     file_opts = &options->u.file;
2877 
2878     if (!file_opts->has_nocow) {
2879         file_opts->nocow = false;
2880     }
2881     if (!file_opts->has_preallocation) {
2882         file_opts->preallocation = PREALLOC_MODE_OFF;
2883     }
2884     if (!file_opts->has_extent_size_hint) {
2885         file_opts->extent_size_hint = 1 * MiB;
2886     }
2887     if (file_opts->extent_size_hint > UINT32_MAX) {
2888         result = -EINVAL;
2889         error_setg(errp, "Extent size hint is too large");
2890         goto out;
2891     }
2892 
2893     /* Create file */
2894     fd = qemu_create(file_opts->filename, O_RDWR | O_BINARY, 0644, errp);
2895     if (fd < 0) {
2896         result = -errno;
2897         goto out;
2898     }
2899 
2900     /* Take permissions: We want to discard everything, so we need
2901      * BLK_PERM_WRITE; and truncation to the desired size requires
2902      * BLK_PERM_RESIZE.
2903      * On the other hand, we cannot share the RESIZE permission
2904      * because we promise that after this function, the file has the
2905      * size given in the options.  If someone else were to resize it
2906      * concurrently, we could not guarantee that.
2907      * Note that after this function, we can no longer guarantee that
2908      * the file is not touched by a third party, so it may be resized
2909      * then. */
2910     perm = BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_RESIZE;
2911     shared = BLK_PERM_ALL & ~BLK_PERM_RESIZE;
2912 
2913     /* Step one: Take locks */
2914     result = raw_apply_lock_bytes(NULL, fd, perm, ~shared, false, errp);
2915     if (result < 0) {
2916         goto out_close;
2917     }
2918 
2919     /* Step two: Check that nobody else has taken conflicting locks */
2920     result = raw_check_lock_bytes(fd, perm, shared, errp);
2921     if (result < 0) {
2922         error_append_hint(errp,
2923                           "Is another process using the image [%s]?\n",
2924                           file_opts->filename);
2925         goto out_unlock;
2926     }
2927 
2928     /* Clear the file by truncating it to 0 */
2929     result = raw_regular_truncate(NULL, fd, 0, PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, errp);
2930     if (result < 0) {
2931         goto out_unlock;
2932     }
2933 
2934     if (file_opts->nocow) {
2935 #ifdef __linux__
2936         /* Set NOCOW flag to solve performance issue on fs like btrfs.
2937          * This is an optimisation. The FS_IOC_SETFLAGS ioctl return value
2938          * will be ignored since any failure of this operation should not
2939          * block the left work.
2940          */
2941         int attr;
2942         if (ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_GETFLAGS, &attr) == 0) {
2943             attr |= FS_NOCOW_FL;
2944             ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_SETFLAGS, &attr);
2945         }
2946 #endif
2947     }
2948 #ifdef FS_IOC_FSSETXATTR
2949     /*
2950      * Try to set the extent size hint. Failure is not fatal, and a warning is
2951      * only printed if the option was explicitly specified.
2952      */
2953     {
2954         struct fsxattr attr;
2955         result = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_FSGETXATTR, &attr);
2956         if (result == 0) {
2957             attr.fsx_xflags |= FS_XFLAG_EXTSIZE;
2958             attr.fsx_extsize = file_opts->extent_size_hint;
2959             result = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_FSSETXATTR, &attr);
2960         }
2961         if (result < 0 && file_opts->has_extent_size_hint &&
2962             file_opts->extent_size_hint)
2963         {
2964             warn_report("Failed to set extent size hint: %s",
2965                         strerror(errno));
2966         }
2967     }
2968 #endif
2969 
2970     /* Resize and potentially preallocate the file to the desired
2971      * final size */
2972     result = raw_regular_truncate(NULL, fd, file_opts->size,
2973                                   file_opts->preallocation, errp);
2974     if (result < 0) {
2975         goto out_unlock;
2976     }
2977 
2978 out_unlock:
2979     raw_apply_lock_bytes(NULL, fd, 0, 0, true, &local_err);
2980     if (local_err) {
2981         /* The above call should not fail, and if it does, that does
2982          * not mean the whole creation operation has failed.  So
2983          * report it the user for their convenience, but do not report
2984          * it to the caller. */
2985         warn_report_err(local_err);
2986     }
2987 
2988 out_close:
2989     if (qemu_close(fd) != 0 && result == 0) {
2990         result = -errno;
2991         error_setg_errno(errp, -result, "Could not close the new file");
2992     }
2993 out:
2994     return result;
2995 }
2996 
2997 static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
2998 raw_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
2999                    QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
3000 {
3001     BlockdevCreateOptions options;
3002     int64_t total_size = 0;
3003     int64_t extent_size_hint = 0;
3004     bool has_extent_size_hint = false;
3005     bool nocow = false;
3006     PreallocMode prealloc;
3007     char *buf = NULL;
3008     Error *local_err = NULL;
3009 
3010     /* Skip file: protocol prefix */
3011     strstart(filename, "file:", &filename);
3012 
3013     /* Read out options */
3014     total_size = ROUND_UP(qemu_opt_get_size_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0),
3015                           BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
3016     if (qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_EXTENT_SIZE_HINT)) {
3017         has_extent_size_hint = true;
3018         extent_size_hint =
3019             qemu_opt_get_size_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_EXTENT_SIZE_HINT, -1);
3020     }
3021     nocow = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_NOCOW, false);
3022     buf = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
3023     prealloc = qapi_enum_parse(&PreallocMode_lookup, buf,
3024                                PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, &local_err);
3025     g_free(buf);
3026     if (local_err) {
3027         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
3028         return -EINVAL;
3029     }
3030 
3031     options = (BlockdevCreateOptions) {
3032         .driver     = BLOCKDEV_DRIVER_FILE,
3033         .u.file     = {
3034             .filename           = (char *) filename,
3035             .size               = total_size,
3036             .has_preallocation  = true,
3037             .preallocation      = prealloc,
3038             .has_nocow          = true,
3039             .nocow              = nocow,
3040             .has_extent_size_hint = has_extent_size_hint,
3041             .extent_size_hint   = extent_size_hint,
3042         },
3043     };
3044     return raw_co_create(&options, errp);
3045 }
3046 
3047 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_delete_file(BlockDriverState *bs,
3048                                            Error **errp)
3049 {
3050     struct stat st;
3051     int ret;
3052 
3053     if (!(stat(bs->filename, &st) == 0) || !S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
3054         error_setg_errno(errp, ENOENT, "%s is not a regular file",
3055                          bs->filename);
3056         return -ENOENT;
3057     }
3058 
3059     ret = unlink(bs->filename);
3060     if (ret < 0) {
3061         ret = -errno;
3062         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Error when deleting file %s",
3063                          bs->filename);
3064     }
3065 
3066     return ret;
3067 }
3068 
3069 /*
3070  * Find allocation range in @bs around offset @start.
3071  * May change underlying file descriptor's file offset.
3072  * If @start is not in a hole, store @start in @data, and the
3073  * beginning of the next hole in @hole, and return 0.
3074  * If @start is in a non-trailing hole, store @start in @hole and the
3075  * beginning of the next non-hole in @data, and return 0.
3076  * If @start is in a trailing hole or beyond EOF, return -ENXIO.
3077  * If we can't find out, return a negative errno other than -ENXIO.
3078  */
3079 static int find_allocation(BlockDriverState *bs, off_t start,
3080                            off_t *data, off_t *hole)
3081 {
3082 #if defined SEEK_HOLE && defined SEEK_DATA
3083     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3084     off_t offs;
3085 
3086     /*
3087      * SEEK_DATA cases:
3088      * D1. offs == start: start is in data
3089      * D2. offs > start: start is in a hole, next data at offs
3090      * D3. offs < 0, errno = ENXIO: either start is in a trailing hole
3091      *                              or start is beyond EOF
3092      *     If the latter happens, the file has been truncated behind
3093      *     our back since we opened it.  All bets are off then.
3094      *     Treating like a trailing hole is simplest.
3095      * D4. offs < 0, errno != ENXIO: we learned nothing
3096      */
3097     offs = lseek(s->fd, start, SEEK_DATA);
3098     if (offs < 0) {
3099         return -errno;          /* D3 or D4 */
3100     }
3101 
3102     if (offs < start) {
3103         /* This is not a valid return by lseek().  We are safe to just return
3104          * -EIO in this case, and we'll treat it like D4. */
3105         return -EIO;
3106     }
3107 
3108     if (offs > start) {
3109         /* D2: in hole, next data at offs */
3110         *hole = start;
3111         *data = offs;
3112         return 0;
3113     }
3114 
3115     /* D1: in data, end not yet known */
3116 
3117     /*
3118      * SEEK_HOLE cases:
3119      * H1. offs == start: start is in a hole
3120      *     If this happens here, a hole has been dug behind our back
3121      *     since the previous lseek().
3122      * H2. offs > start: either start is in data, next hole at offs,
3123      *                   or start is in trailing hole, EOF at offs
3124      *     Linux treats trailing holes like any other hole: offs ==
3125      *     start.  Solaris seeks to EOF instead: offs > start (blech).
3126      *     If that happens here, a hole has been dug behind our back
3127      *     since the previous lseek().
3128      * H3. offs < 0, errno = ENXIO: start is beyond EOF
3129      *     If this happens, the file has been truncated behind our
3130      *     back since we opened it.  Treat it like a trailing hole.
3131      * H4. offs < 0, errno != ENXIO: we learned nothing
3132      *     Pretend we know nothing at all, i.e. "forget" about D1.
3133      */
3134     offs = lseek(s->fd, start, SEEK_HOLE);
3135     if (offs < 0) {
3136         return -errno;          /* D1 and (H3 or H4) */
3137     }
3138 
3139     if (offs < start) {
3140         /* This is not a valid return by lseek().  We are safe to just return
3141          * -EIO in this case, and we'll treat it like H4. */
3142         return -EIO;
3143     }
3144 
3145     if (offs > start) {
3146         /*
3147          * D1 and H2: either in data, next hole at offs, or it was in
3148          * data but is now in a trailing hole.  In the latter case,
3149          * all bets are off.  Treating it as if it there was data all
3150          * the way to EOF is safe, so simply do that.
3151          */
3152         *data = start;
3153         *hole = offs;
3154         return 0;
3155     }
3156 
3157     /* D1 and H1 */
3158     return -EBUSY;
3159 #else
3160     return -ENOTSUP;
3161 #endif
3162 }
3163 
3164 /*
3165  * Returns the allocation status of the specified offset.
3166  *
3167  * The block layer guarantees 'offset' and 'bytes' are within bounds.
3168  *
3169  * 'pnum' is set to the number of bytes (including and immediately following
3170  * the specified offset) that are known to be in the same
3171  * allocated/unallocated state.
3172  *
3173  * 'bytes' is a soft cap for 'pnum'.  If the information is free, 'pnum' may
3174  * well exceed it.
3175  */
3176 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
3177                                             bool want_zero,
3178                                             int64_t offset,
3179                                             int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
3180                                             int64_t *map,
3181                                             BlockDriverState **file)
3182 {
3183     off_t data = 0, hole = 0;
3184     int ret;
3185 
3186     assert(QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(offset | bytes, bs->bl.request_alignment));
3187 
3188     ret = fd_open(bs);
3189     if (ret < 0) {
3190         return ret;
3191     }
3192 
3193     if (!want_zero) {
3194         *pnum = bytes;
3195         *map = offset;
3196         *file = bs;
3197         return BDRV_BLOCK_DATA | BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID;
3198     }
3199 
3200     ret = find_allocation(bs, offset, &data, &hole);
3201     if (ret == -ENXIO) {
3202         /* Trailing hole */
3203         *pnum = bytes;
3204         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
3205     } else if (ret < 0) {
3206         /* No info available, so pretend there are no holes */
3207         *pnum = bytes;
3208         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
3209     } else if (data == offset) {
3210         /* On a data extent, compute bytes to the end of the extent,
3211          * possibly including a partial sector at EOF. */
3212         *pnum = hole - offset;
3213 
3214         /*
3215          * We are not allowed to return partial sectors, though, so
3216          * round up if necessary.
3217          */
3218         if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(*pnum, bs->bl.request_alignment)) {
3219             int64_t file_length = raw_getlength(bs);
3220             if (file_length > 0) {
3221                 /* Ignore errors, this is just a safeguard */
3222                 assert(hole == file_length);
3223             }
3224             *pnum = ROUND_UP(*pnum, bs->bl.request_alignment);
3225         }
3226 
3227         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
3228     } else {
3229         /* On a hole, compute bytes to the beginning of the next extent.  */
3230         assert(hole == offset);
3231         *pnum = data - offset;
3232         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
3233     }
3234     *map = offset;
3235     *file = bs;
3236     return ret | BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID;
3237 }
3238 
3239 #if defined(__linux__)
3240 /* Verify that the file is not in the page cache */
3241 static void check_cache_dropped(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
3242 {
3243     const size_t window_size = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
3244     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3245     void *window = NULL;
3246     size_t length = 0;
3247     unsigned char *vec;
3248     size_t page_size;
3249     off_t offset;
3250     off_t end;
3251 
3252     /* mincore(2) page status information requires 1 byte per page */
3253     page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
3254     vec = g_malloc(DIV_ROUND_UP(window_size, page_size));
3255 
3256     end = raw_getlength(bs);
3257 
3258     for (offset = 0; offset < end; offset += window_size) {
3259         void *new_window;
3260         size_t new_length;
3261         size_t vec_end;
3262         size_t i;
3263         int ret;
3264 
3265         /* Unmap previous window if size has changed */
3266         new_length = MIN(end - offset, window_size);
3267         if (new_length != length) {
3268             munmap(window, length);
3269             window = NULL;
3270             length = 0;
3271         }
3272 
3273         new_window = mmap(window, new_length, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE,
3274                           s->fd, offset);
3275         if (new_window == MAP_FAILED) {
3276             error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "mmap failed");
3277             break;
3278         }
3279 
3280         window = new_window;
3281         length = new_length;
3282 
3283         ret = mincore(window, length, vec);
3284         if (ret < 0) {
3285             error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "mincore failed");
3286             break;
3287         }
3288 
3289         vec_end = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, page_size);
3290         for (i = 0; i < vec_end; i++) {
3291             if (vec[i] & 0x1) {
3292                 break;
3293             }
3294         }
3295         if (i < vec_end) {
3296             error_setg(errp, "page cache still in use!");
3297             break;
3298         }
3299     }
3300 
3301     if (window) {
3302         munmap(window, length);
3303     }
3304 
3305     g_free(vec);
3306 }
3307 #endif /* __linux__ */
3308 
3309 static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
3310 raw_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
3311 {
3312     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3313     int ret;
3314 
3315     ret = fd_open(bs);
3316     if (ret < 0) {
3317         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "The file descriptor is not open");
3318         return;
3319     }
3320 
3321     if (!s->drop_cache) {
3322         return;
3323     }
3324 
3325     if (s->open_flags & O_DIRECT) {
3326         return; /* No host kernel page cache */
3327     }
3328 
3329 #if defined(__linux__)
3330     /* This sets the scene for the next syscall... */
3331     ret = bdrv_co_flush(bs);
3332     if (ret < 0) {
3333         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "flush failed");
3334         return;
3335     }
3336 
3337     /* Linux does not invalidate pages that are dirty, locked, or mmapped by a
3338      * process.  These limitations are okay because we just fsynced the file,
3339      * we don't use mmap, and the file should not be in use by other processes.
3340      */
3341     ret = posix_fadvise(s->fd, 0, 0, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);
3342     if (ret != 0) { /* the return value is a positive errno */
3343         error_setg_errno(errp, ret, "fadvise failed");
3344         return;
3345     }
3346 
3347     if (s->check_cache_dropped) {
3348         check_cache_dropped(bs, errp);
3349     }
3350 #else /* __linux__ */
3351     /* Do nothing.  Live migration to a remote host with cache.direct=off is
3352      * unsupported on other host operating systems.  Cache consistency issues
3353      * may occur but no error is reported here, partly because that's the
3354      * historical behavior and partly because it's hard to differentiate valid
3355      * configurations that should not cause errors.
3356      */
3357 #endif /* !__linux__ */
3358 }
3359 
3360 static void raw_account_discard(BDRVRawState *s, uint64_t nbytes, int ret)
3361 {
3362     if (ret) {
3363         s->stats.discard_nb_failed++;
3364     } else {
3365         s->stats.discard_nb_ok++;
3366         s->stats.discard_bytes_ok += nbytes;
3367     }
3368 }
3369 
3370 /*
3371  * zone report - Get a zone block device's information in the form
3372  * of an array of zone descriptors.
3373  * zones is an array of zone descriptors to hold zone information on reply;
3374  * offset can be any byte within the entire size of the device;
3375  * nr_zones is the maximum number of sectors the command should operate on.
3376  */
3377 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
3378 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_zone_report(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
3379                                            unsigned int *nr_zones,
3380                                            BlockZoneDescriptor *zones) {
3381     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3382     RawPosixAIOData acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
3383         .bs         = bs,
3384         .aio_fildes = s->fd,
3385         .aio_type   = QEMU_AIO_ZONE_REPORT,
3386         .aio_offset = offset,
3387         .zone_report    = {
3388             .nr_zones       = nr_zones,
3389             .zones          = zones,
3390         },
3391     };
3392 
3393     trace_zbd_zone_report(bs, *nr_zones, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3394     return raw_thread_pool_submit(handle_aiocb_zone_report, &acb);
3395 }
3396 #endif
3397 
3398 /*
3399  * zone management operations - Execute an operation on a zone
3400  */
3401 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
3402 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_zone_mgmt(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockZoneOp op,
3403         int64_t offset, int64_t len) {
3404     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3405     RawPosixAIOData acb;
3406     int64_t zone_size, zone_size_mask;
3407     const char *op_name;
3408     unsigned long zo;
3409     int ret;
3410     BlockZoneWps *wps = bs->wps;
3411     int64_t capacity = bs->total_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
3412 
3413     zone_size = bs->bl.zone_size;
3414     zone_size_mask = zone_size - 1;
3415     if (offset & zone_size_mask) {
3416         error_report("sector offset %" PRId64 " is not aligned to zone size "
3417                      "%" PRId64 "", offset / 512, zone_size / 512);
3418         return -EINVAL;
3419     }
3420 
3421     if (((offset + len) < capacity && len & zone_size_mask) ||
3422         offset + len > capacity) {
3423         error_report("number of sectors %" PRId64 " is not aligned to zone size"
3424                       " %" PRId64 "", len / 512, zone_size / 512);
3425         return -EINVAL;
3426     }
3427 
3428     uint32_t i = offset / bs->bl.zone_size;
3429     uint32_t nrz = len / bs->bl.zone_size;
3430     uint64_t *wp = &wps->wp[i];
3431     if (BDRV_ZT_IS_CONV(*wp) && len != capacity) {
3432         error_report("zone mgmt operations are not allowed for conventional zones");
3433         return -EIO;
3434     }
3435 
3436     switch (op) {
3437     case BLK_ZO_OPEN:
3438         op_name = "BLKOPENZONE";
3439         zo = BLKOPENZONE;
3440         break;
3441     case BLK_ZO_CLOSE:
3442         op_name = "BLKCLOSEZONE";
3443         zo = BLKCLOSEZONE;
3444         break;
3445     case BLK_ZO_FINISH:
3446         op_name = "BLKFINISHZONE";
3447         zo = BLKFINISHZONE;
3448         break;
3449     case BLK_ZO_RESET:
3450         op_name = "BLKRESETZONE";
3451         zo = BLKRESETZONE;
3452         break;
3453     default:
3454         error_report("Unsupported zone op: 0x%x", op);
3455         return -ENOTSUP;
3456     }
3457 
3458     acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
3459         .bs             = bs,
3460         .aio_fildes     = s->fd,
3461         .aio_type       = QEMU_AIO_ZONE_MGMT,
3462         .aio_offset     = offset,
3463         .aio_nbytes     = len,
3464         .zone_mgmt  = {
3465             .op = zo,
3466         },
3467     };
3468 
3469     trace_zbd_zone_mgmt(bs, op_name, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3470                         len >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3471     ret = raw_thread_pool_submit(handle_aiocb_zone_mgmt, &acb);
3472     if (ret != 0) {
3473         update_zones_wp(bs, s->fd, offset, i);
3474         error_report("ioctl %s failed %d", op_name, ret);
3475         return ret;
3476     }
3477 
3478     if (zo == BLKRESETZONE && len == capacity) {
3479         ret = get_zones_wp(bs, s->fd, 0, bs->bl.nr_zones, 1);
3480         if (ret < 0) {
3481             error_report("reporting single wp failed");
3482             return ret;
3483         }
3484     } else if (zo == BLKRESETZONE) {
3485         for (unsigned int j = 0; j < nrz; ++j) {
3486             wp[j] = offset + j * zone_size;
3487         }
3488     } else if (zo == BLKFINISHZONE) {
3489         for (unsigned int j = 0; j < nrz; ++j) {
3490             /* The zoned device allows the last zone smaller that the
3491              * zone size. */
3492             wp[j] = MIN(offset + (j + 1) * zone_size, offset + len);
3493         }
3494     }
3495 
3496     return ret;
3497 }
3498 #endif
3499 
3500 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
3501 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_zone_append(BlockDriverState *bs,
3502                                            int64_t *offset,
3503                                            QEMUIOVector *qiov,
3504                                            BdrvRequestFlags flags) {
3505     assert(flags == 0);
3506     int64_t zone_size_mask = bs->bl.zone_size - 1;
3507     int64_t iov_len = 0;
3508     int64_t len = 0;
3509     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3510     s->offset = offset;
3511 
3512     if (*offset & zone_size_mask) {
3513         error_report("sector offset %" PRId64 " is not aligned to zone size "
3514                      "%" PRId32 "", *offset / 512, bs->bl.zone_size / 512);
3515         return -EINVAL;
3516     }
3517 
3518     int64_t wg = bs->bl.write_granularity;
3519     int64_t wg_mask = wg - 1;
3520     for (int i = 0; i < qiov->niov; i++) {
3521         iov_len = qiov->iov[i].iov_len;
3522         if (iov_len & wg_mask) {
3523             error_report("len of IOVector[%d] %" PRId64 " is not aligned to "
3524                          "block size %" PRId64 "", i, iov_len, wg);
3525             return -EINVAL;
3526         }
3527         len += iov_len;
3528     }
3529 
3530     trace_zbd_zone_append(bs, *offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3531     return raw_co_prw(bs, *offset, len, qiov, QEMU_AIO_ZONE_APPEND);
3532 }
3533 #endif
3534 
3535 static coroutine_fn int
3536 raw_do_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
3537                 bool blkdev)
3538 {
3539     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3540     RawPosixAIOData acb;
3541     int ret;
3542 
3543     acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
3544         .bs             = bs,
3545         .aio_fildes     = s->fd,
3546         .aio_type       = QEMU_AIO_DISCARD,
3547         .aio_offset     = offset,
3548         .aio_nbytes     = bytes,
3549     };
3550 
3551     if (blkdev) {
3552         acb.aio_type |= QEMU_AIO_BLKDEV;
3553     }
3554 
3555     ret = raw_thread_pool_submit(handle_aiocb_discard, &acb);
3556     raw_account_discard(s, bytes, ret);
3557     return ret;
3558 }
3559 
3560 static coroutine_fn int
3561 raw_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
3562 {
3563     return raw_do_pdiscard(bs, offset, bytes, false);
3564 }
3565 
3566 static int coroutine_fn
3567 raw_do_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
3568                      BdrvRequestFlags flags, bool blkdev)
3569 {
3570     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3571     RawPosixAIOData acb;
3572     ThreadPoolFunc *handler;
3573 
3574 #ifdef CONFIG_FALLOCATE
3575     if (offset + bytes > bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
3576         BdrvTrackedRequest *req;
3577 
3578         /*
3579          * This is a workaround for a bug in the Linux XFS driver,
3580          * where writes submitted through the AIO interface will be
3581          * discarded if they happen beyond a concurrently running
3582          * fallocate() that increases the file length (i.e., both the
3583          * write and the fallocate() happen beyond the EOF).
3584          *
3585          * To work around it, we extend the tracked request for this
3586          * zero write until INT64_MAX (effectively infinity), and mark
3587          * it as serializing.
3588          *
3589          * We have to enable this workaround for all filesystems and
3590          * AIO modes (not just XFS with aio=native), because for
3591          * remote filesystems we do not know the host configuration.
3592          */
3593 
3594         req = bdrv_co_get_self_request(bs);
3595         assert(req);
3596         assert(req->type == BDRV_TRACKED_WRITE);
3597         assert(req->offset <= offset);
3598         assert(req->offset + req->bytes >= offset + bytes);
3599 
3600         req->bytes = BDRV_MAX_LENGTH - req->offset;
3601 
3602         bdrv_check_request(req->offset, req->bytes, &error_abort);
3603 
3604         bdrv_make_request_serialising(req, bs->bl.request_alignment);
3605     }
3606 #endif
3607 
3608     acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
3609         .bs             = bs,
3610         .aio_fildes     = s->fd,
3611         .aio_type       = QEMU_AIO_WRITE_ZEROES,
3612         .aio_offset     = offset,
3613         .aio_nbytes     = bytes,
3614     };
3615 
3616     if (blkdev) {
3617         acb.aio_type |= QEMU_AIO_BLKDEV;
3618     }
3619     if (flags & BDRV_REQ_NO_FALLBACK) {
3620         acb.aio_type |= QEMU_AIO_NO_FALLBACK;
3621     }
3622 
3623     if (flags & BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP) {
3624         acb.aio_type |= QEMU_AIO_DISCARD;
3625         handler = handle_aiocb_write_zeroes_unmap;
3626     } else {
3627         handler = handle_aiocb_write_zeroes;
3628     }
3629 
3630     return raw_thread_pool_submit(handler, &acb);
3631 }
3632 
3633 static int coroutine_fn raw_co_pwrite_zeroes(
3634     BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
3635     int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
3636 {
3637     return raw_do_pwrite_zeroes(bs, offset, bytes, flags, false);
3638 }
3639 
3640 static int coroutine_fn
3641 raw_co_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
3642 {
3643     return 0;
3644 }
3645 
3646 static ImageInfoSpecific *raw_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs,
3647                                                 Error **errp)
3648 {
3649     ImageInfoSpecificFile *file_info = g_new0(ImageInfoSpecificFile, 1);
3650     ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info = g_new(ImageInfoSpecific, 1);
3651 
3652     *spec_info = (ImageInfoSpecific){
3653         .type = IMAGE_INFO_SPECIFIC_KIND_FILE,
3654         .u.file.data = file_info,
3655     };
3656 
3657 #ifdef FS_IOC_FSGETXATTR
3658     {
3659         BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3660         struct fsxattr attr;
3661         int ret;
3662 
3663         ret = ioctl(s->fd, FS_IOC_FSGETXATTR, &attr);
3664         if (!ret && attr.fsx_extsize != 0) {
3665             file_info->has_extent_size_hint = true;
3666             file_info->extent_size_hint = attr.fsx_extsize;
3667         }
3668     }
3669 #endif
3670 
3671     return spec_info;
3672 }
3673 
3674 static BlockStatsSpecificFile get_blockstats_specific_file(BlockDriverState *bs)
3675 {
3676     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3677     return (BlockStatsSpecificFile) {
3678         .discard_nb_ok = s->stats.discard_nb_ok,
3679         .discard_nb_failed = s->stats.discard_nb_failed,
3680         .discard_bytes_ok = s->stats.discard_bytes_ok,
3681     };
3682 }
3683 
3684 static BlockStatsSpecific *raw_get_specific_stats(BlockDriverState *bs)
3685 {
3686     BlockStatsSpecific *stats = g_new(BlockStatsSpecific, 1);
3687 
3688     stats->driver = BLOCKDEV_DRIVER_FILE;
3689     stats->u.file = get_blockstats_specific_file(bs);
3690 
3691     return stats;
3692 }
3693 
3694 #if defined(HAVE_HOST_BLOCK_DEVICE)
3695 static BlockStatsSpecific *hdev_get_specific_stats(BlockDriverState *bs)
3696 {
3697     BlockStatsSpecific *stats = g_new(BlockStatsSpecific, 1);
3698 
3699     stats->driver = BLOCKDEV_DRIVER_HOST_DEVICE;
3700     stats->u.host_device = get_blockstats_specific_file(bs);
3701 
3702     return stats;
3703 }
3704 #endif /* HAVE_HOST_BLOCK_DEVICE */
3705 
3706 static QemuOptsList raw_create_opts = {
3707     .name = "raw-create-opts",
3708     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(raw_create_opts.head),
3709     .desc = {
3710         {
3711             .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
3712             .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
3713             .help = "Virtual disk size"
3714         },
3715         {
3716             .name = BLOCK_OPT_NOCOW,
3717             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
3718             .help = "Turn off copy-on-write (valid only on btrfs)"
3719         },
3720         {
3721             .name = BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC,
3722             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
3723             .help = "Preallocation mode (allowed values: off"
3724 #ifdef CONFIG_POSIX_FALLOCATE
3725                     ", falloc"
3726 #endif
3727                     ", full)"
3728         },
3729         {
3730             .name = BLOCK_OPT_EXTENT_SIZE_HINT,
3731             .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
3732             .help = "Extent size hint for the image file, 0 to disable"
3733         },
3734         { /* end of list */ }
3735     }
3736 };
3737 
3738 static int raw_check_perm(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared,
3739                           Error **errp)
3740 {
3741     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3742     int input_flags = s->reopen_state ? s->reopen_state->flags : bs->open_flags;
3743     int open_flags;
3744     int ret;
3745 
3746     /* We may need a new fd if auto-read-only switches the mode */
3747     ret = raw_reconfigure_getfd(bs, input_flags, &open_flags, perm,
3748                                 false, errp);
3749     if (ret < 0) {
3750         return ret;
3751     } else if (ret != s->fd) {
3752         Error *local_err = NULL;
3753 
3754         /*
3755          * Fail already check_perm() if we can't get a working O_DIRECT
3756          * alignment with the new fd.
3757          */
3758         raw_probe_alignment(bs, ret, &local_err);
3759         if (local_err) {
3760             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
3761             return -EINVAL;
3762         }
3763 
3764         s->perm_change_fd = ret;
3765         s->perm_change_flags = open_flags;
3766     }
3767 
3768     /* Prepare permissions on old fd to avoid conflicts between old and new,
3769      * but keep everything locked that new will need. */
3770     ret = raw_handle_perm_lock(bs, RAW_PL_PREPARE, perm, shared, errp);
3771     if (ret < 0) {
3772         goto fail;
3773     }
3774 
3775     /* Copy locks to the new fd */
3776     if (s->perm_change_fd && s->use_lock) {
3777         ret = raw_apply_lock_bytes(NULL, s->perm_change_fd, perm, ~shared,
3778                                    false, errp);
3779         if (ret < 0) {
3780             raw_handle_perm_lock(bs, RAW_PL_ABORT, 0, 0, NULL);
3781             goto fail;
3782         }
3783     }
3784     return 0;
3785 
3786 fail:
3787     if (s->perm_change_fd) {
3788         qemu_close(s->perm_change_fd);
3789     }
3790     s->perm_change_fd = 0;
3791     return ret;
3792 }
3793 
3794 static void raw_set_perm(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared)
3795 {
3796     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3797 
3798     /* For reopen, we have already switched to the new fd (.bdrv_set_perm is
3799      * called after .bdrv_reopen_commit) */
3800     if (s->perm_change_fd && s->fd != s->perm_change_fd) {
3801         qemu_close(s->fd);
3802         s->fd = s->perm_change_fd;
3803         s->open_flags = s->perm_change_flags;
3804     }
3805     s->perm_change_fd = 0;
3806 
3807     raw_handle_perm_lock(bs, RAW_PL_COMMIT, perm, shared, NULL);
3808     s->perm = perm;
3809     s->shared_perm = shared;
3810 }
3811 
3812 static void raw_abort_perm_update(BlockDriverState *bs)
3813 {
3814     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3815 
3816     /* For reopen, .bdrv_reopen_abort is called afterwards and will close
3817      * the file descriptor. */
3818     if (s->perm_change_fd) {
3819         qemu_close(s->perm_change_fd);
3820     }
3821     s->perm_change_fd = 0;
3822 
3823     raw_handle_perm_lock(bs, RAW_PL_ABORT, 0, 0, NULL);
3824 }
3825 
3826 static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK raw_co_copy_range_from(
3827         BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
3828         BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset, int64_t bytes,
3829         BdrvRequestFlags read_flags, BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
3830 {
3831     return bdrv_co_copy_range_to(src, src_offset, dst, dst_offset, bytes,
3832                                  read_flags, write_flags);
3833 }
3834 
3835 static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
3836 raw_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
3837                      BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
3838                      BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset,
3839                      int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
3840                      BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
3841 {
3842     RawPosixAIOData acb;
3843     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
3844     BDRVRawState *src_s;
3845 
3846     assert(dst->bs == bs);
3847     if (src->bs->drv->bdrv_co_copy_range_to != raw_co_copy_range_to) {
3848         return -ENOTSUP;
3849     }
3850 
3851     src_s = src->bs->opaque;
3852     if (fd_open(src->bs) < 0 || fd_open(dst->bs) < 0) {
3853         return -EIO;
3854     }
3855 
3856     acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
3857         .bs             = bs,
3858         .aio_type       = QEMU_AIO_COPY_RANGE,
3859         .aio_fildes     = src_s->fd,
3860         .aio_offset     = src_offset,
3861         .aio_nbytes     = bytes,
3862         .copy_range     = {
3863             .aio_fd2        = s->fd,
3864             .aio_offset2    = dst_offset,
3865         },
3866     };
3867 
3868     return raw_thread_pool_submit(handle_aiocb_copy_range, &acb);
3869 }
3870 
3871 BlockDriver bdrv_file = {
3872     .format_name = "file",
3873     .protocol_name = "file",
3874     .instance_size = sizeof(BDRVRawState),
3875     .bdrv_needs_filename = true,
3876     .bdrv_probe = NULL, /* no probe for protocols */
3877     .bdrv_parse_filename = raw_parse_filename,
3878     .bdrv_file_open = raw_open,
3879     .bdrv_reopen_prepare = raw_reopen_prepare,
3880     .bdrv_reopen_commit = raw_reopen_commit,
3881     .bdrv_reopen_abort = raw_reopen_abort,
3882     .bdrv_close = raw_close,
3883     .bdrv_co_create = raw_co_create,
3884     .bdrv_co_create_opts = raw_co_create_opts,
3885     .bdrv_has_zero_init = bdrv_has_zero_init_1,
3886     .bdrv_co_block_status = raw_co_block_status,
3887     .bdrv_co_invalidate_cache = raw_co_invalidate_cache,
3888     .bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes = raw_co_pwrite_zeroes,
3889     .bdrv_co_delete_file = raw_co_delete_file,
3890 
3891     .bdrv_co_preadv         = raw_co_preadv,
3892     .bdrv_co_pwritev        = raw_co_pwritev,
3893     .bdrv_co_flush_to_disk  = raw_co_flush_to_disk,
3894     .bdrv_co_pdiscard       = raw_co_pdiscard,
3895     .bdrv_co_copy_range_from = raw_co_copy_range_from,
3896     .bdrv_co_copy_range_to  = raw_co_copy_range_to,
3897     .bdrv_refresh_limits = raw_refresh_limits,
3898     .bdrv_attach_aio_context = raw_aio_attach_aio_context,
3899 
3900     .bdrv_co_truncate                   = raw_co_truncate,
3901     .bdrv_co_getlength                  = raw_co_getlength,
3902     .bdrv_co_get_info                   = raw_co_get_info,
3903     .bdrv_get_specific_info             = raw_get_specific_info,
3904     .bdrv_co_get_allocated_file_size    = raw_co_get_allocated_file_size,
3905     .bdrv_get_specific_stats = raw_get_specific_stats,
3906     .bdrv_check_perm = raw_check_perm,
3907     .bdrv_set_perm   = raw_set_perm,
3908     .bdrv_abort_perm_update = raw_abort_perm_update,
3909     .create_opts = &raw_create_opts,
3910     .mutable_opts = mutable_opts,
3911 };
3912 
3913 /***********************************************/
3914 /* host device */
3915 
3916 #if defined(HAVE_HOST_BLOCK_DEVICE)
3917 
3918 #if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
3919 static kern_return_t GetBSDPath(io_iterator_t mediaIterator, char *bsdPath,
3920                                 CFIndex maxPathSize, int flags);
3921 
3922 #if !defined(MAC_OS_VERSION_12_0) \
3923     || (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_VERSION_12_0)
3924 #define IOMainPort IOMasterPort
3925 #endif
3926 
3927 static char *FindEjectableOpticalMedia(io_iterator_t *mediaIterator)
3928 {
3929     kern_return_t kernResult = KERN_FAILURE;
3930     mach_port_t mainPort;
3931     CFMutableDictionaryRef  classesToMatch;
3932     const char *matching_array[] = {kIODVDMediaClass, kIOCDMediaClass};
3933     char *mediaType = NULL;
3934 
3935     kernResult = IOMainPort(MACH_PORT_NULL, &mainPort);
3936     if ( KERN_SUCCESS != kernResult ) {
3937         printf("IOMainPort returned %d\n", kernResult);
3938     }
3939 
3940     int index;
3941     for (index = 0; index < ARRAY_SIZE(matching_array); index++) {
3942         classesToMatch = IOServiceMatching(matching_array[index]);
3943         if (classesToMatch == NULL) {
3944             error_report("IOServiceMatching returned NULL for %s",
3945                          matching_array[index]);
3946             continue;
3947         }
3948         CFDictionarySetValue(classesToMatch, CFSTR(kIOMediaEjectableKey),
3949                              kCFBooleanTrue);
3950         kernResult = IOServiceGetMatchingServices(mainPort, classesToMatch,
3951                                                   mediaIterator);
3952         if (kernResult != KERN_SUCCESS) {
3953             error_report("Note: IOServiceGetMatchingServices returned %d",
3954                          kernResult);
3955             continue;
3956         }
3957 
3958         /* If a match was found, leave the loop */
3959         if (*mediaIterator != 0) {
3960             trace_file_FindEjectableOpticalMedia(matching_array[index]);
3961             mediaType = g_strdup(matching_array[index]);
3962             break;
3963         }
3964     }
3965     return mediaType;
3966 }
3967 
3968 kern_return_t GetBSDPath(io_iterator_t mediaIterator, char *bsdPath,
3969                          CFIndex maxPathSize, int flags)
3970 {
3971     io_object_t     nextMedia;
3972     kern_return_t   kernResult = KERN_FAILURE;
3973     *bsdPath = '\0';
3974     nextMedia = IOIteratorNext( mediaIterator );
3975     if ( nextMedia )
3976     {
3977         CFTypeRef   bsdPathAsCFString;
3978     bsdPathAsCFString = IORegistryEntryCreateCFProperty( nextMedia, CFSTR( kIOBSDNameKey ), kCFAllocatorDefault, 0 );
3979         if ( bsdPathAsCFString ) {
3980             size_t devPathLength;
3981             strcpy( bsdPath, _PATH_DEV );
3982             if (flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE) {
3983                 strcat(bsdPath, "r");
3984             }
3985             devPathLength = strlen( bsdPath );
3986             if ( CFStringGetCString( bsdPathAsCFString, bsdPath + devPathLength, maxPathSize - devPathLength, kCFStringEncodingASCII ) ) {
3987                 kernResult = KERN_SUCCESS;
3988             }
3989             CFRelease( bsdPathAsCFString );
3990         }
3991         IOObjectRelease( nextMedia );
3992     }
3993 
3994     return kernResult;
3995 }
3996 
3997 /* Sets up a real cdrom for use in QEMU */
3998 static bool setup_cdrom(char *bsd_path, Error **errp)
3999 {
4000     int index, num_of_test_partitions = 2, fd;
4001     char test_partition[MAXPATHLEN];
4002     bool partition_found = false;
4003 
4004     /* look for a working partition */
4005     for (index = 0; index < num_of_test_partitions; index++) {
4006         snprintf(test_partition, sizeof(test_partition), "%ss%d", bsd_path,
4007                  index);
4008         fd = qemu_open(test_partition, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY | O_LARGEFILE, NULL);
4009         if (fd >= 0) {
4010             partition_found = true;
4011             qemu_close(fd);
4012             break;
4013         }
4014     }
4015 
4016     /* if a working partition on the device was not found */
4017     if (partition_found == false) {
4018         error_setg(errp, "Failed to find a working partition on disc");
4019     } else {
4020         trace_file_setup_cdrom(test_partition);
4021         pstrcpy(bsd_path, MAXPATHLEN, test_partition);
4022     }
4023     return partition_found;
4024 }
4025 
4026 /* Prints directions on mounting and unmounting a device */
4027 static void print_unmounting_directions(const char *file_name)
4028 {
4029     error_report("If device %s is mounted on the desktop, unmount"
4030                  " it first before using it in QEMU", file_name);
4031     error_report("Command to unmount device: diskutil unmountDisk %s",
4032                  file_name);
4033     error_report("Command to mount device: diskutil mountDisk %s", file_name);
4034 }
4035 
4036 #endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__) */
4037 
4038 static int hdev_probe_device(const char *filename)
4039 {
4040     struct stat st;
4041 
4042     /* allow a dedicated CD-ROM driver to match with a higher priority */
4043     if (strstart(filename, "/dev/cdrom", NULL))
4044         return 50;
4045 
4046     if (stat(filename, &st) >= 0 &&
4047             (S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))) {
4048         return 100;
4049     }
4050 
4051     return 0;
4052 }
4053 
4054 static void hdev_parse_filename(const char *filename, QDict *options,
4055                                 Error **errp)
4056 {
4057     bdrv_parse_filename_strip_prefix(filename, "host_device:", options);
4058 }
4059 
4060 static bool hdev_is_sg(BlockDriverState *bs)
4061 {
4062 
4063 #if defined(__linux__)
4064 
4065     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4066     struct stat st;
4067     struct sg_scsi_id scsiid;
4068     int sg_version;
4069     int ret;
4070 
4071     if (stat(bs->filename, &st) < 0 || !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode)) {
4072         return false;
4073     }
4074 
4075     ret = ioctl(s->fd, SG_GET_VERSION_NUM, &sg_version);
4076     if (ret < 0) {
4077         return false;
4078     }
4079 
4080     ret = ioctl(s->fd, SG_GET_SCSI_ID, &scsiid);
4081     if (ret >= 0) {
4082         trace_file_hdev_is_sg(scsiid.scsi_type, sg_version);
4083         return true;
4084     }
4085 
4086 #endif
4087 
4088     return false;
4089 }
4090 
4091 static int hdev_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
4092                      Error **errp)
4093 {
4094     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4095     int ret;
4096 
4097 #if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
4098     /*
4099      * Caution: while qdict_get_str() is fine, getting non-string types
4100      * would require more care.  When @options come from -blockdev or
4101      * blockdev_add, its members are typed according to the QAPI
4102      * schema, but when they come from -drive, they're all QString.
4103      */
4104     const char *filename = qdict_get_str(options, "filename");
4105     char bsd_path[MAXPATHLEN] = "";
4106     bool error_occurred = false;
4107 
4108     /* If using a real cdrom */
4109     if (strcmp(filename, "/dev/cdrom") == 0) {
4110         char *mediaType = NULL;
4111         kern_return_t ret_val;
4112         io_iterator_t mediaIterator = 0;
4113 
4114         mediaType = FindEjectableOpticalMedia(&mediaIterator);
4115         if (mediaType == NULL) {
4116             error_setg(errp, "Please make sure your CD/DVD is in the optical"
4117                        " drive");
4118             error_occurred = true;
4119             goto hdev_open_Mac_error;
4120         }
4121 
4122         ret_val = GetBSDPath(mediaIterator, bsd_path, sizeof(bsd_path), flags);
4123         if (ret_val != KERN_SUCCESS) {
4124             error_setg(errp, "Could not get BSD path for optical drive");
4125             error_occurred = true;
4126             goto hdev_open_Mac_error;
4127         }
4128 
4129         /* If a real optical drive was not found */
4130         if (bsd_path[0] == '\0') {
4131             error_setg(errp, "Failed to obtain bsd path for optical drive");
4132             error_occurred = true;
4133             goto hdev_open_Mac_error;
4134         }
4135 
4136         /* If using a cdrom disc and finding a partition on the disc failed */
4137         if (strncmp(mediaType, kIOCDMediaClass, 9) == 0 &&
4138             setup_cdrom(bsd_path, errp) == false) {
4139             print_unmounting_directions(bsd_path);
4140             error_occurred = true;
4141             goto hdev_open_Mac_error;
4142         }
4143 
4144         qdict_put_str(options, "filename", bsd_path);
4145 
4146 hdev_open_Mac_error:
4147         g_free(mediaType);
4148         if (mediaIterator) {
4149             IOObjectRelease(mediaIterator);
4150         }
4151         if (error_occurred) {
4152             return -ENOENT;
4153         }
4154     }
4155 #endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__) */
4156 
4157     s->type = FTYPE_FILE;
4158 
4159     ret = raw_open_common(bs, options, flags, 0, true, errp);
4160     if (ret < 0) {
4161 #if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
4162         if (*bsd_path) {
4163             filename = bsd_path;
4164         }
4165         /* if a physical device experienced an error while being opened */
4166         if (strncmp(filename, "/dev/", 5) == 0) {
4167             print_unmounting_directions(filename);
4168         }
4169 #endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__) */
4170         return ret;
4171     }
4172 
4173     /* Since this does ioctl the device must be already opened */
4174     bs->sg = hdev_is_sg(bs);
4175 
4176     return ret;
4177 }
4178 
4179 #if defined(__linux__)
4180 static int coroutine_fn
4181 hdev_co_ioctl(BlockDriverState *bs, unsigned long int req, void *buf)
4182 {
4183     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4184     RawPosixAIOData acb;
4185     int ret;
4186 
4187     ret = fd_open(bs);
4188     if (ret < 0) {
4189         return ret;
4190     }
4191 
4192     if (req == SG_IO && s->pr_mgr) {
4193         struct sg_io_hdr *io_hdr = buf;
4194         if (io_hdr->cmdp[0] == PERSISTENT_RESERVE_OUT ||
4195             io_hdr->cmdp[0] == PERSISTENT_RESERVE_IN) {
4196             return pr_manager_execute(s->pr_mgr, qemu_get_current_aio_context(),
4197                                       s->fd, io_hdr);
4198         }
4199     }
4200 
4201     acb = (RawPosixAIOData) {
4202         .bs         = bs,
4203         .aio_type   = QEMU_AIO_IOCTL,
4204         .aio_fildes = s->fd,
4205         .aio_offset = 0,
4206         .ioctl      = {
4207             .buf        = buf,
4208             .cmd        = req,
4209         },
4210     };
4211 
4212     return raw_thread_pool_submit(handle_aiocb_ioctl, &acb);
4213 }
4214 #endif /* linux */
4215 
4216 static coroutine_fn int
4217 hdev_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
4218 {
4219     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4220     int ret;
4221 
4222     ret = fd_open(bs);
4223     if (ret < 0) {
4224         raw_account_discard(s, bytes, ret);
4225         return ret;
4226     }
4227     return raw_do_pdiscard(bs, offset, bytes, true);
4228 }
4229 
4230 static coroutine_fn int hdev_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
4231     int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
4232 {
4233     int rc;
4234 
4235     rc = fd_open(bs);
4236     if (rc < 0) {
4237         return rc;
4238     }
4239 
4240     return raw_do_pwrite_zeroes(bs, offset, bytes, flags, true);
4241 }
4242 
4243 static BlockDriver bdrv_host_device = {
4244     .format_name        = "host_device",
4245     .protocol_name        = "host_device",
4246     .instance_size      = sizeof(BDRVRawState),
4247     .bdrv_needs_filename = true,
4248     .bdrv_probe_device  = hdev_probe_device,
4249     .bdrv_parse_filename = hdev_parse_filename,
4250     .bdrv_file_open     = hdev_open,
4251     .bdrv_close         = raw_close,
4252     .bdrv_reopen_prepare = raw_reopen_prepare,
4253     .bdrv_reopen_commit  = raw_reopen_commit,
4254     .bdrv_reopen_abort   = raw_reopen_abort,
4255     .bdrv_co_create_opts = bdrv_co_create_opts_simple,
4256     .create_opts         = &bdrv_create_opts_simple,
4257     .mutable_opts        = mutable_opts,
4258     .bdrv_co_invalidate_cache = raw_co_invalidate_cache,
4259     .bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes = hdev_co_pwrite_zeroes,
4260 
4261     .bdrv_co_preadv         = raw_co_preadv,
4262     .bdrv_co_pwritev        = raw_co_pwritev,
4263     .bdrv_co_flush_to_disk  = raw_co_flush_to_disk,
4264     .bdrv_co_pdiscard       = hdev_co_pdiscard,
4265     .bdrv_co_copy_range_from = raw_co_copy_range_from,
4266     .bdrv_co_copy_range_to  = raw_co_copy_range_to,
4267     .bdrv_refresh_limits = raw_refresh_limits,
4268     .bdrv_attach_aio_context = raw_aio_attach_aio_context,
4269 
4270     .bdrv_co_truncate                   = raw_co_truncate,
4271     .bdrv_co_getlength                  = raw_co_getlength,
4272     .bdrv_co_get_info                   = raw_co_get_info,
4273     .bdrv_get_specific_info             = raw_get_specific_info,
4274     .bdrv_co_get_allocated_file_size    = raw_co_get_allocated_file_size,
4275     .bdrv_get_specific_stats = hdev_get_specific_stats,
4276     .bdrv_check_perm = raw_check_perm,
4277     .bdrv_set_perm   = raw_set_perm,
4278     .bdrv_abort_perm_update = raw_abort_perm_update,
4279     .bdrv_probe_blocksizes = hdev_probe_blocksizes,
4280     .bdrv_probe_geometry = hdev_probe_geometry,
4281 
4282     /* generic scsi device */
4283 #ifdef __linux__
4284     .bdrv_co_ioctl          = hdev_co_ioctl,
4285 #endif
4286 
4287     /* zoned device */
4288 #if defined(CONFIG_BLKZONED)
4289     /* zone management operations */
4290     .bdrv_co_zone_report = raw_co_zone_report,
4291     .bdrv_co_zone_mgmt = raw_co_zone_mgmt,
4292     .bdrv_co_zone_append = raw_co_zone_append,
4293 #endif
4294 };
4295 
4296 #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
4297 static void cdrom_parse_filename(const char *filename, QDict *options,
4298                                  Error **errp)
4299 {
4300     bdrv_parse_filename_strip_prefix(filename, "host_cdrom:", options);
4301 }
4302 
4303 static void cdrom_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
4304 {
4305     bs->bl.has_variable_length = true;
4306     raw_refresh_limits(bs, errp);
4307 }
4308 #endif
4309 
4310 #ifdef __linux__
4311 static int cdrom_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
4312                       Error **errp)
4313 {
4314     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4315 
4316     s->type = FTYPE_CD;
4317 
4318     /* open will not fail even if no CD is inserted, so add O_NONBLOCK */
4319     return raw_open_common(bs, options, flags, O_NONBLOCK, true, errp);
4320 }
4321 
4322 static int cdrom_probe_device(const char *filename)
4323 {
4324     int fd, ret;
4325     int prio = 0;
4326     struct stat st;
4327 
4328     fd = qemu_open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK, NULL);
4329     if (fd < 0) {
4330         goto out;
4331     }
4332     ret = fstat(fd, &st);
4333     if (ret == -1 || !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
4334         goto outc;
4335     }
4336 
4337     /* Attempt to detect via a CDROM specific ioctl */
4338     ret = ioctl(fd, CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS, CDSL_CURRENT);
4339     if (ret >= 0)
4340         prio = 100;
4341 
4342 outc:
4343     qemu_close(fd);
4344 out:
4345     return prio;
4346 }
4347 
4348 static bool coroutine_fn cdrom_co_is_inserted(BlockDriverState *bs)
4349 {
4350     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4351     int ret;
4352 
4353     ret = ioctl(s->fd, CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS, CDSL_CURRENT);
4354     return ret == CDS_DISC_OK;
4355 }
4356 
4357 static void coroutine_fn cdrom_co_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, bool eject_flag)
4358 {
4359     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4360 
4361     if (eject_flag) {
4362         if (ioctl(s->fd, CDROMEJECT, NULL) < 0)
4363             perror("CDROMEJECT");
4364     } else {
4365         if (ioctl(s->fd, CDROMCLOSETRAY, NULL) < 0)
4366             perror("CDROMEJECT");
4367     }
4368 }
4369 
4370 static void coroutine_fn cdrom_co_lock_medium(BlockDriverState *bs, bool locked)
4371 {
4372     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4373 
4374     if (ioctl(s->fd, CDROM_LOCKDOOR, locked) < 0) {
4375         /*
4376          * Note: an error can happen if the distribution automatically
4377          * mounts the CD-ROM
4378          */
4379         /* perror("CDROM_LOCKDOOR"); */
4380     }
4381 }
4382 
4383 static BlockDriver bdrv_host_cdrom = {
4384     .format_name        = "host_cdrom",
4385     .protocol_name      = "host_cdrom",
4386     .instance_size      = sizeof(BDRVRawState),
4387     .bdrv_needs_filename = true,
4388     .bdrv_probe_device	= cdrom_probe_device,
4389     .bdrv_parse_filename = cdrom_parse_filename,
4390     .bdrv_file_open     = cdrom_open,
4391     .bdrv_close         = raw_close,
4392     .bdrv_reopen_prepare = raw_reopen_prepare,
4393     .bdrv_reopen_commit  = raw_reopen_commit,
4394     .bdrv_reopen_abort   = raw_reopen_abort,
4395     .bdrv_co_create_opts = bdrv_co_create_opts_simple,
4396     .create_opts         = &bdrv_create_opts_simple,
4397     .mutable_opts        = mutable_opts,
4398     .bdrv_co_invalidate_cache = raw_co_invalidate_cache,
4399 
4400     .bdrv_co_preadv         = raw_co_preadv,
4401     .bdrv_co_pwritev        = raw_co_pwritev,
4402     .bdrv_co_flush_to_disk  = raw_co_flush_to_disk,
4403     .bdrv_refresh_limits    = cdrom_refresh_limits,
4404     .bdrv_attach_aio_context = raw_aio_attach_aio_context,
4405 
4406     .bdrv_co_truncate                   = raw_co_truncate,
4407     .bdrv_co_getlength                  = raw_co_getlength,
4408     .bdrv_co_get_allocated_file_size    = raw_co_get_allocated_file_size,
4409 
4410     /* removable device support */
4411     .bdrv_co_is_inserted    = cdrom_co_is_inserted,
4412     .bdrv_co_eject          = cdrom_co_eject,
4413     .bdrv_co_lock_medium    = cdrom_co_lock_medium,
4414 
4415     /* generic scsi device */
4416     .bdrv_co_ioctl      = hdev_co_ioctl,
4417 };
4418 #endif /* __linux__ */
4419 
4420 #if defined (__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
4421 static int cdrom_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
4422                       Error **errp)
4423 {
4424     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4425     int ret;
4426 
4427     s->type = FTYPE_CD;
4428 
4429     ret = raw_open_common(bs, options, flags, 0, true, errp);
4430     if (ret) {
4431         return ret;
4432     }
4433 
4434     /* make sure the door isn't locked at this time */
4435     ioctl(s->fd, CDIOCALLOW);
4436     return 0;
4437 }
4438 
4439 static int cdrom_probe_device(const char *filename)
4440 {
4441     if (strstart(filename, "/dev/cd", NULL) ||
4442             strstart(filename, "/dev/acd", NULL))
4443         return 100;
4444     return 0;
4445 }
4446 
4447 static int cdrom_reopen(BlockDriverState *bs)
4448 {
4449     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4450     int fd;
4451 
4452     /*
4453      * Force reread of possibly changed/newly loaded disc,
4454      * FreeBSD seems to not notice sometimes...
4455      */
4456     if (s->fd >= 0)
4457         qemu_close(s->fd);
4458     fd = qemu_open(bs->filename, s->open_flags, NULL);
4459     if (fd < 0) {
4460         s->fd = -1;
4461         return -EIO;
4462     }
4463     s->fd = fd;
4464 
4465     /* make sure the door isn't locked at this time */
4466     ioctl(s->fd, CDIOCALLOW);
4467     return 0;
4468 }
4469 
4470 static bool coroutine_fn cdrom_co_is_inserted(BlockDriverState *bs)
4471 {
4472     return raw_getlength(bs) > 0;
4473 }
4474 
4475 static void coroutine_fn cdrom_co_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, bool eject_flag)
4476 {
4477     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4478 
4479     if (s->fd < 0)
4480         return;
4481 
4482     (void) ioctl(s->fd, CDIOCALLOW);
4483 
4484     if (eject_flag) {
4485         if (ioctl(s->fd, CDIOCEJECT) < 0)
4486             perror("CDIOCEJECT");
4487     } else {
4488         if (ioctl(s->fd, CDIOCCLOSE) < 0)
4489             perror("CDIOCCLOSE");
4490     }
4491 
4492     cdrom_reopen(bs);
4493 }
4494 
4495 static void coroutine_fn cdrom_co_lock_medium(BlockDriverState *bs, bool locked)
4496 {
4497     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
4498 
4499     if (s->fd < 0)
4500         return;
4501     if (ioctl(s->fd, (locked ? CDIOCPREVENT : CDIOCALLOW)) < 0) {
4502         /*
4503          * Note: an error can happen if the distribution automatically
4504          * mounts the CD-ROM
4505          */
4506         /* perror("CDROM_LOCKDOOR"); */
4507     }
4508 }
4509 
4510 static BlockDriver bdrv_host_cdrom = {
4511     .format_name        = "host_cdrom",
4512     .protocol_name      = "host_cdrom",
4513     .instance_size      = sizeof(BDRVRawState),
4514     .bdrv_needs_filename = true,
4515     .bdrv_probe_device	= cdrom_probe_device,
4516     .bdrv_parse_filename = cdrom_parse_filename,
4517     .bdrv_file_open     = cdrom_open,
4518     .bdrv_close         = raw_close,
4519     .bdrv_reopen_prepare = raw_reopen_prepare,
4520     .bdrv_reopen_commit  = raw_reopen_commit,
4521     .bdrv_reopen_abort   = raw_reopen_abort,
4522     .bdrv_co_create_opts = bdrv_co_create_opts_simple,
4523     .create_opts         = &bdrv_create_opts_simple,
4524     .mutable_opts       = mutable_opts,
4525 
4526     .bdrv_co_preadv         = raw_co_preadv,
4527     .bdrv_co_pwritev        = raw_co_pwritev,
4528     .bdrv_co_flush_to_disk  = raw_co_flush_to_disk,
4529     .bdrv_refresh_limits    = cdrom_refresh_limits,
4530     .bdrv_attach_aio_context = raw_aio_attach_aio_context,
4531 
4532     .bdrv_co_truncate                   = raw_co_truncate,
4533     .bdrv_co_getlength                  = raw_co_getlength,
4534     .bdrv_co_get_allocated_file_size    = raw_co_get_allocated_file_size,
4535 
4536     /* removable device support */
4537     .bdrv_co_is_inserted     = cdrom_co_is_inserted,
4538     .bdrv_co_eject           = cdrom_co_eject,
4539     .bdrv_co_lock_medium     = cdrom_co_lock_medium,
4540 };
4541 #endif /* __FreeBSD__ */
4542 
4543 #endif /* HAVE_HOST_BLOCK_DEVICE */
4544 
4545 static void bdrv_file_init(void)
4546 {
4547     /*
4548      * Register all the drivers.  Note that order is important, the driver
4549      * registered last will get probed first.
4550      */
4551     bdrv_register(&bdrv_file);
4552 #if defined(HAVE_HOST_BLOCK_DEVICE)
4553     bdrv_register(&bdrv_host_device);
4554 #ifdef __linux__
4555     bdrv_register(&bdrv_host_cdrom);
4556 #endif
4557 #if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
4558     bdrv_register(&bdrv_host_cdrom);
4559 #endif
4560 #endif /* HAVE_HOST_BLOCK_DEVICE */
4561 }
4562 
4563 block_init(bdrv_file_init);
4564