xref: /openbmc/qemu/block.c (revision da34e65c)
1 /*
2  * QEMU System Emulator block driver
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 2003 Fabrice Bellard
5  *
6  * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7  * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8  * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9  * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10  * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11  * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
12  *
13  * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14  * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
15  *
16  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17  * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19  * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
22  * THE SOFTWARE.
23  */
24 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
25 #include "qemu-common.h"
26 #include "trace.h"
27 #include "block/block_int.h"
28 #include "block/blockjob.h"
29 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
30 #include "qemu/module.h"
31 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
32 #include "qapi/qmp/qbool.h"
33 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
34 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
35 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
36 #include "qemu/notify.h"
37 #include "qemu/coroutine.h"
38 #include "block/qapi.h"
39 #include "qmp-commands.h"
40 #include "qemu/timer.h"
41 #include "qapi-event.h"
42 #include "block/throttle-groups.h"
43 
44 #ifdef CONFIG_BSD
45 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
46 #include <sys/queue.h>
47 #ifndef __DragonFly__
48 #include <sys/disk.h>
49 #endif
50 #endif
51 
52 #ifdef _WIN32
53 #include <windows.h>
54 #endif
55 
56 #define NOT_DONE 0x7fffffff /* used while emulated sync operation in progress */
57 
58 static QTAILQ_HEAD(, BlockDriverState) graph_bdrv_states =
59     QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(graph_bdrv_states);
60 
61 static QTAILQ_HEAD(, BlockDriverState) all_bdrv_states =
62     QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(all_bdrv_states);
63 
64 static QLIST_HEAD(, BlockDriver) bdrv_drivers =
65     QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(bdrv_drivers);
66 
67 static int bdrv_open_inherit(BlockDriverState **pbs, const char *filename,
68                              const char *reference, QDict *options, int flags,
69                              BlockDriverState *parent,
70                              const BdrvChildRole *child_role, Error **errp);
71 
72 /* If non-zero, use only whitelisted block drivers */
73 static int use_bdrv_whitelist;
74 
75 static void bdrv_close(BlockDriverState *bs);
76 
77 #ifdef _WIN32
78 static int is_windows_drive_prefix(const char *filename)
79 {
80     return (((filename[0] >= 'a' && filename[0] <= 'z') ||
81              (filename[0] >= 'A' && filename[0] <= 'Z')) &&
82             filename[1] == ':');
83 }
84 
85 int is_windows_drive(const char *filename)
86 {
87     if (is_windows_drive_prefix(filename) &&
88         filename[2] == '\0')
89         return 1;
90     if (strstart(filename, "\\\\.\\", NULL) ||
91         strstart(filename, "//./", NULL))
92         return 1;
93     return 0;
94 }
95 #endif
96 
97 size_t bdrv_opt_mem_align(BlockDriverState *bs)
98 {
99     if (!bs || !bs->drv) {
100         /* page size or 4k (hdd sector size) should be on the safe side */
101         return MAX(4096, getpagesize());
102     }
103 
104     return bs->bl.opt_mem_alignment;
105 }
106 
107 size_t bdrv_min_mem_align(BlockDriverState *bs)
108 {
109     if (!bs || !bs->drv) {
110         /* page size or 4k (hdd sector size) should be on the safe side */
111         return MAX(4096, getpagesize());
112     }
113 
114     return bs->bl.min_mem_alignment;
115 }
116 
117 /* check if the path starts with "<protocol>:" */
118 int path_has_protocol(const char *path)
119 {
120     const char *p;
121 
122 #ifdef _WIN32
123     if (is_windows_drive(path) ||
124         is_windows_drive_prefix(path)) {
125         return 0;
126     }
127     p = path + strcspn(path, ":/\\");
128 #else
129     p = path + strcspn(path, ":/");
130 #endif
131 
132     return *p == ':';
133 }
134 
135 int path_is_absolute(const char *path)
136 {
137 #ifdef _WIN32
138     /* specific case for names like: "\\.\d:" */
139     if (is_windows_drive(path) || is_windows_drive_prefix(path)) {
140         return 1;
141     }
142     return (*path == '/' || *path == '\\');
143 #else
144     return (*path == '/');
145 #endif
146 }
147 
148 /* if filename is absolute, just copy it to dest. Otherwise, build a
149    path to it by considering it is relative to base_path. URL are
150    supported. */
151 void path_combine(char *dest, int dest_size,
152                   const char *base_path,
153                   const char *filename)
154 {
155     const char *p, *p1;
156     int len;
157 
158     if (dest_size <= 0)
159         return;
160     if (path_is_absolute(filename)) {
161         pstrcpy(dest, dest_size, filename);
162     } else {
163         p = strchr(base_path, ':');
164         if (p)
165             p++;
166         else
167             p = base_path;
168         p1 = strrchr(base_path, '/');
169 #ifdef _WIN32
170         {
171             const char *p2;
172             p2 = strrchr(base_path, '\\');
173             if (!p1 || p2 > p1)
174                 p1 = p2;
175         }
176 #endif
177         if (p1)
178             p1++;
179         else
180             p1 = base_path;
181         if (p1 > p)
182             p = p1;
183         len = p - base_path;
184         if (len > dest_size - 1)
185             len = dest_size - 1;
186         memcpy(dest, base_path, len);
187         dest[len] = '\0';
188         pstrcat(dest, dest_size, filename);
189     }
190 }
191 
192 void bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(const char *backed,
193                                                   const char *backing,
194                                                   char *dest, size_t sz,
195                                                   Error **errp)
196 {
197     if (backing[0] == '\0' || path_has_protocol(backing) ||
198         path_is_absolute(backing))
199     {
200         pstrcpy(dest, sz, backing);
201     } else if (backed[0] == '\0' || strstart(backed, "json:", NULL)) {
202         error_setg(errp, "Cannot use relative backing file names for '%s'",
203                    backed);
204     } else {
205         path_combine(dest, sz, backed, backing);
206     }
207 }
208 
209 void bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(BlockDriverState *bs, char *dest, size_t sz,
210                                     Error **errp)
211 {
212     char *backed = bs->exact_filename[0] ? bs->exact_filename : bs->filename;
213 
214     bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(backed, bs->backing_file,
215                                                  dest, sz, errp);
216 }
217 
218 void bdrv_register(BlockDriver *bdrv)
219 {
220     bdrv_setup_io_funcs(bdrv);
221 
222     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bdrv_drivers, bdrv, list);
223 }
224 
225 BlockDriverState *bdrv_new_root(void)
226 {
227     return bdrv_new();
228 }
229 
230 BlockDriverState *bdrv_new(void)
231 {
232     BlockDriverState *bs;
233     int i;
234 
235     bs = g_new0(BlockDriverState, 1);
236     QLIST_INIT(&bs->dirty_bitmaps);
237     for (i = 0; i < BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MAX; i++) {
238         QLIST_INIT(&bs->op_blockers[i]);
239     }
240     notifier_with_return_list_init(&bs->before_write_notifiers);
241     qemu_co_queue_init(&bs->throttled_reqs[0]);
242     qemu_co_queue_init(&bs->throttled_reqs[1]);
243     bs->refcnt = 1;
244     bs->aio_context = qemu_get_aio_context();
245 
246     QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&all_bdrv_states, bs, bs_list);
247 
248     return bs;
249 }
250 
251 BlockDriver *bdrv_find_format(const char *format_name)
252 {
253     BlockDriver *drv1;
254     QLIST_FOREACH(drv1, &bdrv_drivers, list) {
255         if (!strcmp(drv1->format_name, format_name)) {
256             return drv1;
257         }
258     }
259     return NULL;
260 }
261 
262 static int bdrv_is_whitelisted(BlockDriver *drv, bool read_only)
263 {
264     static const char *whitelist_rw[] = {
265         CONFIG_BDRV_RW_WHITELIST
266     };
267     static const char *whitelist_ro[] = {
268         CONFIG_BDRV_RO_WHITELIST
269     };
270     const char **p;
271 
272     if (!whitelist_rw[0] && !whitelist_ro[0]) {
273         return 1;               /* no whitelist, anything goes */
274     }
275 
276     for (p = whitelist_rw; *p; p++) {
277         if (!strcmp(drv->format_name, *p)) {
278             return 1;
279         }
280     }
281     if (read_only) {
282         for (p = whitelist_ro; *p; p++) {
283             if (!strcmp(drv->format_name, *p)) {
284                 return 1;
285             }
286         }
287     }
288     return 0;
289 }
290 
291 typedef struct CreateCo {
292     BlockDriver *drv;
293     char *filename;
294     QemuOpts *opts;
295     int ret;
296     Error *err;
297 } CreateCo;
298 
299 static void coroutine_fn bdrv_create_co_entry(void *opaque)
300 {
301     Error *local_err = NULL;
302     int ret;
303 
304     CreateCo *cco = opaque;
305     assert(cco->drv);
306 
307     ret = cco->drv->bdrv_create(cco->filename, cco->opts, &local_err);
308     if (local_err) {
309         error_propagate(&cco->err, local_err);
310     }
311     cco->ret = ret;
312 }
313 
314 int bdrv_create(BlockDriver *drv, const char* filename,
315                 QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
316 {
317     int ret;
318 
319     Coroutine *co;
320     CreateCo cco = {
321         .drv = drv,
322         .filename = g_strdup(filename),
323         .opts = opts,
324         .ret = NOT_DONE,
325         .err = NULL,
326     };
327 
328     if (!drv->bdrv_create) {
329         error_setg(errp, "Driver '%s' does not support image creation", drv->format_name);
330         ret = -ENOTSUP;
331         goto out;
332     }
333 
334     if (qemu_in_coroutine()) {
335         /* Fast-path if already in coroutine context */
336         bdrv_create_co_entry(&cco);
337     } else {
338         co = qemu_coroutine_create(bdrv_create_co_entry);
339         qemu_coroutine_enter(co, &cco);
340         while (cco.ret == NOT_DONE) {
341             aio_poll(qemu_get_aio_context(), true);
342         }
343     }
344 
345     ret = cco.ret;
346     if (ret < 0) {
347         if (cco.err) {
348             error_propagate(errp, cco.err);
349         } else {
350             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not create image");
351         }
352     }
353 
354 out:
355     g_free(cco.filename);
356     return ret;
357 }
358 
359 int bdrv_create_file(const char *filename, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
360 {
361     BlockDriver *drv;
362     Error *local_err = NULL;
363     int ret;
364 
365     drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, errp);
366     if (drv == NULL) {
367         return -ENOENT;
368     }
369 
370     ret = bdrv_create(drv, filename, opts, &local_err);
371     if (local_err) {
372         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
373     }
374     return ret;
375 }
376 
377 /**
378  * Try to get @bs's logical and physical block size.
379  * On success, store them in @bsz struct and return 0.
380  * On failure return -errno.
381  * @bs must not be empty.
382  */
383 int bdrv_probe_blocksizes(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockSizes *bsz)
384 {
385     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
386 
387     if (drv && drv->bdrv_probe_blocksizes) {
388         return drv->bdrv_probe_blocksizes(bs, bsz);
389     }
390 
391     return -ENOTSUP;
392 }
393 
394 /**
395  * Try to get @bs's geometry (cyls, heads, sectors).
396  * On success, store them in @geo struct and return 0.
397  * On failure return -errno.
398  * @bs must not be empty.
399  */
400 int bdrv_probe_geometry(BlockDriverState *bs, HDGeometry *geo)
401 {
402     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
403 
404     if (drv && drv->bdrv_probe_geometry) {
405         return drv->bdrv_probe_geometry(bs, geo);
406     }
407 
408     return -ENOTSUP;
409 }
410 
411 /*
412  * Create a uniquely-named empty temporary file.
413  * Return 0 upon success, otherwise a negative errno value.
414  */
415 int get_tmp_filename(char *filename, int size)
416 {
417 #ifdef _WIN32
418     char temp_dir[MAX_PATH];
419     /* GetTempFileName requires that its output buffer (4th param)
420        have length MAX_PATH or greater.  */
421     assert(size >= MAX_PATH);
422     return (GetTempPath(MAX_PATH, temp_dir)
423             && GetTempFileName(temp_dir, "qem", 0, filename)
424             ? 0 : -GetLastError());
425 #else
426     int fd;
427     const char *tmpdir;
428     tmpdir = getenv("TMPDIR");
429     if (!tmpdir) {
430         tmpdir = "/var/tmp";
431     }
432     if (snprintf(filename, size, "%s/vl.XXXXXX", tmpdir) >= size) {
433         return -EOVERFLOW;
434     }
435     fd = mkstemp(filename);
436     if (fd < 0) {
437         return -errno;
438     }
439     if (close(fd) != 0) {
440         unlink(filename);
441         return -errno;
442     }
443     return 0;
444 #endif
445 }
446 
447 /*
448  * Detect host devices. By convention, /dev/cdrom[N] is always
449  * recognized as a host CDROM.
450  */
451 static BlockDriver *find_hdev_driver(const char *filename)
452 {
453     int score_max = 0, score;
454     BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *d;
455 
456     QLIST_FOREACH(d, &bdrv_drivers, list) {
457         if (d->bdrv_probe_device) {
458             score = d->bdrv_probe_device(filename);
459             if (score > score_max) {
460                 score_max = score;
461                 drv = d;
462             }
463         }
464     }
465 
466     return drv;
467 }
468 
469 BlockDriver *bdrv_find_protocol(const char *filename,
470                                 bool allow_protocol_prefix,
471                                 Error **errp)
472 {
473     BlockDriver *drv1;
474     char protocol[128];
475     int len;
476     const char *p;
477 
478     /* TODO Drivers without bdrv_file_open must be specified explicitly */
479 
480     /*
481      * XXX(hch): we really should not let host device detection
482      * override an explicit protocol specification, but moving this
483      * later breaks access to device names with colons in them.
484      * Thanks to the brain-dead persistent naming schemes on udev-
485      * based Linux systems those actually are quite common.
486      */
487     drv1 = find_hdev_driver(filename);
488     if (drv1) {
489         return drv1;
490     }
491 
492     if (!path_has_protocol(filename) || !allow_protocol_prefix) {
493         return &bdrv_file;
494     }
495 
496     p = strchr(filename, ':');
497     assert(p != NULL);
498     len = p - filename;
499     if (len > sizeof(protocol) - 1)
500         len = sizeof(protocol) - 1;
501     memcpy(protocol, filename, len);
502     protocol[len] = '\0';
503     QLIST_FOREACH(drv1, &bdrv_drivers, list) {
504         if (drv1->protocol_name &&
505             !strcmp(drv1->protocol_name, protocol)) {
506             return drv1;
507         }
508     }
509 
510     error_setg(errp, "Unknown protocol '%s'", protocol);
511     return NULL;
512 }
513 
514 /*
515  * Guess image format by probing its contents.
516  * This is not a good idea when your image is raw (CVE-2008-2004), but
517  * we do it anyway for backward compatibility.
518  *
519  * @buf         contains the image's first @buf_size bytes.
520  * @buf_size    is the buffer size in bytes (generally BLOCK_PROBE_BUF_SIZE,
521  *              but can be smaller if the image file is smaller)
522  * @filename    is its filename.
523  *
524  * For all block drivers, call the bdrv_probe() method to get its
525  * probing score.
526  * Return the first block driver with the highest probing score.
527  */
528 BlockDriver *bdrv_probe_all(const uint8_t *buf, int buf_size,
529                             const char *filename)
530 {
531     int score_max = 0, score;
532     BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *d;
533 
534     QLIST_FOREACH(d, &bdrv_drivers, list) {
535         if (d->bdrv_probe) {
536             score = d->bdrv_probe(buf, buf_size, filename);
537             if (score > score_max) {
538                 score_max = score;
539                 drv = d;
540             }
541         }
542     }
543 
544     return drv;
545 }
546 
547 static int find_image_format(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename,
548                              BlockDriver **pdrv, Error **errp)
549 {
550     BlockDriver *drv;
551     uint8_t buf[BLOCK_PROBE_BUF_SIZE];
552     int ret = 0;
553 
554     /* Return the raw BlockDriver * to scsi-generic devices or empty drives */
555     if (bdrv_is_sg(bs) || !bdrv_is_inserted(bs) || bdrv_getlength(bs) == 0) {
556         *pdrv = &bdrv_raw;
557         return ret;
558     }
559 
560     ret = bdrv_pread(bs, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
561     if (ret < 0) {
562         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read image for determining its "
563                          "format");
564         *pdrv = NULL;
565         return ret;
566     }
567 
568     drv = bdrv_probe_all(buf, ret, filename);
569     if (!drv) {
570         error_setg(errp, "Could not determine image format: No compatible "
571                    "driver found");
572         ret = -ENOENT;
573     }
574     *pdrv = drv;
575     return ret;
576 }
577 
578 /**
579  * Set the current 'total_sectors' value
580  * Return 0 on success, -errno on error.
581  */
582 static int refresh_total_sectors(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t hint)
583 {
584     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
585 
586     /* Do not attempt drv->bdrv_getlength() on scsi-generic devices */
587     if (bdrv_is_sg(bs))
588         return 0;
589 
590     /* query actual device if possible, otherwise just trust the hint */
591     if (drv->bdrv_getlength) {
592         int64_t length = drv->bdrv_getlength(bs);
593         if (length < 0) {
594             return length;
595         }
596         hint = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
597     }
598 
599     bs->total_sectors = hint;
600     return 0;
601 }
602 
603 /**
604  * Combines a QDict of new block driver @options with any missing options taken
605  * from @old_options, so that leaving out an option defaults to its old value.
606  */
607 static void bdrv_join_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options,
608                               QDict *old_options)
609 {
610     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_join_options) {
611         bs->drv->bdrv_join_options(options, old_options);
612     } else {
613         qdict_join(options, old_options, false);
614     }
615 }
616 
617 /**
618  * Set open flags for a given discard mode
619  *
620  * Return 0 on success, -1 if the discard mode was invalid.
621  */
622 int bdrv_parse_discard_flags(const char *mode, int *flags)
623 {
624     *flags &= ~BDRV_O_UNMAP;
625 
626     if (!strcmp(mode, "off") || !strcmp(mode, "ignore")) {
627         /* do nothing */
628     } else if (!strcmp(mode, "on") || !strcmp(mode, "unmap")) {
629         *flags |= BDRV_O_UNMAP;
630     } else {
631         return -1;
632     }
633 
634     return 0;
635 }
636 
637 /**
638  * Set open flags for a given cache mode
639  *
640  * Return 0 on success, -1 if the cache mode was invalid.
641  */
642 int bdrv_parse_cache_flags(const char *mode, int *flags)
643 {
644     *flags &= ~BDRV_O_CACHE_MASK;
645 
646     if (!strcmp(mode, "off") || !strcmp(mode, "none")) {
647         *flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE | BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
648     } else if (!strcmp(mode, "directsync")) {
649         *flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE;
650     } else if (!strcmp(mode, "writeback")) {
651         *flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
652     } else if (!strcmp(mode, "unsafe")) {
653         *flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
654         *flags |= BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH;
655     } else if (!strcmp(mode, "writethrough")) {
656         /* this is the default */
657     } else {
658         return -1;
659     }
660 
661     return 0;
662 }
663 
664 /*
665  * Returns the options and flags that a temporary snapshot should get, based on
666  * the originally requested flags (the originally requested image will have
667  * flags like a backing file)
668  */
669 static void bdrv_temp_snapshot_options(int *child_flags, QDict *child_options,
670                                        int parent_flags, QDict *parent_options)
671 {
672     *child_flags = (parent_flags & ~BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT) | BDRV_O_TEMPORARY;
673 
674     /* For temporary files, unconditional cache=unsafe is fine */
675     qdict_set_default_str(child_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB, "on");
676     qdict_set_default_str(child_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT, "off");
677     qdict_set_default_str(child_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH, "on");
678 }
679 
680 /*
681  * Returns the options and flags that bs->file should get if a protocol driver
682  * is expected, based on the given options and flags for the parent BDS
683  */
684 static void bdrv_inherited_options(int *child_flags, QDict *child_options,
685                                    int parent_flags, QDict *parent_options)
686 {
687     int flags = parent_flags;
688 
689     /* Enable protocol handling, disable format probing for bs->file */
690     flags |= BDRV_O_PROTOCOL;
691 
692     /* If the cache mode isn't explicitly set, inherit direct and no-flush from
693      * the parent. */
694     qdict_copy_default(child_options, parent_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT);
695     qdict_copy_default(child_options, parent_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH);
696 
697     /* Our block drivers take care to send flushes and respect unmap policy,
698      * so we can default to enable both on lower layers regardless of the
699      * corresponding parent options. */
700     qdict_set_default_str(child_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB, "on");
701     flags |= BDRV_O_UNMAP;
702 
703     /* Clear flags that only apply to the top layer */
704     flags &= ~(BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING | BDRV_O_COPY_ON_READ);
705 
706     *child_flags = flags;
707 }
708 
709 const BdrvChildRole child_file = {
710     .inherit_options = bdrv_inherited_options,
711 };
712 
713 /*
714  * Returns the options and flags that bs->file should get if the use of formats
715  * (and not only protocols) is permitted for it, based on the given options and
716  * flags for the parent BDS
717  */
718 static void bdrv_inherited_fmt_options(int *child_flags, QDict *child_options,
719                                        int parent_flags, QDict *parent_options)
720 {
721     child_file.inherit_options(child_flags, child_options,
722                                parent_flags, parent_options);
723 
724     *child_flags &= ~BDRV_O_PROTOCOL;
725 }
726 
727 const BdrvChildRole child_format = {
728     .inherit_options = bdrv_inherited_fmt_options,
729 };
730 
731 /*
732  * Returns the options and flags that bs->backing should get, based on the
733  * given options and flags for the parent BDS
734  */
735 static void bdrv_backing_options(int *child_flags, QDict *child_options,
736                                  int parent_flags, QDict *parent_options)
737 {
738     int flags = parent_flags;
739 
740     /* The cache mode is inherited unmodified for backing files */
741     qdict_copy_default(child_options, parent_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB);
742     qdict_copy_default(child_options, parent_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT);
743     qdict_copy_default(child_options, parent_options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH);
744 
745     /* backing files always opened read-only */
746     flags &= ~(BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_COPY_ON_READ);
747 
748     /* snapshot=on is handled on the top layer */
749     flags &= ~(BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT | BDRV_O_TEMPORARY);
750 
751     *child_flags = flags;
752 }
753 
754 static const BdrvChildRole child_backing = {
755     .inherit_options = bdrv_backing_options,
756 };
757 
758 static int bdrv_open_flags(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags)
759 {
760     int open_flags = flags | BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
761 
762     /*
763      * Clear flags that are internal to the block layer before opening the
764      * image.
765      */
766     open_flags &= ~(BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING | BDRV_O_PROTOCOL);
767 
768     /*
769      * Snapshots should be writable.
770      */
771     if (flags & BDRV_O_TEMPORARY) {
772         open_flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
773     }
774 
775     return open_flags;
776 }
777 
778 static void update_flags_from_options(int *flags, QemuOpts *opts)
779 {
780     *flags &= ~BDRV_O_CACHE_MASK;
781 
782     assert(qemu_opt_find(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB));
783     if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB, false)) {
784         *flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
785     }
786 
787     assert(qemu_opt_find(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH));
788     if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH, false)) {
789         *flags |= BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH;
790     }
791 
792     assert(qemu_opt_find(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT));
793     if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT, false)) {
794         *flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE;
795     }
796 }
797 
798 static void update_options_from_flags(QDict *options, int flags)
799 {
800     if (!qdict_haskey(options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB)) {
801         qdict_put(options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB,
802                   qbool_from_bool(flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB));
803     }
804     if (!qdict_haskey(options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT)) {
805         qdict_put(options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT,
806                   qbool_from_bool(flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE));
807     }
808     if (!qdict_haskey(options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH)) {
809         qdict_put(options, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH,
810                   qbool_from_bool(flags & BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH));
811     }
812 }
813 
814 static void bdrv_assign_node_name(BlockDriverState *bs,
815                                   const char *node_name,
816                                   Error **errp)
817 {
818     char *gen_node_name = NULL;
819 
820     if (!node_name) {
821         node_name = gen_node_name = id_generate(ID_BLOCK);
822     } else if (!id_wellformed(node_name)) {
823         /*
824          * Check for empty string or invalid characters, but not if it is
825          * generated (generated names use characters not available to the user)
826          */
827         error_setg(errp, "Invalid node name");
828         return;
829     }
830 
831     /* takes care of avoiding namespaces collisions */
832     if (blk_by_name(node_name)) {
833         error_setg(errp, "node-name=%s is conflicting with a device id",
834                    node_name);
835         goto out;
836     }
837 
838     /* takes care of avoiding duplicates node names */
839     if (bdrv_find_node(node_name)) {
840         error_setg(errp, "Duplicate node name");
841         goto out;
842     }
843 
844     /* copy node name into the bs and insert it into the graph list */
845     pstrcpy(bs->node_name, sizeof(bs->node_name), node_name);
846     QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&graph_bdrv_states, bs, node_list);
847 out:
848     g_free(gen_node_name);
849 }
850 
851 static QemuOptsList bdrv_runtime_opts = {
852     .name = "bdrv_common",
853     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(bdrv_runtime_opts.head),
854     .desc = {
855         {
856             .name = "node-name",
857             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
858             .help = "Node name of the block device node",
859         },
860         {
861             .name = "driver",
862             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
863             .help = "Block driver to use for the node",
864         },
865         {
866             .name = BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB,
867             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
868             .help = "Enable writeback mode",
869         },
870         {
871             .name = BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT,
872             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
873             .help = "Bypass software writeback cache on the host",
874         },
875         {
876             .name = BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH,
877             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
878             .help = "Ignore flush requests",
879         },
880         { /* end of list */ }
881     },
882 };
883 
884 /*
885  * Common part for opening disk images and files
886  *
887  * Removes all processed options from *options.
888  */
889 static int bdrv_open_common(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *file,
890                             QDict *options, Error **errp)
891 {
892     int ret, open_flags;
893     const char *filename;
894     const char *driver_name = NULL;
895     const char *node_name = NULL;
896     QemuOpts *opts;
897     BlockDriver *drv;
898     Error *local_err = NULL;
899 
900     assert(bs->file == NULL);
901     assert(options != NULL && bs->options != options);
902 
903     opts = qemu_opts_create(&bdrv_runtime_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
904     qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(opts, options, &local_err);
905     if (local_err) {
906         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
907         ret = -EINVAL;
908         goto fail_opts;
909     }
910 
911     driver_name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "driver");
912     drv = bdrv_find_format(driver_name);
913     assert(drv != NULL);
914 
915     if (file != NULL) {
916         filename = file->bs->filename;
917     } else {
918         filename = qdict_get_try_str(options, "filename");
919     }
920 
921     if (drv->bdrv_needs_filename && !filename) {
922         error_setg(errp, "The '%s' block driver requires a file name",
923                    drv->format_name);
924         ret = -EINVAL;
925         goto fail_opts;
926     }
927 
928     trace_bdrv_open_common(bs, filename ?: "", bs->open_flags,
929                            drv->format_name);
930 
931     node_name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "node-name");
932     bdrv_assign_node_name(bs, node_name, &local_err);
933     if (local_err) {
934         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
935         ret = -EINVAL;
936         goto fail_opts;
937     }
938 
939     bs->request_alignment = 512;
940     bs->zero_beyond_eof = true;
941     bs->read_only = !(bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR);
942 
943     if (use_bdrv_whitelist && !bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv, bs->read_only)) {
944         error_setg(errp,
945                    !bs->read_only && bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv, true)
946                         ? "Driver '%s' can only be used for read-only devices"
947                         : "Driver '%s' is not whitelisted",
948                    drv->format_name);
949         ret = -ENOTSUP;
950         goto fail_opts;
951     }
952 
953     assert(bs->copy_on_read == 0); /* bdrv_new() and bdrv_close() make it so */
954     if (bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_COPY_ON_READ) {
955         if (!bs->read_only) {
956             bdrv_enable_copy_on_read(bs);
957         } else {
958             error_setg(errp, "Can't use copy-on-read on read-only device");
959             ret = -EINVAL;
960             goto fail_opts;
961         }
962     }
963 
964     if (filename != NULL) {
965         pstrcpy(bs->filename, sizeof(bs->filename), filename);
966     } else {
967         bs->filename[0] = '\0';
968     }
969     pstrcpy(bs->exact_filename, sizeof(bs->exact_filename), bs->filename);
970 
971     bs->drv = drv;
972     bs->opaque = g_malloc0(drv->instance_size);
973 
974     /* Apply cache mode options */
975     update_flags_from_options(&bs->open_flags, opts);
976     bdrv_set_enable_write_cache(bs, bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB);
977 
978     /* Open the image, either directly or using a protocol */
979     open_flags = bdrv_open_flags(bs, bs->open_flags);
980     if (drv->bdrv_file_open) {
981         assert(file == NULL);
982         assert(!drv->bdrv_needs_filename || filename != NULL);
983         ret = drv->bdrv_file_open(bs, options, open_flags, &local_err);
984     } else {
985         if (file == NULL) {
986             error_setg(errp, "Can't use '%s' as a block driver for the "
987                        "protocol level", drv->format_name);
988             ret = -EINVAL;
989             goto free_and_fail;
990         }
991         bs->file = file;
992         ret = drv->bdrv_open(bs, options, open_flags, &local_err);
993     }
994 
995     if (ret < 0) {
996         if (local_err) {
997             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
998         } else if (bs->filename[0]) {
999             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not open '%s'", bs->filename);
1000         } else {
1001             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not open image");
1002         }
1003         goto free_and_fail;
1004     }
1005 
1006     if (bs->encrypted) {
1007         error_report("Encrypted images are deprecated");
1008         error_printf("Support for them will be removed in a future release.\n"
1009                      "You can use 'qemu-img convert' to convert your image"
1010                      " to an unencrypted one.\n");
1011     }
1012 
1013     ret = refresh_total_sectors(bs, bs->total_sectors);
1014     if (ret < 0) {
1015         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not refresh total sector count");
1016         goto free_and_fail;
1017     }
1018 
1019     bdrv_refresh_limits(bs, &local_err);
1020     if (local_err) {
1021         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1022         ret = -EINVAL;
1023         goto free_and_fail;
1024     }
1025 
1026     assert(bdrv_opt_mem_align(bs) != 0);
1027     assert(bdrv_min_mem_align(bs) != 0);
1028     assert((bs->request_alignment != 0) || bdrv_is_sg(bs));
1029 
1030     qemu_opts_del(opts);
1031     return 0;
1032 
1033 free_and_fail:
1034     bs->file = NULL;
1035     g_free(bs->opaque);
1036     bs->opaque = NULL;
1037     bs->drv = NULL;
1038 fail_opts:
1039     qemu_opts_del(opts);
1040     return ret;
1041 }
1042 
1043 static QDict *parse_json_filename(const char *filename, Error **errp)
1044 {
1045     QObject *options_obj;
1046     QDict *options;
1047     int ret;
1048 
1049     ret = strstart(filename, "json:", &filename);
1050     assert(ret);
1051 
1052     options_obj = qobject_from_json(filename);
1053     if (!options_obj) {
1054         error_setg(errp, "Could not parse the JSON options");
1055         return NULL;
1056     }
1057 
1058     if (qobject_type(options_obj) != QTYPE_QDICT) {
1059         qobject_decref(options_obj);
1060         error_setg(errp, "Invalid JSON object given");
1061         return NULL;
1062     }
1063 
1064     options = qobject_to_qdict(options_obj);
1065     qdict_flatten(options);
1066 
1067     return options;
1068 }
1069 
1070 static void parse_json_protocol(QDict *options, const char **pfilename,
1071                                 Error **errp)
1072 {
1073     QDict *json_options;
1074     Error *local_err = NULL;
1075 
1076     /* Parse json: pseudo-protocol */
1077     if (!*pfilename || !g_str_has_prefix(*pfilename, "json:")) {
1078         return;
1079     }
1080 
1081     json_options = parse_json_filename(*pfilename, &local_err);
1082     if (local_err) {
1083         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1084         return;
1085     }
1086 
1087     /* Options given in the filename have lower priority than options
1088      * specified directly */
1089     qdict_join(options, json_options, false);
1090     QDECREF(json_options);
1091     *pfilename = NULL;
1092 }
1093 
1094 /*
1095  * Fills in default options for opening images and converts the legacy
1096  * filename/flags pair to option QDict entries.
1097  * The BDRV_O_PROTOCOL flag in *flags will be set or cleared accordingly if a
1098  * block driver has been specified explicitly.
1099  */
1100 static int bdrv_fill_options(QDict **options, const char *filename,
1101                              int *flags, Error **errp)
1102 {
1103     const char *drvname;
1104     bool protocol = *flags & BDRV_O_PROTOCOL;
1105     bool parse_filename = false;
1106     BlockDriver *drv = NULL;
1107     Error *local_err = NULL;
1108 
1109     drvname = qdict_get_try_str(*options, "driver");
1110     if (drvname) {
1111         drv = bdrv_find_format(drvname);
1112         if (!drv) {
1113             error_setg(errp, "Unknown driver '%s'", drvname);
1114             return -ENOENT;
1115         }
1116         /* If the user has explicitly specified the driver, this choice should
1117          * override the BDRV_O_PROTOCOL flag */
1118         protocol = drv->bdrv_file_open;
1119     }
1120 
1121     if (protocol) {
1122         *flags |= BDRV_O_PROTOCOL;
1123     } else {
1124         *flags &= ~BDRV_O_PROTOCOL;
1125     }
1126 
1127     /* Translate cache options from flags into options */
1128     update_options_from_flags(*options, *flags);
1129 
1130     /* Fetch the file name from the options QDict if necessary */
1131     if (protocol && filename) {
1132         if (!qdict_haskey(*options, "filename")) {
1133             qdict_put(*options, "filename", qstring_from_str(filename));
1134             parse_filename = true;
1135         } else {
1136             error_setg(errp, "Can't specify 'file' and 'filename' options at "
1137                              "the same time");
1138             return -EINVAL;
1139         }
1140     }
1141 
1142     /* Find the right block driver */
1143     filename = qdict_get_try_str(*options, "filename");
1144 
1145     if (!drvname && protocol) {
1146         if (filename) {
1147             drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, parse_filename, errp);
1148             if (!drv) {
1149                 return -EINVAL;
1150             }
1151 
1152             drvname = drv->format_name;
1153             qdict_put(*options, "driver", qstring_from_str(drvname));
1154         } else {
1155             error_setg(errp, "Must specify either driver or file");
1156             return -EINVAL;
1157         }
1158     }
1159 
1160     assert(drv || !protocol);
1161 
1162     /* Driver-specific filename parsing */
1163     if (drv && drv->bdrv_parse_filename && parse_filename) {
1164         drv->bdrv_parse_filename(filename, *options, &local_err);
1165         if (local_err) {
1166             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1167             return -EINVAL;
1168         }
1169 
1170         if (!drv->bdrv_needs_filename) {
1171             qdict_del(*options, "filename");
1172         }
1173     }
1174 
1175     return 0;
1176 }
1177 
1178 BdrvChild *bdrv_root_attach_child(BlockDriverState *child_bs,
1179                                   const char *child_name,
1180                                   const BdrvChildRole *child_role)
1181 {
1182     BdrvChild *child = g_new(BdrvChild, 1);
1183     *child = (BdrvChild) {
1184         .bs     = child_bs,
1185         .name   = g_strdup(child_name),
1186         .role   = child_role,
1187     };
1188 
1189     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&child_bs->parents, child, next_parent);
1190 
1191     return child;
1192 }
1193 
1194 static BdrvChild *bdrv_attach_child(BlockDriverState *parent_bs,
1195                                     BlockDriverState *child_bs,
1196                                     const char *child_name,
1197                                     const BdrvChildRole *child_role)
1198 {
1199     BdrvChild *child = bdrv_root_attach_child(child_bs, child_name, child_role);
1200     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&parent_bs->children, child, next);
1201     return child;
1202 }
1203 
1204 static void bdrv_detach_child(BdrvChild *child)
1205 {
1206     if (child->next.le_prev) {
1207         QLIST_REMOVE(child, next);
1208         child->next.le_prev = NULL;
1209     }
1210     QLIST_REMOVE(child, next_parent);
1211     g_free(child->name);
1212     g_free(child);
1213 }
1214 
1215 void bdrv_root_unref_child(BdrvChild *child)
1216 {
1217     BlockDriverState *child_bs;
1218 
1219     child_bs = child->bs;
1220     bdrv_detach_child(child);
1221     bdrv_unref(child_bs);
1222 }
1223 
1224 void bdrv_unref_child(BlockDriverState *parent, BdrvChild *child)
1225 {
1226     if (child == NULL) {
1227         return;
1228     }
1229 
1230     if (child->bs->inherits_from == parent) {
1231         child->bs->inherits_from = NULL;
1232     }
1233 
1234     bdrv_root_unref_child(child);
1235 }
1236 
1237 /*
1238  * Sets the backing file link of a BDS. A new reference is created; callers
1239  * which don't need their own reference any more must call bdrv_unref().
1240  */
1241 void bdrv_set_backing_hd(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *backing_hd)
1242 {
1243     if (backing_hd) {
1244         bdrv_ref(backing_hd);
1245     }
1246 
1247     if (bs->backing) {
1248         assert(bs->backing_blocker);
1249         bdrv_op_unblock_all(bs->backing->bs, bs->backing_blocker);
1250         bdrv_unref_child(bs, bs->backing);
1251     } else if (backing_hd) {
1252         error_setg(&bs->backing_blocker,
1253                    "node is used as backing hd of '%s'",
1254                    bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
1255     }
1256 
1257     if (!backing_hd) {
1258         error_free(bs->backing_blocker);
1259         bs->backing_blocker = NULL;
1260         bs->backing = NULL;
1261         goto out;
1262     }
1263     bs->backing = bdrv_attach_child(bs, backing_hd, "backing", &child_backing);
1264     bs->open_flags &= ~BDRV_O_NO_BACKING;
1265     pstrcpy(bs->backing_file, sizeof(bs->backing_file), backing_hd->filename);
1266     pstrcpy(bs->backing_format, sizeof(bs->backing_format),
1267             backing_hd->drv ? backing_hd->drv->format_name : "");
1268 
1269     bdrv_op_block_all(backing_hd, bs->backing_blocker);
1270     /* Otherwise we won't be able to commit due to check in bdrv_commit */
1271     bdrv_op_unblock(backing_hd, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT_TARGET,
1272                     bs->backing_blocker);
1273 out:
1274     bdrv_refresh_limits(bs, NULL);
1275 }
1276 
1277 /*
1278  * Opens the backing file for a BlockDriverState if not yet open
1279  *
1280  * bdref_key specifies the key for the image's BlockdevRef in the options QDict.
1281  * That QDict has to be flattened; therefore, if the BlockdevRef is a QDict
1282  * itself, all options starting with "${bdref_key}." are considered part of the
1283  * BlockdevRef.
1284  *
1285  * TODO Can this be unified with bdrv_open_image()?
1286  */
1287 int bdrv_open_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *parent_options,
1288                            const char *bdref_key, Error **errp)
1289 {
1290     char *backing_filename = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
1291     char *bdref_key_dot;
1292     const char *reference = NULL;
1293     int ret = 0;
1294     BlockDriverState *backing_hd;
1295     QDict *options;
1296     QDict *tmp_parent_options = NULL;
1297     Error *local_err = NULL;
1298 
1299     if (bs->backing != NULL) {
1300         goto free_exit;
1301     }
1302 
1303     /* NULL means an empty set of options */
1304     if (parent_options == NULL) {
1305         tmp_parent_options = qdict_new();
1306         parent_options = tmp_parent_options;
1307     }
1308 
1309     bs->open_flags &= ~BDRV_O_NO_BACKING;
1310 
1311     bdref_key_dot = g_strdup_printf("%s.", bdref_key);
1312     qdict_extract_subqdict(parent_options, &options, bdref_key_dot);
1313     g_free(bdref_key_dot);
1314 
1315     reference = qdict_get_try_str(parent_options, bdref_key);
1316     if (reference || qdict_haskey(options, "file.filename")) {
1317         backing_filename[0] = '\0';
1318     } else if (bs->backing_file[0] == '\0' && qdict_size(options) == 0) {
1319         QDECREF(options);
1320         goto free_exit;
1321     } else {
1322         bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(bs, backing_filename, PATH_MAX,
1323                                        &local_err);
1324         if (local_err) {
1325             ret = -EINVAL;
1326             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1327             QDECREF(options);
1328             goto free_exit;
1329         }
1330     }
1331 
1332     if (!bs->drv || !bs->drv->supports_backing) {
1333         ret = -EINVAL;
1334         error_setg(errp, "Driver doesn't support backing files");
1335         QDECREF(options);
1336         goto free_exit;
1337     }
1338 
1339     if (bs->backing_format[0] != '\0' && !qdict_haskey(options, "driver")) {
1340         qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(bs->backing_format));
1341     }
1342 
1343     backing_hd = NULL;
1344     ret = bdrv_open_inherit(&backing_hd,
1345                             *backing_filename ? backing_filename : NULL,
1346                             reference, options, 0, bs, &child_backing,
1347                             errp);
1348     if (ret < 0) {
1349         bs->open_flags |= BDRV_O_NO_BACKING;
1350         error_prepend(errp, "Could not open backing file: ");
1351         goto free_exit;
1352     }
1353 
1354     /* Hook up the backing file link; drop our reference, bs owns the
1355      * backing_hd reference now */
1356     bdrv_set_backing_hd(bs, backing_hd);
1357     bdrv_unref(backing_hd);
1358 
1359     qdict_del(parent_options, bdref_key);
1360 
1361 free_exit:
1362     g_free(backing_filename);
1363     QDECREF(tmp_parent_options);
1364     return ret;
1365 }
1366 
1367 /*
1368  * Opens a disk image whose options are given as BlockdevRef in another block
1369  * device's options.
1370  *
1371  * If allow_none is true, no image will be opened if filename is false and no
1372  * BlockdevRef is given. NULL will be returned, but errp remains unset.
1373  *
1374  * bdrev_key specifies the key for the image's BlockdevRef in the options QDict.
1375  * That QDict has to be flattened; therefore, if the BlockdevRef is a QDict
1376  * itself, all options starting with "${bdref_key}." are considered part of the
1377  * BlockdevRef.
1378  *
1379  * The BlockdevRef will be removed from the options QDict.
1380  */
1381 BdrvChild *bdrv_open_child(const char *filename,
1382                            QDict *options, const char *bdref_key,
1383                            BlockDriverState* parent,
1384                            const BdrvChildRole *child_role,
1385                            bool allow_none, Error **errp)
1386 {
1387     BdrvChild *c = NULL;
1388     BlockDriverState *bs;
1389     QDict *image_options;
1390     int ret;
1391     char *bdref_key_dot;
1392     const char *reference;
1393 
1394     assert(child_role != NULL);
1395 
1396     bdref_key_dot = g_strdup_printf("%s.", bdref_key);
1397     qdict_extract_subqdict(options, &image_options, bdref_key_dot);
1398     g_free(bdref_key_dot);
1399 
1400     reference = qdict_get_try_str(options, bdref_key);
1401     if (!filename && !reference && !qdict_size(image_options)) {
1402         if (!allow_none) {
1403             error_setg(errp, "A block device must be specified for \"%s\"",
1404                        bdref_key);
1405         }
1406         QDECREF(image_options);
1407         goto done;
1408     }
1409 
1410     bs = NULL;
1411     ret = bdrv_open_inherit(&bs, filename, reference, image_options, 0,
1412                             parent, child_role, errp);
1413     if (ret < 0) {
1414         goto done;
1415     }
1416 
1417     c = bdrv_attach_child(parent, bs, bdref_key, child_role);
1418 
1419 done:
1420     qdict_del(options, bdref_key);
1421     return c;
1422 }
1423 
1424 static int bdrv_append_temp_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags,
1425                                      QDict *snapshot_options, Error **errp)
1426 {
1427     /* TODO: extra byte is a hack to ensure MAX_PATH space on Windows. */
1428     char *tmp_filename = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX + 1);
1429     int64_t total_size;
1430     QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
1431     BlockDriverState *bs_snapshot;
1432     Error *local_err = NULL;
1433     int ret;
1434 
1435     /* if snapshot, we create a temporary backing file and open it
1436        instead of opening 'filename' directly */
1437 
1438     /* Get the required size from the image */
1439     total_size = bdrv_getlength(bs);
1440     if (total_size < 0) {
1441         ret = total_size;
1442         error_setg_errno(errp, -total_size, "Could not get image size");
1443         goto out;
1444     }
1445 
1446     /* Create the temporary image */
1447     ret = get_tmp_filename(tmp_filename, PATH_MAX + 1);
1448     if (ret < 0) {
1449         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not get temporary filename");
1450         goto out;
1451     }
1452 
1453     opts = qemu_opts_create(bdrv_qcow2.create_opts, NULL, 0,
1454                             &error_abort);
1455     qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_size, &error_abort);
1456     ret = bdrv_create(&bdrv_qcow2, tmp_filename, opts, errp);
1457     qemu_opts_del(opts);
1458     if (ret < 0) {
1459         error_prepend(errp, "Could not create temporary overlay '%s': ",
1460                       tmp_filename);
1461         goto out;
1462     }
1463 
1464     /* Prepare options QDict for the temporary file */
1465     qdict_put(snapshot_options, "file.driver",
1466               qstring_from_str("file"));
1467     qdict_put(snapshot_options, "file.filename",
1468               qstring_from_str(tmp_filename));
1469     qdict_put(snapshot_options, "driver",
1470               qstring_from_str("qcow2"));
1471 
1472     bs_snapshot = bdrv_new();
1473 
1474     ret = bdrv_open(&bs_snapshot, NULL, NULL, snapshot_options,
1475                     flags, &local_err);
1476     snapshot_options = NULL;
1477     if (ret < 0) {
1478         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1479         goto out;
1480     }
1481 
1482     bdrv_append(bs_snapshot, bs);
1483 
1484 out:
1485     QDECREF(snapshot_options);
1486     g_free(tmp_filename);
1487     return ret;
1488 }
1489 
1490 /*
1491  * Opens a disk image (raw, qcow2, vmdk, ...)
1492  *
1493  * options is a QDict of options to pass to the block drivers, or NULL for an
1494  * empty set of options. The reference to the QDict belongs to the block layer
1495  * after the call (even on failure), so if the caller intends to reuse the
1496  * dictionary, it needs to use QINCREF() before calling bdrv_open.
1497  *
1498  * If *pbs is NULL, a new BDS will be created with a pointer to it stored there.
1499  * If it is not NULL, the referenced BDS will be reused.
1500  *
1501  * The reference parameter may be used to specify an existing block device which
1502  * should be opened. If specified, neither options nor a filename may be given,
1503  * nor can an existing BDS be reused (that is, *pbs has to be NULL).
1504  */
1505 static int bdrv_open_inherit(BlockDriverState **pbs, const char *filename,
1506                              const char *reference, QDict *options, int flags,
1507                              BlockDriverState *parent,
1508                              const BdrvChildRole *child_role, Error **errp)
1509 {
1510     int ret;
1511     BdrvChild *file = NULL;
1512     BlockDriverState *bs;
1513     BlockDriver *drv = NULL;
1514     const char *drvname;
1515     const char *backing;
1516     Error *local_err = NULL;
1517     QDict *snapshot_options = NULL;
1518     int snapshot_flags = 0;
1519 
1520     assert(pbs);
1521     assert(!child_role || !flags);
1522     assert(!child_role == !parent);
1523 
1524     if (reference) {
1525         bool options_non_empty = options ? qdict_size(options) : false;
1526         QDECREF(options);
1527 
1528         if (*pbs) {
1529             error_setg(errp, "Cannot reuse an existing BDS when referencing "
1530                        "another block device");
1531             return -EINVAL;
1532         }
1533 
1534         if (filename || options_non_empty) {
1535             error_setg(errp, "Cannot reference an existing block device with "
1536                        "additional options or a new filename");
1537             return -EINVAL;
1538         }
1539 
1540         bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(reference, reference, errp);
1541         if (!bs) {
1542             return -ENODEV;
1543         }
1544         bdrv_ref(bs);
1545         *pbs = bs;
1546         return 0;
1547     }
1548 
1549     if (*pbs) {
1550         bs = *pbs;
1551     } else {
1552         bs = bdrv_new();
1553     }
1554 
1555     /* NULL means an empty set of options */
1556     if (options == NULL) {
1557         options = qdict_new();
1558     }
1559 
1560     /* json: syntax counts as explicit options, as if in the QDict */
1561     parse_json_protocol(options, &filename, &local_err);
1562     if (local_err) {
1563         ret = -EINVAL;
1564         goto fail;
1565     }
1566 
1567     bs->explicit_options = qdict_clone_shallow(options);
1568 
1569     if (child_role) {
1570         bs->inherits_from = parent;
1571         child_role->inherit_options(&flags, options,
1572                                     parent->open_flags, parent->options);
1573     }
1574 
1575     ret = bdrv_fill_options(&options, filename, &flags, &local_err);
1576     if (local_err) {
1577         goto fail;
1578     }
1579 
1580     bs->open_flags = flags;
1581     bs->options = options;
1582     options = qdict_clone_shallow(options);
1583 
1584     /* Find the right image format driver */
1585     drvname = qdict_get_try_str(options, "driver");
1586     if (drvname) {
1587         drv = bdrv_find_format(drvname);
1588         if (!drv) {
1589             error_setg(errp, "Unknown driver: '%s'", drvname);
1590             ret = -EINVAL;
1591             goto fail;
1592         }
1593     }
1594 
1595     assert(drvname || !(flags & BDRV_O_PROTOCOL));
1596 
1597     backing = qdict_get_try_str(options, "backing");
1598     if (backing && *backing == '\0') {
1599         flags |= BDRV_O_NO_BACKING;
1600         qdict_del(options, "backing");
1601     }
1602 
1603     /* Open image file without format layer */
1604     if ((flags & BDRV_O_PROTOCOL) == 0) {
1605         if (flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) {
1606             flags |= BDRV_O_ALLOW_RDWR;
1607         }
1608         if (flags & BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT) {
1609             snapshot_options = qdict_new();
1610             bdrv_temp_snapshot_options(&snapshot_flags, snapshot_options,
1611                                        flags, options);
1612             bdrv_backing_options(&flags, options, flags, options);
1613         }
1614 
1615         bs->open_flags = flags;
1616 
1617         file = bdrv_open_child(filename, options, "file", bs,
1618                                &child_file, true, &local_err);
1619         if (local_err) {
1620             ret = -EINVAL;
1621             goto fail;
1622         }
1623     }
1624 
1625     /* Image format probing */
1626     bs->probed = !drv;
1627     if (!drv && file) {
1628         ret = find_image_format(file->bs, filename, &drv, &local_err);
1629         if (ret < 0) {
1630             goto fail;
1631         }
1632         /*
1633          * This option update would logically belong in bdrv_fill_options(),
1634          * but we first need to open bs->file for the probing to work, while
1635          * opening bs->file already requires the (mostly) final set of options
1636          * so that cache mode etc. can be inherited.
1637          *
1638          * Adding the driver later is somewhat ugly, but it's not an option
1639          * that would ever be inherited, so it's correct. We just need to make
1640          * sure to update both bs->options (which has the full effective
1641          * options for bs) and options (which has file.* already removed).
1642          */
1643         qdict_put(bs->options, "driver", qstring_from_str(drv->format_name));
1644         qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(drv->format_name));
1645     } else if (!drv) {
1646         error_setg(errp, "Must specify either driver or file");
1647         ret = -EINVAL;
1648         goto fail;
1649     }
1650 
1651     /* BDRV_O_PROTOCOL must be set iff a protocol BDS is about to be created */
1652     assert(!!(flags & BDRV_O_PROTOCOL) == !!drv->bdrv_file_open);
1653     /* file must be NULL if a protocol BDS is about to be created
1654      * (the inverse results in an error message from bdrv_open_common()) */
1655     assert(!(flags & BDRV_O_PROTOCOL) || !file);
1656 
1657     /* Open the image */
1658     ret = bdrv_open_common(bs, file, options, &local_err);
1659     if (ret < 0) {
1660         goto fail;
1661     }
1662 
1663     if (file && (bs->file != file)) {
1664         bdrv_unref_child(bs, file);
1665         file = NULL;
1666     }
1667 
1668     /* If there is a backing file, use it */
1669     if ((flags & BDRV_O_NO_BACKING) == 0) {
1670         ret = bdrv_open_backing_file(bs, options, "backing", &local_err);
1671         if (ret < 0) {
1672             goto close_and_fail;
1673         }
1674     }
1675 
1676     bdrv_refresh_filename(bs);
1677 
1678     /* Check if any unknown options were used */
1679     if (options && (qdict_size(options) != 0)) {
1680         const QDictEntry *entry = qdict_first(options);
1681         if (flags & BDRV_O_PROTOCOL) {
1682             error_setg(errp, "Block protocol '%s' doesn't support the option "
1683                        "'%s'", drv->format_name, entry->key);
1684         } else {
1685             error_setg(errp,
1686                        "Block format '%s' does not support the option '%s'",
1687                        drv->format_name, entry->key);
1688         }
1689 
1690         ret = -EINVAL;
1691         goto close_and_fail;
1692     }
1693 
1694     if (!bdrv_key_required(bs)) {
1695         if (bs->blk) {
1696             blk_dev_change_media_cb(bs->blk, true);
1697         }
1698     } else if (!runstate_check(RUN_STATE_PRELAUNCH)
1699                && !runstate_check(RUN_STATE_INMIGRATE)
1700                && !runstate_check(RUN_STATE_PAUSED)) { /* HACK */
1701         error_setg(errp,
1702                    "Guest must be stopped for opening of encrypted image");
1703         ret = -EBUSY;
1704         goto close_and_fail;
1705     }
1706 
1707     QDECREF(options);
1708     *pbs = bs;
1709 
1710     /* For snapshot=on, create a temporary qcow2 overlay. bs points to the
1711      * temporary snapshot afterwards. */
1712     if (snapshot_flags) {
1713         ret = bdrv_append_temp_snapshot(bs, snapshot_flags, snapshot_options,
1714                                         &local_err);
1715         snapshot_options = NULL;
1716         if (local_err) {
1717             goto close_and_fail;
1718         }
1719     }
1720 
1721     return 0;
1722 
1723 fail:
1724     if (file != NULL) {
1725         bdrv_unref_child(bs, file);
1726     }
1727     QDECREF(snapshot_options);
1728     QDECREF(bs->explicit_options);
1729     QDECREF(bs->options);
1730     QDECREF(options);
1731     bs->options = NULL;
1732     if (!*pbs) {
1733         /* If *pbs is NULL, a new BDS has been created in this function and
1734            needs to be freed now. Otherwise, it does not need to be closed,
1735            since it has not really been opened yet. */
1736         bdrv_unref(bs);
1737     }
1738     if (local_err) {
1739         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1740     }
1741     return ret;
1742 
1743 close_and_fail:
1744     /* See fail path, but now the BDS has to be always closed */
1745     if (*pbs) {
1746         bdrv_close(bs);
1747     } else {
1748         bdrv_unref(bs);
1749     }
1750     QDECREF(snapshot_options);
1751     QDECREF(options);
1752     if (local_err) {
1753         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1754     }
1755     return ret;
1756 }
1757 
1758 int bdrv_open(BlockDriverState **pbs, const char *filename,
1759               const char *reference, QDict *options, int flags, Error **errp)
1760 {
1761     return bdrv_open_inherit(pbs, filename, reference, options, flags, NULL,
1762                              NULL, errp);
1763 }
1764 
1765 typedef struct BlockReopenQueueEntry {
1766      bool prepared;
1767      BDRVReopenState state;
1768      QSIMPLEQ_ENTRY(BlockReopenQueueEntry) entry;
1769 } BlockReopenQueueEntry;
1770 
1771 /*
1772  * Adds a BlockDriverState to a simple queue for an atomic, transactional
1773  * reopen of multiple devices.
1774  *
1775  * bs_queue can either be an existing BlockReopenQueue that has had QSIMPLE_INIT
1776  * already performed, or alternatively may be NULL a new BlockReopenQueue will
1777  * be created and initialized. This newly created BlockReopenQueue should be
1778  * passed back in for subsequent calls that are intended to be of the same
1779  * atomic 'set'.
1780  *
1781  * bs is the BlockDriverState to add to the reopen queue.
1782  *
1783  * options contains the changed options for the associated bs
1784  * (the BlockReopenQueue takes ownership)
1785  *
1786  * flags contains the open flags for the associated bs
1787  *
1788  * returns a pointer to bs_queue, which is either the newly allocated
1789  * bs_queue, or the existing bs_queue being used.
1790  *
1791  */
1792 static BlockReopenQueue *bdrv_reopen_queue_child(BlockReopenQueue *bs_queue,
1793                                                  BlockDriverState *bs,
1794                                                  QDict *options,
1795                                                  int flags,
1796                                                  const BdrvChildRole *role,
1797                                                  QDict *parent_options,
1798                                                  int parent_flags)
1799 {
1800     assert(bs != NULL);
1801 
1802     BlockReopenQueueEntry *bs_entry;
1803     BdrvChild *child;
1804     QDict *old_options, *explicit_options;
1805 
1806     if (bs_queue == NULL) {
1807         bs_queue = g_new0(BlockReopenQueue, 1);
1808         QSIMPLEQ_INIT(bs_queue);
1809     }
1810 
1811     if (!options) {
1812         options = qdict_new();
1813     }
1814 
1815     /*
1816      * Precedence of options:
1817      * 1. Explicitly passed in options (highest)
1818      * 2. Set in flags (only for top level)
1819      * 3. Retained from explicitly set options of bs
1820      * 4. Inherited from parent node
1821      * 5. Retained from effective options of bs
1822      */
1823 
1824     if (!parent_options) {
1825         /*
1826          * Any setting represented by flags is always updated. If the
1827          * corresponding QDict option is set, it takes precedence. Otherwise
1828          * the flag is translated into a QDict option. The old setting of bs is
1829          * not considered.
1830          */
1831         update_options_from_flags(options, flags);
1832     }
1833 
1834     /* Old explicitly set values (don't overwrite by inherited value) */
1835     old_options = qdict_clone_shallow(bs->explicit_options);
1836     bdrv_join_options(bs, options, old_options);
1837     QDECREF(old_options);
1838 
1839     explicit_options = qdict_clone_shallow(options);
1840 
1841     /* Inherit from parent node */
1842     if (parent_options) {
1843         assert(!flags);
1844         role->inherit_options(&flags, options, parent_flags, parent_options);
1845     }
1846 
1847     /* Old values are used for options that aren't set yet */
1848     old_options = qdict_clone_shallow(bs->options);
1849     bdrv_join_options(bs, options, old_options);
1850     QDECREF(old_options);
1851 
1852     /* bdrv_open() masks this flag out */
1853     flags &= ~BDRV_O_PROTOCOL;
1854 
1855     QLIST_FOREACH(child, &bs->children, next) {
1856         QDict *new_child_options;
1857         char *child_key_dot;
1858 
1859         /* reopen can only change the options of block devices that were
1860          * implicitly created and inherited options. For other (referenced)
1861          * block devices, a syntax like "backing.foo" results in an error. */
1862         if (child->bs->inherits_from != bs) {
1863             continue;
1864         }
1865 
1866         child_key_dot = g_strdup_printf("%s.", child->name);
1867         qdict_extract_subqdict(options, &new_child_options, child_key_dot);
1868         g_free(child_key_dot);
1869 
1870         bdrv_reopen_queue_child(bs_queue, child->bs, new_child_options, 0,
1871                                 child->role, options, flags);
1872     }
1873 
1874     bs_entry = g_new0(BlockReopenQueueEntry, 1);
1875     QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(bs_queue, bs_entry, entry);
1876 
1877     bs_entry->state.bs = bs;
1878     bs_entry->state.options = options;
1879     bs_entry->state.explicit_options = explicit_options;
1880     bs_entry->state.flags = flags;
1881 
1882     return bs_queue;
1883 }
1884 
1885 BlockReopenQueue *bdrv_reopen_queue(BlockReopenQueue *bs_queue,
1886                                     BlockDriverState *bs,
1887                                     QDict *options, int flags)
1888 {
1889     return bdrv_reopen_queue_child(bs_queue, bs, options, flags,
1890                                    NULL, NULL, 0);
1891 }
1892 
1893 /*
1894  * Reopen multiple BlockDriverStates atomically & transactionally.
1895  *
1896  * The queue passed in (bs_queue) must have been built up previous
1897  * via bdrv_reopen_queue().
1898  *
1899  * Reopens all BDS specified in the queue, with the appropriate
1900  * flags.  All devices are prepared for reopen, and failure of any
1901  * device will cause all device changes to be abandonded, and intermediate
1902  * data cleaned up.
1903  *
1904  * If all devices prepare successfully, then the changes are committed
1905  * to all devices.
1906  *
1907  */
1908 int bdrv_reopen_multiple(BlockReopenQueue *bs_queue, Error **errp)
1909 {
1910     int ret = -1;
1911     BlockReopenQueueEntry *bs_entry, *next;
1912     Error *local_err = NULL;
1913 
1914     assert(bs_queue != NULL);
1915 
1916     bdrv_drain_all();
1917 
1918     QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(bs_entry, bs_queue, entry) {
1919         if (bdrv_reopen_prepare(&bs_entry->state, bs_queue, &local_err)) {
1920             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1921             goto cleanup;
1922         }
1923         bs_entry->prepared = true;
1924     }
1925 
1926     /* If we reach this point, we have success and just need to apply the
1927      * changes
1928      */
1929     QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(bs_entry, bs_queue, entry) {
1930         bdrv_reopen_commit(&bs_entry->state);
1931     }
1932 
1933     ret = 0;
1934 
1935 cleanup:
1936     QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH_SAFE(bs_entry, bs_queue, entry, next) {
1937         if (ret && bs_entry->prepared) {
1938             bdrv_reopen_abort(&bs_entry->state);
1939         } else if (ret) {
1940             QDECREF(bs_entry->state.explicit_options);
1941         }
1942         QDECREF(bs_entry->state.options);
1943         g_free(bs_entry);
1944     }
1945     g_free(bs_queue);
1946     return ret;
1947 }
1948 
1949 
1950 /* Reopen a single BlockDriverState with the specified flags. */
1951 int bdrv_reopen(BlockDriverState *bs, int bdrv_flags, Error **errp)
1952 {
1953     int ret = -1;
1954     Error *local_err = NULL;
1955     BlockReopenQueue *queue = bdrv_reopen_queue(NULL, bs, NULL, bdrv_flags);
1956 
1957     ret = bdrv_reopen_multiple(queue, &local_err);
1958     if (local_err != NULL) {
1959         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1960     }
1961     return ret;
1962 }
1963 
1964 
1965 /*
1966  * Prepares a BlockDriverState for reopen. All changes are staged in the
1967  * 'opaque' field of the BDRVReopenState, which is used and allocated by
1968  * the block driver layer .bdrv_reopen_prepare()
1969  *
1970  * bs is the BlockDriverState to reopen
1971  * flags are the new open flags
1972  * queue is the reopen queue
1973  *
1974  * Returns 0 on success, non-zero on error.  On error errp will be set
1975  * as well.
1976  *
1977  * On failure, bdrv_reopen_abort() will be called to clean up any data.
1978  * It is the responsibility of the caller to then call the abort() or
1979  * commit() for any other BDS that have been left in a prepare() state
1980  *
1981  */
1982 int bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state, BlockReopenQueue *queue,
1983                         Error **errp)
1984 {
1985     int ret = -1;
1986     Error *local_err = NULL;
1987     BlockDriver *drv;
1988     QemuOpts *opts;
1989     const char *value;
1990 
1991     assert(reopen_state != NULL);
1992     assert(reopen_state->bs->drv != NULL);
1993     drv = reopen_state->bs->drv;
1994 
1995     /* Process generic block layer options */
1996     opts = qemu_opts_create(&bdrv_runtime_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
1997     qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(opts, reopen_state->options, &local_err);
1998     if (local_err) {
1999         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
2000         ret = -EINVAL;
2001         goto error;
2002     }
2003 
2004     update_flags_from_options(&reopen_state->flags, opts);
2005 
2006     /* If a guest device is attached, it owns WCE */
2007     if (reopen_state->bs->blk && blk_get_attached_dev(reopen_state->bs->blk)) {
2008         bool old_wce = bdrv_enable_write_cache(reopen_state->bs);
2009         bool new_wce = (reopen_state->flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB);
2010         if (old_wce != new_wce) {
2011             error_setg(errp, "Cannot change cache.writeback: Device attached");
2012             ret = -EINVAL;
2013             goto error;
2014         }
2015     }
2016 
2017     /* node-name and driver must be unchanged. Put them back into the QDict, so
2018      * that they are checked at the end of this function. */
2019     value = qemu_opt_get(opts, "node-name");
2020     if (value) {
2021         qdict_put(reopen_state->options, "node-name", qstring_from_str(value));
2022     }
2023 
2024     value = qemu_opt_get(opts, "driver");
2025     if (value) {
2026         qdict_put(reopen_state->options, "driver", qstring_from_str(value));
2027     }
2028 
2029     /* if we are to stay read-only, do not allow permission change
2030      * to r/w */
2031     if (!(reopen_state->bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_ALLOW_RDWR) &&
2032         reopen_state->flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) {
2033         error_setg(errp, "Node '%s' is read only",
2034                    bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(reopen_state->bs));
2035         goto error;
2036     }
2037 
2038 
2039     ret = bdrv_flush(reopen_state->bs);
2040     if (ret) {
2041         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Error flushing drive");
2042         goto error;
2043     }
2044 
2045     if (drv->bdrv_reopen_prepare) {
2046         ret = drv->bdrv_reopen_prepare(reopen_state, queue, &local_err);
2047         if (ret) {
2048             if (local_err != NULL) {
2049                 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
2050             } else {
2051                 error_setg(errp, "failed while preparing to reopen image '%s'",
2052                            reopen_state->bs->filename);
2053             }
2054             goto error;
2055         }
2056     } else {
2057         /* It is currently mandatory to have a bdrv_reopen_prepare()
2058          * handler for each supported drv. */
2059         error_setg(errp, "Block format '%s' used by node '%s' "
2060                    "does not support reopening files", drv->format_name,
2061                    bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(reopen_state->bs));
2062         ret = -1;
2063         goto error;
2064     }
2065 
2066     /* Options that are not handled are only okay if they are unchanged
2067      * compared to the old state. It is expected that some options are only
2068      * used for the initial open, but not reopen (e.g. filename) */
2069     if (qdict_size(reopen_state->options)) {
2070         const QDictEntry *entry = qdict_first(reopen_state->options);
2071 
2072         do {
2073             QString *new_obj = qobject_to_qstring(entry->value);
2074             const char *new = qstring_get_str(new_obj);
2075             const char *old = qdict_get_try_str(reopen_state->bs->options,
2076                                                 entry->key);
2077 
2078             if (!old || strcmp(new, old)) {
2079                 error_setg(errp, "Cannot change the option '%s'", entry->key);
2080                 ret = -EINVAL;
2081                 goto error;
2082             }
2083         } while ((entry = qdict_next(reopen_state->options, entry)));
2084     }
2085 
2086     ret = 0;
2087 
2088 error:
2089     qemu_opts_del(opts);
2090     return ret;
2091 }
2092 
2093 /*
2094  * Takes the staged changes for the reopen from bdrv_reopen_prepare(), and
2095  * makes them final by swapping the staging BlockDriverState contents into
2096  * the active BlockDriverState contents.
2097  */
2098 void bdrv_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
2099 {
2100     BlockDriver *drv;
2101 
2102     assert(reopen_state != NULL);
2103     drv = reopen_state->bs->drv;
2104     assert(drv != NULL);
2105 
2106     /* If there are any driver level actions to take */
2107     if (drv->bdrv_reopen_commit) {
2108         drv->bdrv_reopen_commit(reopen_state);
2109     }
2110 
2111     /* set BDS specific flags now */
2112     QDECREF(reopen_state->bs->explicit_options);
2113 
2114     reopen_state->bs->explicit_options   = reopen_state->explicit_options;
2115     reopen_state->bs->open_flags         = reopen_state->flags;
2116     reopen_state->bs->enable_write_cache = !!(reopen_state->flags &
2117                                               BDRV_O_CACHE_WB);
2118     reopen_state->bs->read_only = !(reopen_state->flags & BDRV_O_RDWR);
2119 
2120     bdrv_refresh_limits(reopen_state->bs, NULL);
2121 }
2122 
2123 /*
2124  * Abort the reopen, and delete and free the staged changes in
2125  * reopen_state
2126  */
2127 void bdrv_reopen_abort(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
2128 {
2129     BlockDriver *drv;
2130 
2131     assert(reopen_state != NULL);
2132     drv = reopen_state->bs->drv;
2133     assert(drv != NULL);
2134 
2135     if (drv->bdrv_reopen_abort) {
2136         drv->bdrv_reopen_abort(reopen_state);
2137     }
2138 
2139     QDECREF(reopen_state->explicit_options);
2140 }
2141 
2142 
2143 static void bdrv_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
2144 {
2145     BdrvAioNotifier *ban, *ban_next;
2146 
2147     assert(!bs->job);
2148 
2149     /* Disable I/O limits and drain all pending throttled requests */
2150     if (bs->throttle_state) {
2151         bdrv_io_limits_disable(bs);
2152     }
2153 
2154     bdrv_drained_begin(bs); /* complete I/O */
2155     bdrv_flush(bs);
2156     bdrv_drain(bs); /* in case flush left pending I/O */
2157 
2158     bdrv_release_named_dirty_bitmaps(bs);
2159     assert(QLIST_EMPTY(&bs->dirty_bitmaps));
2160 
2161     if (bs->blk) {
2162         blk_dev_change_media_cb(bs->blk, false);
2163     }
2164 
2165     if (bs->drv) {
2166         BdrvChild *child, *next;
2167 
2168         bs->drv->bdrv_close(bs);
2169         bs->drv = NULL;
2170 
2171         bdrv_set_backing_hd(bs, NULL);
2172 
2173         if (bs->file != NULL) {
2174             bdrv_unref_child(bs, bs->file);
2175             bs->file = NULL;
2176         }
2177 
2178         QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(child, &bs->children, next, next) {
2179             /* TODO Remove bdrv_unref() from drivers' close function and use
2180              * bdrv_unref_child() here */
2181             if (child->bs->inherits_from == bs) {
2182                 child->bs->inherits_from = NULL;
2183             }
2184             bdrv_detach_child(child);
2185         }
2186 
2187         g_free(bs->opaque);
2188         bs->opaque = NULL;
2189         bs->copy_on_read = 0;
2190         bs->backing_file[0] = '\0';
2191         bs->backing_format[0] = '\0';
2192         bs->total_sectors = 0;
2193         bs->encrypted = 0;
2194         bs->valid_key = 0;
2195         bs->sg = 0;
2196         bs->zero_beyond_eof = false;
2197         QDECREF(bs->options);
2198         QDECREF(bs->explicit_options);
2199         bs->options = NULL;
2200         QDECREF(bs->full_open_options);
2201         bs->full_open_options = NULL;
2202     }
2203 
2204     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(ban, &bs->aio_notifiers, list, ban_next) {
2205         g_free(ban);
2206     }
2207     QLIST_INIT(&bs->aio_notifiers);
2208     bdrv_drained_end(bs);
2209 }
2210 
2211 void bdrv_close_all(void)
2212 {
2213     BlockDriverState *bs;
2214     AioContext *aio_context;
2215 
2216     /* Drop references from requests still in flight, such as canceled block
2217      * jobs whose AIO context has not been polled yet */
2218     bdrv_drain_all();
2219 
2220     blk_remove_all_bs();
2221     blockdev_close_all_bdrv_states();
2222 
2223     /* Cancel all block jobs */
2224     while (!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&all_bdrv_states)) {
2225         QTAILQ_FOREACH(bs, &all_bdrv_states, bs_list) {
2226             aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
2227 
2228             aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
2229             if (bs->job) {
2230                 block_job_cancel_sync(bs->job);
2231                 aio_context_release(aio_context);
2232                 break;
2233             }
2234             aio_context_release(aio_context);
2235         }
2236 
2237         /* All the remaining BlockDriverStates are referenced directly or
2238          * indirectly from block jobs, so there needs to be at least one BDS
2239          * directly used by a block job */
2240         assert(bs);
2241     }
2242 }
2243 
2244 /* make a BlockDriverState anonymous by removing from graph_bdrv_state list.
2245  * Also, NULL terminate the device_name to prevent double remove */
2246 void bdrv_make_anon(BlockDriverState *bs)
2247 {
2248     if (bs->node_name[0] != '\0') {
2249         QTAILQ_REMOVE(&graph_bdrv_states, bs, node_list);
2250     }
2251     bs->node_name[0] = '\0';
2252 }
2253 
2254 /* Fields that need to stay with the top-level BDS */
2255 static void bdrv_move_feature_fields(BlockDriverState *bs_dest,
2256                                      BlockDriverState *bs_src)
2257 {
2258     /* move some fields that need to stay attached to the device */
2259 
2260     /* dev info */
2261     bs_dest->copy_on_read       = bs_src->copy_on_read;
2262 
2263     bs_dest->enable_write_cache = bs_src->enable_write_cache;
2264 
2265     /* dirty bitmap */
2266     bs_dest->dirty_bitmaps      = bs_src->dirty_bitmaps;
2267 }
2268 
2269 static void change_parent_backing_link(BlockDriverState *from,
2270                                        BlockDriverState *to)
2271 {
2272     BdrvChild *c, *next;
2273 
2274     if (from->blk) {
2275         /* FIXME We bypass blk_set_bs(), so we need to make these updates
2276          * manually. The root problem is not in this change function, but the
2277          * existence of BlockDriverState.blk. */
2278         to->blk = from->blk;
2279         from->blk = NULL;
2280     }
2281 
2282     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(c, &from->parents, next_parent, next) {
2283         assert(c->role != &child_backing);
2284         c->bs = to;
2285         QLIST_REMOVE(c, next_parent);
2286         QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&to->parents, c, next_parent);
2287         bdrv_ref(to);
2288         bdrv_unref(from);
2289     }
2290 }
2291 
2292 static void swap_feature_fields(BlockDriverState *bs_top,
2293                                 BlockDriverState *bs_new)
2294 {
2295     BlockDriverState tmp;
2296 
2297     bdrv_move_feature_fields(&tmp, bs_top);
2298     bdrv_move_feature_fields(bs_top, bs_new);
2299     bdrv_move_feature_fields(bs_new, &tmp);
2300 
2301     assert(!bs_new->throttle_state);
2302     if (bs_top->throttle_state) {
2303         assert(bs_top->io_limits_enabled);
2304         bdrv_io_limits_enable(bs_new, throttle_group_get_name(bs_top));
2305         bdrv_io_limits_disable(bs_top);
2306     }
2307 }
2308 
2309 /*
2310  * Add new bs contents at the top of an image chain while the chain is
2311  * live, while keeping required fields on the top layer.
2312  *
2313  * This will modify the BlockDriverState fields, and swap contents
2314  * between bs_new and bs_top. Both bs_new and bs_top are modified.
2315  *
2316  * bs_new must not be attached to a BlockBackend.
2317  *
2318  * This function does not create any image files.
2319  *
2320  * bdrv_append() takes ownership of a bs_new reference and unrefs it because
2321  * that's what the callers commonly need. bs_new will be referenced by the old
2322  * parents of bs_top after bdrv_append() returns. If the caller needs to keep a
2323  * reference of its own, it must call bdrv_ref().
2324  */
2325 void bdrv_append(BlockDriverState *bs_new, BlockDriverState *bs_top)
2326 {
2327     assert(!bdrv_requests_pending(bs_top));
2328     assert(!bdrv_requests_pending(bs_new));
2329 
2330     bdrv_ref(bs_top);
2331     change_parent_backing_link(bs_top, bs_new);
2332 
2333     /* Some fields always stay on top of the backing file chain */
2334     swap_feature_fields(bs_top, bs_new);
2335 
2336     bdrv_set_backing_hd(bs_new, bs_top);
2337     bdrv_unref(bs_top);
2338 
2339     /* bs_new is now referenced by its new parents, we don't need the
2340      * additional reference any more. */
2341     bdrv_unref(bs_new);
2342 }
2343 
2344 void bdrv_replace_in_backing_chain(BlockDriverState *old, BlockDriverState *new)
2345 {
2346     assert(!bdrv_requests_pending(old));
2347     assert(!bdrv_requests_pending(new));
2348 
2349     bdrv_ref(old);
2350 
2351     if (old->blk) {
2352         /* As long as these fields aren't in BlockBackend, but in the top-level
2353          * BlockDriverState, it's not possible for a BDS to have two BBs.
2354          *
2355          * We really want to copy the fields from old to new, but we go for a
2356          * swap instead so that pointers aren't duplicated and cause trouble.
2357          * (Also, bdrv_swap() used to do the same.) */
2358         assert(!new->blk);
2359         swap_feature_fields(old, new);
2360     }
2361     change_parent_backing_link(old, new);
2362 
2363     /* Change backing files if a previously independent node is added to the
2364      * chain. For active commit, we replace top by its own (indirect) backing
2365      * file and don't do anything here so we don't build a loop. */
2366     if (new->backing == NULL && !bdrv_chain_contains(backing_bs(old), new)) {
2367         bdrv_set_backing_hd(new, backing_bs(old));
2368         bdrv_set_backing_hd(old, NULL);
2369     }
2370 
2371     bdrv_unref(old);
2372 }
2373 
2374 static void bdrv_delete(BlockDriverState *bs)
2375 {
2376     assert(!bs->job);
2377     assert(bdrv_op_blocker_is_empty(bs));
2378     assert(!bs->refcnt);
2379 
2380     bdrv_close(bs);
2381 
2382     /* remove from list, if necessary */
2383     bdrv_make_anon(bs);
2384 
2385     QTAILQ_REMOVE(&all_bdrv_states, bs, bs_list);
2386 
2387     g_free(bs);
2388 }
2389 
2390 /*
2391  * Run consistency checks on an image
2392  *
2393  * Returns 0 if the check could be completed (it doesn't mean that the image is
2394  * free of errors) or -errno when an internal error occurred. The results of the
2395  * check are stored in res.
2396  */
2397 int bdrv_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res, BdrvCheckMode fix)
2398 {
2399     if (bs->drv == NULL) {
2400         return -ENOMEDIUM;
2401     }
2402     if (bs->drv->bdrv_check == NULL) {
2403         return -ENOTSUP;
2404     }
2405 
2406     memset(res, 0, sizeof(*res));
2407     return bs->drv->bdrv_check(bs, res, fix);
2408 }
2409 
2410 #define COMMIT_BUF_SECTORS 2048
2411 
2412 /* commit COW file into the raw image */
2413 int bdrv_commit(BlockDriverState *bs)
2414 {
2415     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
2416     int64_t sector, total_sectors, length, backing_length;
2417     int n, ro, open_flags;
2418     int ret = 0;
2419     uint8_t *buf = NULL;
2420 
2421     if (!drv)
2422         return -ENOMEDIUM;
2423 
2424     if (!bs->backing) {
2425         return -ENOTSUP;
2426     }
2427 
2428     if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT_SOURCE, NULL) ||
2429         bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs->backing->bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT_TARGET, NULL)) {
2430         return -EBUSY;
2431     }
2432 
2433     ro = bs->backing->bs->read_only;
2434     open_flags =  bs->backing->bs->open_flags;
2435 
2436     if (ro) {
2437         if (bdrv_reopen(bs->backing->bs, open_flags | BDRV_O_RDWR, NULL)) {
2438             return -EACCES;
2439         }
2440     }
2441 
2442     length = bdrv_getlength(bs);
2443     if (length < 0) {
2444         ret = length;
2445         goto ro_cleanup;
2446     }
2447 
2448     backing_length = bdrv_getlength(bs->backing->bs);
2449     if (backing_length < 0) {
2450         ret = backing_length;
2451         goto ro_cleanup;
2452     }
2453 
2454     /* If our top snapshot is larger than the backing file image,
2455      * grow the backing file image if possible.  If not possible,
2456      * we must return an error */
2457     if (length > backing_length) {
2458         ret = bdrv_truncate(bs->backing->bs, length);
2459         if (ret < 0) {
2460             goto ro_cleanup;
2461         }
2462     }
2463 
2464     total_sectors = length >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2465 
2466     /* qemu_try_blockalign() for bs will choose an alignment that works for
2467      * bs->backing->bs as well, so no need to compare the alignment manually. */
2468     buf = qemu_try_blockalign(bs, COMMIT_BUF_SECTORS * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2469     if (buf == NULL) {
2470         ret = -ENOMEM;
2471         goto ro_cleanup;
2472     }
2473 
2474     for (sector = 0; sector < total_sectors; sector += n) {
2475         ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector, COMMIT_BUF_SECTORS, &n);
2476         if (ret < 0) {
2477             goto ro_cleanup;
2478         }
2479         if (ret) {
2480             ret = bdrv_read(bs, sector, buf, n);
2481             if (ret < 0) {
2482                 goto ro_cleanup;
2483             }
2484 
2485             ret = bdrv_write(bs->backing->bs, sector, buf, n);
2486             if (ret < 0) {
2487                 goto ro_cleanup;
2488             }
2489         }
2490     }
2491 
2492     if (drv->bdrv_make_empty) {
2493         ret = drv->bdrv_make_empty(bs);
2494         if (ret < 0) {
2495             goto ro_cleanup;
2496         }
2497         bdrv_flush(bs);
2498     }
2499 
2500     /*
2501      * Make sure all data we wrote to the backing device is actually
2502      * stable on disk.
2503      */
2504     if (bs->backing) {
2505         bdrv_flush(bs->backing->bs);
2506     }
2507 
2508     ret = 0;
2509 ro_cleanup:
2510     qemu_vfree(buf);
2511 
2512     if (ro) {
2513         /* ignoring error return here */
2514         bdrv_reopen(bs->backing->bs, open_flags & ~BDRV_O_RDWR, NULL);
2515     }
2516 
2517     return ret;
2518 }
2519 
2520 /*
2521  * Return values:
2522  * 0        - success
2523  * -EINVAL  - backing format specified, but no file
2524  * -ENOSPC  - can't update the backing file because no space is left in the
2525  *            image file header
2526  * -ENOTSUP - format driver doesn't support changing the backing file
2527  */
2528 int bdrv_change_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs,
2529     const char *backing_file, const char *backing_fmt)
2530 {
2531     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
2532     int ret;
2533 
2534     /* Backing file format doesn't make sense without a backing file */
2535     if (backing_fmt && !backing_file) {
2536         return -EINVAL;
2537     }
2538 
2539     if (drv->bdrv_change_backing_file != NULL) {
2540         ret = drv->bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, backing_file, backing_fmt);
2541     } else {
2542         ret = -ENOTSUP;
2543     }
2544 
2545     if (ret == 0) {
2546         pstrcpy(bs->backing_file, sizeof(bs->backing_file), backing_file ?: "");
2547         pstrcpy(bs->backing_format, sizeof(bs->backing_format), backing_fmt ?: "");
2548     }
2549     return ret;
2550 }
2551 
2552 /*
2553  * Finds the image layer in the chain that has 'bs' as its backing file.
2554  *
2555  * active is the current topmost image.
2556  *
2557  * Returns NULL if bs is not found in active's image chain,
2558  * or if active == bs.
2559  *
2560  * Returns the bottommost base image if bs == NULL.
2561  */
2562 BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_overlay(BlockDriverState *active,
2563                                     BlockDriverState *bs)
2564 {
2565     while (active && bs != backing_bs(active)) {
2566         active = backing_bs(active);
2567     }
2568 
2569     return active;
2570 }
2571 
2572 /* Given a BDS, searches for the base layer. */
2573 BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_base(BlockDriverState *bs)
2574 {
2575     return bdrv_find_overlay(bs, NULL);
2576 }
2577 
2578 /*
2579  * Drops images above 'base' up to and including 'top', and sets the image
2580  * above 'top' to have base as its backing file.
2581  *
2582  * Requires that the overlay to 'top' is opened r/w, so that the backing file
2583  * information in 'bs' can be properly updated.
2584  *
2585  * E.g., this will convert the following chain:
2586  * bottom <- base <- intermediate <- top <- active
2587  *
2588  * to
2589  *
2590  * bottom <- base <- active
2591  *
2592  * It is allowed for bottom==base, in which case it converts:
2593  *
2594  * base <- intermediate <- top <- active
2595  *
2596  * to
2597  *
2598  * base <- active
2599  *
2600  * If backing_file_str is non-NULL, it will be used when modifying top's
2601  * overlay image metadata.
2602  *
2603  * Error conditions:
2604  *  if active == top, that is considered an error
2605  *
2606  */
2607 int bdrv_drop_intermediate(BlockDriverState *active, BlockDriverState *top,
2608                            BlockDriverState *base, const char *backing_file_str)
2609 {
2610     BlockDriverState *new_top_bs = NULL;
2611     int ret = -EIO;
2612 
2613     if (!top->drv || !base->drv) {
2614         goto exit;
2615     }
2616 
2617     new_top_bs = bdrv_find_overlay(active, top);
2618 
2619     if (new_top_bs == NULL) {
2620         /* we could not find the image above 'top', this is an error */
2621         goto exit;
2622     }
2623 
2624     /* special case of new_top_bs->backing->bs already pointing to base - nothing
2625      * to do, no intermediate images */
2626     if (backing_bs(new_top_bs) == base) {
2627         ret = 0;
2628         goto exit;
2629     }
2630 
2631     /* Make sure that base is in the backing chain of top */
2632     if (!bdrv_chain_contains(top, base)) {
2633         goto exit;
2634     }
2635 
2636     /* success - we can delete the intermediate states, and link top->base */
2637     backing_file_str = backing_file_str ? backing_file_str : base->filename;
2638     ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(new_top_bs, backing_file_str,
2639                                    base->drv ? base->drv->format_name : "");
2640     if (ret) {
2641         goto exit;
2642     }
2643     bdrv_set_backing_hd(new_top_bs, base);
2644 
2645     ret = 0;
2646 exit:
2647     return ret;
2648 }
2649 
2650 /**
2651  * Truncate file to 'offset' bytes (needed only for file protocols)
2652  */
2653 int bdrv_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset)
2654 {
2655     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
2656     int ret;
2657     if (!drv)
2658         return -ENOMEDIUM;
2659     if (!drv->bdrv_truncate)
2660         return -ENOTSUP;
2661     if (bs->read_only)
2662         return -EACCES;
2663 
2664     ret = drv->bdrv_truncate(bs, offset);
2665     if (ret == 0) {
2666         ret = refresh_total_sectors(bs, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
2667         bdrv_dirty_bitmap_truncate(bs);
2668         if (bs->blk) {
2669             blk_dev_resize_cb(bs->blk);
2670         }
2671     }
2672     return ret;
2673 }
2674 
2675 /**
2676  * Length of a allocated file in bytes. Sparse files are counted by actual
2677  * allocated space. Return < 0 if error or unknown.
2678  */
2679 int64_t bdrv_get_allocated_file_size(BlockDriverState *bs)
2680 {
2681     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
2682     if (!drv) {
2683         return -ENOMEDIUM;
2684     }
2685     if (drv->bdrv_get_allocated_file_size) {
2686         return drv->bdrv_get_allocated_file_size(bs);
2687     }
2688     if (bs->file) {
2689         return bdrv_get_allocated_file_size(bs->file->bs);
2690     }
2691     return -ENOTSUP;
2692 }
2693 
2694 /**
2695  * Return number of sectors on success, -errno on error.
2696  */
2697 int64_t bdrv_nb_sectors(BlockDriverState *bs)
2698 {
2699     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
2700 
2701     if (!drv)
2702         return -ENOMEDIUM;
2703 
2704     if (drv->has_variable_length) {
2705         int ret = refresh_total_sectors(bs, bs->total_sectors);
2706         if (ret < 0) {
2707             return ret;
2708         }
2709     }
2710     return bs->total_sectors;
2711 }
2712 
2713 /**
2714  * Return length in bytes on success, -errno on error.
2715  * The length is always a multiple of BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE.
2716  */
2717 int64_t bdrv_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
2718 {
2719     int64_t ret = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs);
2720 
2721     ret = ret > INT64_MAX / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE ? -EFBIG : ret;
2722     return ret < 0 ? ret : ret * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2723 }
2724 
2725 /* return 0 as number of sectors if no device present or error */
2726 void bdrv_get_geometry(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t *nb_sectors_ptr)
2727 {
2728     int64_t nb_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs);
2729 
2730     *nb_sectors_ptr = nb_sectors < 0 ? 0 : nb_sectors;
2731 }
2732 
2733 int bdrv_is_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs)
2734 {
2735     return bs->read_only;
2736 }
2737 
2738 int bdrv_is_sg(BlockDriverState *bs)
2739 {
2740     return bs->sg;
2741 }
2742 
2743 int bdrv_enable_write_cache(BlockDriverState *bs)
2744 {
2745     return bs->enable_write_cache;
2746 }
2747 
2748 void bdrv_set_enable_write_cache(BlockDriverState *bs, bool wce)
2749 {
2750     bs->enable_write_cache = wce;
2751 
2752     /* so a reopen() will preserve wce */
2753     if (wce) {
2754         bs->open_flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
2755     } else {
2756         bs->open_flags &= ~BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
2757     }
2758 }
2759 
2760 int bdrv_is_encrypted(BlockDriverState *bs)
2761 {
2762     if (bs->backing && bs->backing->bs->encrypted) {
2763         return 1;
2764     }
2765     return bs->encrypted;
2766 }
2767 
2768 int bdrv_key_required(BlockDriverState *bs)
2769 {
2770     BdrvChild *backing = bs->backing;
2771 
2772     if (backing && backing->bs->encrypted && !backing->bs->valid_key) {
2773         return 1;
2774     }
2775     return (bs->encrypted && !bs->valid_key);
2776 }
2777 
2778 int bdrv_set_key(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *key)
2779 {
2780     int ret;
2781     if (bs->backing && bs->backing->bs->encrypted) {
2782         ret = bdrv_set_key(bs->backing->bs, key);
2783         if (ret < 0)
2784             return ret;
2785         if (!bs->encrypted)
2786             return 0;
2787     }
2788     if (!bs->encrypted) {
2789         return -EINVAL;
2790     } else if (!bs->drv || !bs->drv->bdrv_set_key) {
2791         return -ENOMEDIUM;
2792     }
2793     ret = bs->drv->bdrv_set_key(bs, key);
2794     if (ret < 0) {
2795         bs->valid_key = 0;
2796     } else if (!bs->valid_key) {
2797         bs->valid_key = 1;
2798         if (bs->blk) {
2799             /* call the change callback now, we skipped it on open */
2800             blk_dev_change_media_cb(bs->blk, true);
2801         }
2802     }
2803     return ret;
2804 }
2805 
2806 /*
2807  * Provide an encryption key for @bs.
2808  * If @key is non-null:
2809  *     If @bs is not encrypted, fail.
2810  *     Else if the key is invalid, fail.
2811  *     Else set @bs's key to @key, replacing the existing key, if any.
2812  * If @key is null:
2813  *     If @bs is encrypted and still lacks a key, fail.
2814  *     Else do nothing.
2815  * On failure, store an error object through @errp if non-null.
2816  */
2817 void bdrv_add_key(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *key, Error **errp)
2818 {
2819     if (key) {
2820         if (!bdrv_is_encrypted(bs)) {
2821             error_setg(errp, "Node '%s' is not encrypted",
2822                       bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
2823         } else if (bdrv_set_key(bs, key) < 0) {
2824             error_setg(errp, QERR_INVALID_PASSWORD);
2825         }
2826     } else {
2827         if (bdrv_key_required(bs)) {
2828             error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_ENCRYPTED,
2829                       "'%s' (%s) is encrypted",
2830                       bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs),
2831                       bdrv_get_encrypted_filename(bs));
2832         }
2833     }
2834 }
2835 
2836 const char *bdrv_get_format_name(BlockDriverState *bs)
2837 {
2838     return bs->drv ? bs->drv->format_name : NULL;
2839 }
2840 
2841 static int qsort_strcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
2842 {
2843     return strcmp(a, b);
2844 }
2845 
2846 void bdrv_iterate_format(void (*it)(void *opaque, const char *name),
2847                          void *opaque)
2848 {
2849     BlockDriver *drv;
2850     int count = 0;
2851     int i;
2852     const char **formats = NULL;
2853 
2854     QLIST_FOREACH(drv, &bdrv_drivers, list) {
2855         if (drv->format_name) {
2856             bool found = false;
2857             int i = count;
2858             while (formats && i && !found) {
2859                 found = !strcmp(formats[--i], drv->format_name);
2860             }
2861 
2862             if (!found) {
2863                 formats = g_renew(const char *, formats, count + 1);
2864                 formats[count++] = drv->format_name;
2865             }
2866         }
2867     }
2868 
2869     qsort(formats, count, sizeof(formats[0]), qsort_strcmp);
2870 
2871     for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
2872         it(opaque, formats[i]);
2873     }
2874 
2875     g_free(formats);
2876 }
2877 
2878 /* This function is to find a node in the bs graph */
2879 BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_node(const char *node_name)
2880 {
2881     BlockDriverState *bs;
2882 
2883     assert(node_name);
2884 
2885     QTAILQ_FOREACH(bs, &graph_bdrv_states, node_list) {
2886         if (!strcmp(node_name, bs->node_name)) {
2887             return bs;
2888         }
2889     }
2890     return NULL;
2891 }
2892 
2893 /* Put this QMP function here so it can access the static graph_bdrv_states. */
2894 BlockDeviceInfoList *bdrv_named_nodes_list(Error **errp)
2895 {
2896     BlockDeviceInfoList *list, *entry;
2897     BlockDriverState *bs;
2898 
2899     list = NULL;
2900     QTAILQ_FOREACH(bs, &graph_bdrv_states, node_list) {
2901         BlockDeviceInfo *info = bdrv_block_device_info(bs, errp);
2902         if (!info) {
2903             qapi_free_BlockDeviceInfoList(list);
2904             return NULL;
2905         }
2906         entry = g_malloc0(sizeof(*entry));
2907         entry->value = info;
2908         entry->next = list;
2909         list = entry;
2910     }
2911 
2912     return list;
2913 }
2914 
2915 BlockDriverState *bdrv_lookup_bs(const char *device,
2916                                  const char *node_name,
2917                                  Error **errp)
2918 {
2919     BlockBackend *blk;
2920     BlockDriverState *bs;
2921 
2922     if (device) {
2923         blk = blk_by_name(device);
2924 
2925         if (blk) {
2926             bs = blk_bs(blk);
2927             if (!bs) {
2928                 error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' has no medium", device);
2929             }
2930 
2931             return bs;
2932         }
2933     }
2934 
2935     if (node_name) {
2936         bs = bdrv_find_node(node_name);
2937 
2938         if (bs) {
2939             return bs;
2940         }
2941     }
2942 
2943     error_setg(errp, "Cannot find device=%s nor node_name=%s",
2944                      device ? device : "",
2945                      node_name ? node_name : "");
2946     return NULL;
2947 }
2948 
2949 /* If 'base' is in the same chain as 'top', return true. Otherwise,
2950  * return false.  If either argument is NULL, return false. */
2951 bool bdrv_chain_contains(BlockDriverState *top, BlockDriverState *base)
2952 {
2953     while (top && top != base) {
2954         top = backing_bs(top);
2955     }
2956 
2957     return top != NULL;
2958 }
2959 
2960 BlockDriverState *bdrv_next_node(BlockDriverState *bs)
2961 {
2962     if (!bs) {
2963         return QTAILQ_FIRST(&graph_bdrv_states);
2964     }
2965     return QTAILQ_NEXT(bs, node_list);
2966 }
2967 
2968 /* Iterates over all top-level BlockDriverStates, i.e. BDSs that are owned by
2969  * the monitor or attached to a BlockBackend */
2970 BlockDriverState *bdrv_next(BlockDriverState *bs)
2971 {
2972     if (!bs || bs->blk) {
2973         bs = blk_next_root_bs(bs);
2974         if (bs) {
2975             return bs;
2976         }
2977     }
2978 
2979     /* Ignore all BDSs that are attached to a BlockBackend here; they have been
2980      * handled by the above block already */
2981     do {
2982         bs = bdrv_next_monitor_owned(bs);
2983     } while (bs && bs->blk);
2984     return bs;
2985 }
2986 
2987 const char *bdrv_get_node_name(const BlockDriverState *bs)
2988 {
2989     return bs->node_name;
2990 }
2991 
2992 /* TODO check what callers really want: bs->node_name or blk_name() */
2993 const char *bdrv_get_device_name(const BlockDriverState *bs)
2994 {
2995     return bs->blk ? blk_name(bs->blk) : "";
2996 }
2997 
2998 /* This can be used to identify nodes that might not have a device
2999  * name associated. Since node and device names live in the same
3000  * namespace, the result is unambiguous. The exception is if both are
3001  * absent, then this returns an empty (non-null) string. */
3002 const char *bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(const BlockDriverState *bs)
3003 {
3004     return bs->blk ? blk_name(bs->blk) : bs->node_name;
3005 }
3006 
3007 int bdrv_get_flags(BlockDriverState *bs)
3008 {
3009     return bs->open_flags;
3010 }
3011 
3012 int bdrv_has_zero_init_1(BlockDriverState *bs)
3013 {
3014     return 1;
3015 }
3016 
3017 int bdrv_has_zero_init(BlockDriverState *bs)
3018 {
3019     assert(bs->drv);
3020 
3021     /* If BS is a copy on write image, it is initialized to
3022        the contents of the base image, which may not be zeroes.  */
3023     if (bs->backing) {
3024         return 0;
3025     }
3026     if (bs->drv->bdrv_has_zero_init) {
3027         return bs->drv->bdrv_has_zero_init(bs);
3028     }
3029 
3030     /* safe default */
3031     return 0;
3032 }
3033 
3034 bool bdrv_unallocated_blocks_are_zero(BlockDriverState *bs)
3035 {
3036     BlockDriverInfo bdi;
3037 
3038     if (bs->backing) {
3039         return false;
3040     }
3041 
3042     if (bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi) == 0) {
3043         return bdi.unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
3044     }
3045 
3046     return false;
3047 }
3048 
3049 bool bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(BlockDriverState *bs)
3050 {
3051     BlockDriverInfo bdi;
3052 
3053     if (bs->backing || !(bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_UNMAP)) {
3054         return false;
3055     }
3056 
3057     if (bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi) == 0) {
3058         return bdi.can_write_zeroes_with_unmap;
3059     }
3060 
3061     return false;
3062 }
3063 
3064 const char *bdrv_get_encrypted_filename(BlockDriverState *bs)
3065 {
3066     if (bs->backing && bs->backing->bs->encrypted)
3067         return bs->backing_file;
3068     else if (bs->encrypted)
3069         return bs->filename;
3070     else
3071         return NULL;
3072 }
3073 
3074 void bdrv_get_backing_filename(BlockDriverState *bs,
3075                                char *filename, int filename_size)
3076 {
3077     pstrcpy(filename, filename_size, bs->backing_file);
3078 }
3079 
3080 int bdrv_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
3081 {
3082     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
3083     if (!drv)
3084         return -ENOMEDIUM;
3085     if (!drv->bdrv_get_info)
3086         return -ENOTSUP;
3087     memset(bdi, 0, sizeof(*bdi));
3088     return drv->bdrv_get_info(bs, bdi);
3089 }
3090 
3091 ImageInfoSpecific *bdrv_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs)
3092 {
3093     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
3094     if (drv && drv->bdrv_get_specific_info) {
3095         return drv->bdrv_get_specific_info(bs);
3096     }
3097     return NULL;
3098 }
3099 
3100 void bdrv_debug_event(BlockDriverState *bs, BlkdebugEvent event)
3101 {
3102     if (!bs || !bs->drv || !bs->drv->bdrv_debug_event) {
3103         return;
3104     }
3105 
3106     bs->drv->bdrv_debug_event(bs, event);
3107 }
3108 
3109 int bdrv_debug_breakpoint(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *event,
3110                           const char *tag)
3111 {
3112     while (bs && bs->drv && !bs->drv->bdrv_debug_breakpoint) {
3113         bs = bs->file ? bs->file->bs : NULL;
3114     }
3115 
3116     if (bs && bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_debug_breakpoint) {
3117         return bs->drv->bdrv_debug_breakpoint(bs, event, tag);
3118     }
3119 
3120     return -ENOTSUP;
3121 }
3122 
3123 int bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
3124 {
3125     while (bs && bs->drv && !bs->drv->bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint) {
3126         bs = bs->file ? bs->file->bs : NULL;
3127     }
3128 
3129     if (bs && bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint) {
3130         return bs->drv->bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(bs, tag);
3131     }
3132 
3133     return -ENOTSUP;
3134 }
3135 
3136 int bdrv_debug_resume(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
3137 {
3138     while (bs && (!bs->drv || !bs->drv->bdrv_debug_resume)) {
3139         bs = bs->file ? bs->file->bs : NULL;
3140     }
3141 
3142     if (bs && bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_debug_resume) {
3143         return bs->drv->bdrv_debug_resume(bs, tag);
3144     }
3145 
3146     return -ENOTSUP;
3147 }
3148 
3149 bool bdrv_debug_is_suspended(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
3150 {
3151     while (bs && bs->drv && !bs->drv->bdrv_debug_is_suspended) {
3152         bs = bs->file ? bs->file->bs : NULL;
3153     }
3154 
3155     if (bs && bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_debug_is_suspended) {
3156         return bs->drv->bdrv_debug_is_suspended(bs, tag);
3157     }
3158 
3159     return false;
3160 }
3161 
3162 int bdrv_is_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs)
3163 {
3164     return !!(bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT);
3165 }
3166 
3167 /* backing_file can either be relative, or absolute, or a protocol.  If it is
3168  * relative, it must be relative to the chain.  So, passing in bs->filename
3169  * from a BDS as backing_file should not be done, as that may be relative to
3170  * the CWD rather than the chain. */
3171 BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_backing_image(BlockDriverState *bs,
3172         const char *backing_file)
3173 {
3174     char *filename_full = NULL;
3175     char *backing_file_full = NULL;
3176     char *filename_tmp = NULL;
3177     int is_protocol = 0;
3178     BlockDriverState *curr_bs = NULL;
3179     BlockDriverState *retval = NULL;
3180 
3181     if (!bs || !bs->drv || !backing_file) {
3182         return NULL;
3183     }
3184 
3185     filename_full     = g_malloc(PATH_MAX);
3186     backing_file_full = g_malloc(PATH_MAX);
3187     filename_tmp      = g_malloc(PATH_MAX);
3188 
3189     is_protocol = path_has_protocol(backing_file);
3190 
3191     for (curr_bs = bs; curr_bs->backing; curr_bs = curr_bs->backing->bs) {
3192 
3193         /* If either of the filename paths is actually a protocol, then
3194          * compare unmodified paths; otherwise make paths relative */
3195         if (is_protocol || path_has_protocol(curr_bs->backing_file)) {
3196             if (strcmp(backing_file, curr_bs->backing_file) == 0) {
3197                 retval = curr_bs->backing->bs;
3198                 break;
3199             }
3200         } else {
3201             /* If not an absolute filename path, make it relative to the current
3202              * image's filename path */
3203             path_combine(filename_tmp, PATH_MAX, curr_bs->filename,
3204                          backing_file);
3205 
3206             /* We are going to compare absolute pathnames */
3207             if (!realpath(filename_tmp, filename_full)) {
3208                 continue;
3209             }
3210 
3211             /* We need to make sure the backing filename we are comparing against
3212              * is relative to the current image filename (or absolute) */
3213             path_combine(filename_tmp, PATH_MAX, curr_bs->filename,
3214                          curr_bs->backing_file);
3215 
3216             if (!realpath(filename_tmp, backing_file_full)) {
3217                 continue;
3218             }
3219 
3220             if (strcmp(backing_file_full, filename_full) == 0) {
3221                 retval = curr_bs->backing->bs;
3222                 break;
3223             }
3224         }
3225     }
3226 
3227     g_free(filename_full);
3228     g_free(backing_file_full);
3229     g_free(filename_tmp);
3230     return retval;
3231 }
3232 
3233 int bdrv_get_backing_file_depth(BlockDriverState *bs)
3234 {
3235     if (!bs->drv) {
3236         return 0;
3237     }
3238 
3239     if (!bs->backing) {
3240         return 0;
3241     }
3242 
3243     return 1 + bdrv_get_backing_file_depth(bs->backing->bs);
3244 }
3245 
3246 void bdrv_init(void)
3247 {
3248     module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_BLOCK);
3249 }
3250 
3251 void bdrv_init_with_whitelist(void)
3252 {
3253     use_bdrv_whitelist = 1;
3254     bdrv_init();
3255 }
3256 
3257 void bdrv_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
3258 {
3259     Error *local_err = NULL;
3260     int ret;
3261 
3262     if (!bs->drv)  {
3263         return;
3264     }
3265 
3266     if (!(bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_INACTIVE)) {
3267         return;
3268     }
3269     bs->open_flags &= ~BDRV_O_INACTIVE;
3270 
3271     if (bs->drv->bdrv_invalidate_cache) {
3272         bs->drv->bdrv_invalidate_cache(bs, &local_err);
3273     } else if (bs->file) {
3274         bdrv_invalidate_cache(bs->file->bs, &local_err);
3275     }
3276     if (local_err) {
3277         bs->open_flags |= BDRV_O_INACTIVE;
3278         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
3279         return;
3280     }
3281 
3282     ret = refresh_total_sectors(bs, bs->total_sectors);
3283     if (ret < 0) {
3284         bs->open_flags |= BDRV_O_INACTIVE;
3285         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not refresh total sector count");
3286         return;
3287     }
3288 }
3289 
3290 void bdrv_invalidate_cache_all(Error **errp)
3291 {
3292     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
3293     Error *local_err = NULL;
3294 
3295     while ((bs = bdrv_next(bs)) != NULL) {
3296         AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
3297 
3298         aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
3299         bdrv_invalidate_cache(bs, &local_err);
3300         aio_context_release(aio_context);
3301         if (local_err) {
3302             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
3303             return;
3304         }
3305     }
3306 }
3307 
3308 static int bdrv_inactivate(BlockDriverState *bs)
3309 {
3310     int ret;
3311 
3312     if (bs->drv->bdrv_inactivate) {
3313         ret = bs->drv->bdrv_inactivate(bs);
3314         if (ret < 0) {
3315             return ret;
3316         }
3317     }
3318 
3319     bs->open_flags |= BDRV_O_INACTIVE;
3320     return 0;
3321 }
3322 
3323 int bdrv_inactivate_all(void)
3324 {
3325     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
3326     int ret;
3327 
3328     while ((bs = bdrv_next(bs)) != NULL) {
3329         AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
3330 
3331         aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
3332         ret = bdrv_inactivate(bs);
3333         aio_context_release(aio_context);
3334         if (ret < 0) {
3335             return ret;
3336         }
3337     }
3338 
3339     return 0;
3340 }
3341 
3342 /**************************************************************/
3343 /* removable device support */
3344 
3345 /**
3346  * Return TRUE if the media is present
3347  */
3348 bool bdrv_is_inserted(BlockDriverState *bs)
3349 {
3350     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
3351     BdrvChild *child;
3352 
3353     if (!drv) {
3354         return false;
3355     }
3356     if (drv->bdrv_is_inserted) {
3357         return drv->bdrv_is_inserted(bs);
3358     }
3359     QLIST_FOREACH(child, &bs->children, next) {
3360         if (!bdrv_is_inserted(child->bs)) {
3361             return false;
3362         }
3363     }
3364     return true;
3365 }
3366 
3367 /**
3368  * Return whether the media changed since the last call to this
3369  * function, or -ENOTSUP if we don't know.  Most drivers don't know.
3370  */
3371 int bdrv_media_changed(BlockDriverState *bs)
3372 {
3373     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
3374 
3375     if (drv && drv->bdrv_media_changed) {
3376         return drv->bdrv_media_changed(bs);
3377     }
3378     return -ENOTSUP;
3379 }
3380 
3381 /**
3382  * If eject_flag is TRUE, eject the media. Otherwise, close the tray
3383  */
3384 void bdrv_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, bool eject_flag)
3385 {
3386     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
3387     const char *device_name;
3388 
3389     if (drv && drv->bdrv_eject) {
3390         drv->bdrv_eject(bs, eject_flag);
3391     }
3392 
3393     device_name = bdrv_get_device_name(bs);
3394     if (device_name[0] != '\0') {
3395         qapi_event_send_device_tray_moved(device_name,
3396                                           eject_flag, &error_abort);
3397     }
3398 }
3399 
3400 /**
3401  * Lock or unlock the media (if it is locked, the user won't be able
3402  * to eject it manually).
3403  */
3404 void bdrv_lock_medium(BlockDriverState *bs, bool locked)
3405 {
3406     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
3407 
3408     trace_bdrv_lock_medium(bs, locked);
3409 
3410     if (drv && drv->bdrv_lock_medium) {
3411         drv->bdrv_lock_medium(bs, locked);
3412     }
3413 }
3414 
3415 /* Get a reference to bs */
3416 void bdrv_ref(BlockDriverState *bs)
3417 {
3418     bs->refcnt++;
3419 }
3420 
3421 /* Release a previously grabbed reference to bs.
3422  * If after releasing, reference count is zero, the BlockDriverState is
3423  * deleted. */
3424 void bdrv_unref(BlockDriverState *bs)
3425 {
3426     if (!bs) {
3427         return;
3428     }
3429     assert(bs->refcnt > 0);
3430     if (--bs->refcnt == 0) {
3431         bdrv_delete(bs);
3432     }
3433 }
3434 
3435 struct BdrvOpBlocker {
3436     Error *reason;
3437     QLIST_ENTRY(BdrvOpBlocker) list;
3438 };
3439 
3440 bool bdrv_op_is_blocked(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error **errp)
3441 {
3442     BdrvOpBlocker *blocker;
3443     assert((int) op >= 0 && op < BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MAX);
3444     if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&bs->op_blockers[op])) {
3445         blocker = QLIST_FIRST(&bs->op_blockers[op]);
3446         if (errp) {
3447             *errp = error_copy(blocker->reason);
3448             error_prepend(errp, "Node '%s' is busy: ",
3449                           bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
3450         }
3451         return true;
3452     }
3453     return false;
3454 }
3455 
3456 void bdrv_op_block(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error *reason)
3457 {
3458     BdrvOpBlocker *blocker;
3459     assert((int) op >= 0 && op < BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MAX);
3460 
3461     blocker = g_new0(BdrvOpBlocker, 1);
3462     blocker->reason = reason;
3463     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bs->op_blockers[op], blocker, list);
3464 }
3465 
3466 void bdrv_op_unblock(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error *reason)
3467 {
3468     BdrvOpBlocker *blocker, *next;
3469     assert((int) op >= 0 && op < BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MAX);
3470     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(blocker, &bs->op_blockers[op], list, next) {
3471         if (blocker->reason == reason) {
3472             QLIST_REMOVE(blocker, list);
3473             g_free(blocker);
3474         }
3475     }
3476 }
3477 
3478 void bdrv_op_block_all(BlockDriverState *bs, Error *reason)
3479 {
3480     int i;
3481     for (i = 0; i < BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MAX; i++) {
3482         bdrv_op_block(bs, i, reason);
3483     }
3484 }
3485 
3486 void bdrv_op_unblock_all(BlockDriverState *bs, Error *reason)
3487 {
3488     int i;
3489     for (i = 0; i < BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MAX; i++) {
3490         bdrv_op_unblock(bs, i, reason);
3491     }
3492 }
3493 
3494 bool bdrv_op_blocker_is_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
3495 {
3496     int i;
3497 
3498     for (i = 0; i < BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MAX; i++) {
3499         if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&bs->op_blockers[i])) {
3500             return false;
3501         }
3502     }
3503     return true;
3504 }
3505 
3506 void bdrv_img_create(const char *filename, const char *fmt,
3507                      const char *base_filename, const char *base_fmt,
3508                      char *options, uint64_t img_size, int flags,
3509                      Error **errp, bool quiet)
3510 {
3511     QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
3512     QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
3513     const char *backing_fmt, *backing_file;
3514     int64_t size;
3515     BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
3516     Error *local_err = NULL;
3517     int ret = 0;
3518 
3519     /* Find driver and parse its options */
3520     drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
3521     if (!drv) {
3522         error_setg(errp, "Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
3523         return;
3524     }
3525 
3526     proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, errp);
3527     if (!proto_drv) {
3528         return;
3529     }
3530 
3531     if (!drv->create_opts) {
3532         error_setg(errp, "Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
3533                    drv->format_name);
3534         return;
3535     }
3536 
3537     if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
3538         error_setg(errp, "Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
3539                    proto_drv->format_name);
3540         return;
3541     }
3542 
3543     create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
3544     create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
3545 
3546     /* Create parameter list with default values */
3547     opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3548     qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, img_size, &error_abort);
3549 
3550     /* Parse -o options */
3551     if (options) {
3552         qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
3553         if (local_err) {
3554             error_report_err(local_err);
3555             local_err = NULL;
3556             error_setg(errp, "Invalid options for file format '%s'", fmt);
3557             goto out;
3558         }
3559     }
3560 
3561     if (base_filename) {
3562         qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename, &local_err);
3563         if (local_err) {
3564             error_setg(errp, "Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
3565                        fmt);
3566             goto out;
3567         }
3568     }
3569 
3570     if (base_fmt) {
3571         qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, &local_err);
3572         if (local_err) {
3573             error_setg(errp, "Backing file format not supported for file "
3574                              "format '%s'", fmt);
3575             goto out;
3576         }
3577     }
3578 
3579     backing_file = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
3580     if (backing_file) {
3581         if (!strcmp(filename, backing_file)) {
3582             error_setg(errp, "Error: Trying to create an image with the "
3583                              "same filename as the backing file");
3584             goto out;
3585         }
3586     }
3587 
3588     backing_fmt = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT);
3589 
3590     // The size for the image must always be specified, with one exception:
3591     // If we are using a backing file, we can obtain the size from there
3592     size = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
3593     if (size == -1) {
3594         if (backing_file) {
3595             BlockDriverState *bs;
3596             char *full_backing = g_new0(char, PATH_MAX);
3597             int64_t size;
3598             int back_flags;
3599             QDict *backing_options = NULL;
3600 
3601             bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(filename, backing_file,
3602                                                          full_backing, PATH_MAX,
3603                                                          &local_err);
3604             if (local_err) {
3605                 g_free(full_backing);
3606                 goto out;
3607             }
3608 
3609             /* backing files always opened read-only */
3610             back_flags =
3611                 flags & ~(BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING);
3612 
3613             if (backing_fmt) {
3614                 backing_options = qdict_new();
3615                 qdict_put(backing_options, "driver",
3616                           qstring_from_str(backing_fmt));
3617             }
3618 
3619             bs = NULL;
3620             ret = bdrv_open(&bs, full_backing, NULL, backing_options,
3621                             back_flags, &local_err);
3622             g_free(full_backing);
3623             if (ret < 0) {
3624                 goto out;
3625             }
3626             size = bdrv_getlength(bs);
3627             if (size < 0) {
3628                 error_setg_errno(errp, -size, "Could not get size of '%s'",
3629                                  backing_file);
3630                 bdrv_unref(bs);
3631                 goto out;
3632             }
3633 
3634             qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &error_abort);
3635 
3636             bdrv_unref(bs);
3637         } else {
3638             error_setg(errp, "Image creation needs a size parameter");
3639             goto out;
3640         }
3641     }
3642 
3643     if (!quiet) {
3644         printf("Formatting '%s', fmt=%s ", filename, fmt);
3645         qemu_opts_print(opts, " ");
3646         puts("");
3647     }
3648 
3649     ret = bdrv_create(drv, filename, opts, &local_err);
3650 
3651     if (ret == -EFBIG) {
3652         /* This is generally a better message than whatever the driver would
3653          * deliver (especially because of the cluster_size_hint), since that
3654          * is most probably not much different from "image too large". */
3655         const char *cluster_size_hint = "";
3656         if (qemu_opt_get_size(opts, BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE, 0)) {
3657             cluster_size_hint = " (try using a larger cluster size)";
3658         }
3659         error_setg(errp, "The image size is too large for file format '%s'"
3660                    "%s", fmt, cluster_size_hint);
3661         error_free(local_err);
3662         local_err = NULL;
3663     }
3664 
3665 out:
3666     qemu_opts_del(opts);
3667     qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
3668     if (local_err) {
3669         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
3670     }
3671 }
3672 
3673 AioContext *bdrv_get_aio_context(BlockDriverState *bs)
3674 {
3675     return bs->aio_context;
3676 }
3677 
3678 void bdrv_detach_aio_context(BlockDriverState *bs)
3679 {
3680     BdrvAioNotifier *baf;
3681 
3682     if (!bs->drv) {
3683         return;
3684     }
3685 
3686     QLIST_FOREACH(baf, &bs->aio_notifiers, list) {
3687         baf->detach_aio_context(baf->opaque);
3688     }
3689 
3690     if (bs->throttle_state) {
3691         throttle_timers_detach_aio_context(&bs->throttle_timers);
3692     }
3693     if (bs->drv->bdrv_detach_aio_context) {
3694         bs->drv->bdrv_detach_aio_context(bs);
3695     }
3696     if (bs->file) {
3697         bdrv_detach_aio_context(bs->file->bs);
3698     }
3699     if (bs->backing) {
3700         bdrv_detach_aio_context(bs->backing->bs);
3701     }
3702 
3703     bs->aio_context = NULL;
3704 }
3705 
3706 void bdrv_attach_aio_context(BlockDriverState *bs,
3707                              AioContext *new_context)
3708 {
3709     BdrvAioNotifier *ban;
3710 
3711     if (!bs->drv) {
3712         return;
3713     }
3714 
3715     bs->aio_context = new_context;
3716 
3717     if (bs->backing) {
3718         bdrv_attach_aio_context(bs->backing->bs, new_context);
3719     }
3720     if (bs->file) {
3721         bdrv_attach_aio_context(bs->file->bs, new_context);
3722     }
3723     if (bs->drv->bdrv_attach_aio_context) {
3724         bs->drv->bdrv_attach_aio_context(bs, new_context);
3725     }
3726     if (bs->throttle_state) {
3727         throttle_timers_attach_aio_context(&bs->throttle_timers, new_context);
3728     }
3729 
3730     QLIST_FOREACH(ban, &bs->aio_notifiers, list) {
3731         ban->attached_aio_context(new_context, ban->opaque);
3732     }
3733 }
3734 
3735 void bdrv_set_aio_context(BlockDriverState *bs, AioContext *new_context)
3736 {
3737     bdrv_drain(bs); /* ensure there are no in-flight requests */
3738 
3739     bdrv_detach_aio_context(bs);
3740 
3741     /* This function executes in the old AioContext so acquire the new one in
3742      * case it runs in a different thread.
3743      */
3744     aio_context_acquire(new_context);
3745     bdrv_attach_aio_context(bs, new_context);
3746     aio_context_release(new_context);
3747 }
3748 
3749 void bdrv_add_aio_context_notifier(BlockDriverState *bs,
3750         void (*attached_aio_context)(AioContext *new_context, void *opaque),
3751         void (*detach_aio_context)(void *opaque), void *opaque)
3752 {
3753     BdrvAioNotifier *ban = g_new(BdrvAioNotifier, 1);
3754     *ban = (BdrvAioNotifier){
3755         .attached_aio_context = attached_aio_context,
3756         .detach_aio_context   = detach_aio_context,
3757         .opaque               = opaque
3758     };
3759 
3760     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bs->aio_notifiers, ban, list);
3761 }
3762 
3763 void bdrv_remove_aio_context_notifier(BlockDriverState *bs,
3764                                       void (*attached_aio_context)(AioContext *,
3765                                                                    void *),
3766                                       void (*detach_aio_context)(void *),
3767                                       void *opaque)
3768 {
3769     BdrvAioNotifier *ban, *ban_next;
3770 
3771     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(ban, &bs->aio_notifiers, list, ban_next) {
3772         if (ban->attached_aio_context == attached_aio_context &&
3773             ban->detach_aio_context   == detach_aio_context   &&
3774             ban->opaque               == opaque)
3775         {
3776             QLIST_REMOVE(ban, list);
3777             g_free(ban);
3778 
3779             return;
3780         }
3781     }
3782 
3783     abort();
3784 }
3785 
3786 int bdrv_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
3787                        BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque)
3788 {
3789     if (!bs->drv->bdrv_amend_options) {
3790         return -ENOTSUP;
3791     }
3792     return bs->drv->bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, status_cb, cb_opaque);
3793 }
3794 
3795 /* This function will be called by the bdrv_recurse_is_first_non_filter method
3796  * of block filter and by bdrv_is_first_non_filter.
3797  * It is used to test if the given bs is the candidate or recurse more in the
3798  * node graph.
3799  */
3800 bool bdrv_recurse_is_first_non_filter(BlockDriverState *bs,
3801                                       BlockDriverState *candidate)
3802 {
3803     /* return false if basic checks fails */
3804     if (!bs || !bs->drv) {
3805         return false;
3806     }
3807 
3808     /* the code reached a non block filter driver -> check if the bs is
3809      * the same as the candidate. It's the recursion termination condition.
3810      */
3811     if (!bs->drv->is_filter) {
3812         return bs == candidate;
3813     }
3814     /* Down this path the driver is a block filter driver */
3815 
3816     /* If the block filter recursion method is defined use it to recurse down
3817      * the node graph.
3818      */
3819     if (bs->drv->bdrv_recurse_is_first_non_filter) {
3820         return bs->drv->bdrv_recurse_is_first_non_filter(bs, candidate);
3821     }
3822 
3823     /* the driver is a block filter but don't allow to recurse -> return false
3824      */
3825     return false;
3826 }
3827 
3828 /* This function checks if the candidate is the first non filter bs down it's
3829  * bs chain. Since we don't have pointers to parents it explore all bs chains
3830  * from the top. Some filters can choose not to pass down the recursion.
3831  */
3832 bool bdrv_is_first_non_filter(BlockDriverState *candidate)
3833 {
3834     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
3835 
3836     /* walk down the bs forest recursively */
3837     while ((bs = bdrv_next(bs)) != NULL) {
3838         bool perm;
3839 
3840         /* try to recurse in this top level bs */
3841         perm = bdrv_recurse_is_first_non_filter(bs, candidate);
3842 
3843         /* candidate is the first non filter */
3844         if (perm) {
3845             return true;
3846         }
3847     }
3848 
3849     return false;
3850 }
3851 
3852 BlockDriverState *check_to_replace_node(BlockDriverState *parent_bs,
3853                                         const char *node_name, Error **errp)
3854 {
3855     BlockDriverState *to_replace_bs = bdrv_find_node(node_name);
3856     AioContext *aio_context;
3857 
3858     if (!to_replace_bs) {
3859         error_setg(errp, "Node name '%s' not found", node_name);
3860         return NULL;
3861     }
3862 
3863     aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(to_replace_bs);
3864     aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
3865 
3866     if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(to_replace_bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_REPLACE, errp)) {
3867         to_replace_bs = NULL;
3868         goto out;
3869     }
3870 
3871     /* We don't want arbitrary node of the BDS chain to be replaced only the top
3872      * most non filter in order to prevent data corruption.
3873      * Another benefit is that this tests exclude backing files which are
3874      * blocked by the backing blockers.
3875      */
3876     if (!bdrv_recurse_is_first_non_filter(parent_bs, to_replace_bs)) {
3877         error_setg(errp, "Only top most non filter can be replaced");
3878         to_replace_bs = NULL;
3879         goto out;
3880     }
3881 
3882 out:
3883     aio_context_release(aio_context);
3884     return to_replace_bs;
3885 }
3886 
3887 static bool append_open_options(QDict *d, BlockDriverState *bs)
3888 {
3889     const QDictEntry *entry;
3890     QemuOptDesc *desc;
3891     BdrvChild *child;
3892     bool found_any = false;
3893     const char *p;
3894 
3895     for (entry = qdict_first(bs->options); entry;
3896          entry = qdict_next(bs->options, entry))
3897     {
3898         /* Exclude options for children */
3899         QLIST_FOREACH(child, &bs->children, next) {
3900             if (strstart(qdict_entry_key(entry), child->name, &p)
3901                 && (!*p || *p == '.'))
3902             {
3903                 break;
3904             }
3905         }
3906         if (child) {
3907             continue;
3908         }
3909 
3910         /* And exclude all non-driver-specific options */
3911         for (desc = bdrv_runtime_opts.desc; desc->name; desc++) {
3912             if (!strcmp(qdict_entry_key(entry), desc->name)) {
3913                 break;
3914             }
3915         }
3916         if (desc->name) {
3917             continue;
3918         }
3919 
3920         qobject_incref(qdict_entry_value(entry));
3921         qdict_put_obj(d, qdict_entry_key(entry), qdict_entry_value(entry));
3922         found_any = true;
3923     }
3924 
3925     return found_any;
3926 }
3927 
3928 /* Updates the following BDS fields:
3929  *  - exact_filename: A filename which may be used for opening a block device
3930  *                    which (mostly) equals the given BDS (even without any
3931  *                    other options; so reading and writing must return the same
3932  *                    results, but caching etc. may be different)
3933  *  - full_open_options: Options which, when given when opening a block device
3934  *                       (without a filename), result in a BDS (mostly)
3935  *                       equalling the given one
3936  *  - filename: If exact_filename is set, it is copied here. Otherwise,
3937  *              full_open_options is converted to a JSON object, prefixed with
3938  *              "json:" (for use through the JSON pseudo protocol) and put here.
3939  */
3940 void bdrv_refresh_filename(BlockDriverState *bs)
3941 {
3942     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
3943     QDict *opts;
3944 
3945     if (!drv) {
3946         return;
3947     }
3948 
3949     /* This BDS's file name will most probably depend on its file's name, so
3950      * refresh that first */
3951     if (bs->file) {
3952         bdrv_refresh_filename(bs->file->bs);
3953     }
3954 
3955     if (drv->bdrv_refresh_filename) {
3956         /* Obsolete information is of no use here, so drop the old file name
3957          * information before refreshing it */
3958         bs->exact_filename[0] = '\0';
3959         if (bs->full_open_options) {
3960             QDECREF(bs->full_open_options);
3961             bs->full_open_options = NULL;
3962         }
3963 
3964         opts = qdict_new();
3965         append_open_options(opts, bs);
3966         drv->bdrv_refresh_filename(bs, opts);
3967         QDECREF(opts);
3968     } else if (bs->file) {
3969         /* Try to reconstruct valid information from the underlying file */
3970         bool has_open_options;
3971 
3972         bs->exact_filename[0] = '\0';
3973         if (bs->full_open_options) {
3974             QDECREF(bs->full_open_options);
3975             bs->full_open_options = NULL;
3976         }
3977 
3978         opts = qdict_new();
3979         has_open_options = append_open_options(opts, bs);
3980 
3981         /* If no specific options have been given for this BDS, the filename of
3982          * the underlying file should suffice for this one as well */
3983         if (bs->file->bs->exact_filename[0] && !has_open_options) {
3984             strcpy(bs->exact_filename, bs->file->bs->exact_filename);
3985         }
3986         /* Reconstructing the full options QDict is simple for most format block
3987          * drivers, as long as the full options are known for the underlying
3988          * file BDS. The full options QDict of that file BDS should somehow
3989          * contain a representation of the filename, therefore the following
3990          * suffices without querying the (exact_)filename of this BDS. */
3991         if (bs->file->bs->full_open_options) {
3992             qdict_put_obj(opts, "driver",
3993                           QOBJECT(qstring_from_str(drv->format_name)));
3994             QINCREF(bs->file->bs->full_open_options);
3995             qdict_put_obj(opts, "file",
3996                           QOBJECT(bs->file->bs->full_open_options));
3997 
3998             bs->full_open_options = opts;
3999         } else {
4000             QDECREF(opts);
4001         }
4002     } else if (!bs->full_open_options && qdict_size(bs->options)) {
4003         /* There is no underlying file BDS (at least referenced by BDS.file),
4004          * so the full options QDict should be equal to the options given
4005          * specifically for this block device when it was opened (plus the
4006          * driver specification).
4007          * Because those options don't change, there is no need to update
4008          * full_open_options when it's already set. */
4009 
4010         opts = qdict_new();
4011         append_open_options(opts, bs);
4012         qdict_put_obj(opts, "driver",
4013                       QOBJECT(qstring_from_str(drv->format_name)));
4014 
4015         if (bs->exact_filename[0]) {
4016             /* This may not work for all block protocol drivers (some may
4017              * require this filename to be parsed), but we have to find some
4018              * default solution here, so just include it. If some block driver
4019              * does not support pure options without any filename at all or
4020              * needs some special format of the options QDict, it needs to
4021              * implement the driver-specific bdrv_refresh_filename() function.
4022              */
4023             qdict_put_obj(opts, "filename",
4024                           QOBJECT(qstring_from_str(bs->exact_filename)));
4025         }
4026 
4027         bs->full_open_options = opts;
4028     }
4029 
4030     if (bs->exact_filename[0]) {
4031         pstrcpy(bs->filename, sizeof(bs->filename), bs->exact_filename);
4032     } else if (bs->full_open_options) {
4033         QString *json = qobject_to_json(QOBJECT(bs->full_open_options));
4034         snprintf(bs->filename, sizeof(bs->filename), "json:%s",
4035                  qstring_get_str(json));
4036         QDECREF(json);
4037     }
4038 }
4039