1 2 3 GNU Free Documentation License 4 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 5 6 7 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 8 <http://fsf.org/> 9 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 10 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 11 120. PREAMBLE 13 14The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 15functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to 16assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, 17with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 18Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way 19to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible 20for modifications made by others. 21 22This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative 23works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It 24complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 25license designed for free software. 26 27We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 28software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 29program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 30software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 31it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 32whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 33principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 34 35 361. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 37 38This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that 39contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be 40distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a 41world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 42work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, 43refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a 44licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you 45copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission 46under copyright law. 47 48A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the 49Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 50modifications and/or translated into another language. 51 52A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of 53the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 54publishers or authors of the Document to the Document`s overall 55subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall 56directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in 57part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain 58any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 59connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 60commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 61them. 62 63The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 64are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 65that says that the Document is released under this License. If a 66section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not 67allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero 68Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant 69Sections then there are none. 70 71The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, 72as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that 73the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may 74be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. 75 76A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 77represented in a format whose specification is available to the 78general public, that is suitable for revising the document 79straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 80pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 81drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 82for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 83to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 84format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 85or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 86An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount 87of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". 88 89Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 90ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML 91or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple 92HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of 93transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats 94include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by 95proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or 96processing tools are not generally available, and the 97machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word 98processors for output purposes only. 99 100The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 101plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 102this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in 103formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means 104the text near the most prominent appearance of the work`s title, 105preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 106 107The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of 108the Document to the public. 109 110A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose 111title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following 112text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a 113specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", 114"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" 115of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a 116section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. 117 118The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which 119states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty 120Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this 121License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 122implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has 123no effect on the meaning of this License. 124 1252. VERBATIM COPYING 126 127You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 128commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 129copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 130to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no 131other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 132technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 133copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept 134compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough 135number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 136 137You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 138you may publicly display copies. 139 140 1413. COPYING IN QUANTITY 142 143If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have 144printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the 145Document`s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the 146copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 147Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 148the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 149you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present 150the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 151visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. 152Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 153the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 154as verbatim copying in other respects. 155 156If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 157legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 158reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 159pages. 160 161If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 162more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 163copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 164a computer-network location from which the general network-using 165public has access to download using public-standard network protocols 166a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 167If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, 168when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 169that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated 170location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an 171Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that 172edition to the public. 173 174It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 175Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to 176give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the 177Document. 178 179 1804. MODIFICATIONS 181 182You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 183the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 184the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 185Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 186and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 187of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 188 189A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 190 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 191 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 192 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version 193 if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 194B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 195 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 196 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 197 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), 198 unless they release you from this requirement. 199C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 200 Modified Version, as the publisher. 201D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 202E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 203 adjacent to the other copyright notices. 204F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 205 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 206 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 207G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 208 and required Cover Texts given in the Document`s license notice. 209H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. 210I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add 211 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 212 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If 213 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one 214 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 215 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 216 Version as stated in the previous sentence. 217J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 218 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 219 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 220 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. 221 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 222 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 223 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 224K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", 225 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all 226 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements 227 and/or dedications given therein. 228L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 229 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 230 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 231M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section 232 may not be included in the Modified Version. 233N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" 234 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 235O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 236 237If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 238appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 239copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 240of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the 241list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version`s license notice. 242These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 243 244You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains 245nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 246parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 247been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 248standard. 249 250You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a 251passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 252of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of 253Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 254through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already 255includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 256by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 257you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 258permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 259 260The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 261give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 262imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 263 264 2655. COMBINING DOCUMENTS 266 267You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 268License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 269versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 270Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 271list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 272license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 273 274The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 275multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 276copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 277different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 278adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 279author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 280Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 281Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 282 283In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" 284in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled 285"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", 286and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections 287Entitled "Endorsements". 288 289 2906. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 291 292You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other 293documents released under this License, and replace the individual 294copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy 295that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules 296of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all 297other respects. 298 299You may extract a single document from such a collection, and 300distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a 301copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this 302License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that 303document. 304 305 3067. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 307 308A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 309and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 310distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright 311resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 312of the compilation`s users beyond what the individual works permit. 313When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not 314apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 315derivative works of the Document. 316 317If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 318copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of 319the entire aggregate, the Document`s Cover Texts may be placed on 320covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 321electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. 322Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole 323aggregate. 324 325 3268. TRANSLATION 327 328Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 329distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 330Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 331permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 332translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 333original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 334translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 335Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include 336the original English version of this License and the original versions 337of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between 338the translation and the original version of this License or a notice 339or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 340 341If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", 342"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve 343its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual 344title. 345 346 3479. TERMINATION 348 349You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document 350except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 351otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and 352will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 353 354However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license 355from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, 356unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally 357terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder 358fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 35960 days after the cessation. 360 361Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is 362reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the 363violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have 364received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that 365copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after 366your receipt of the notice. 367 368Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the 369licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under 370this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently 371reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does 372not give you any rights to use it. 373 374 37510. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 376 377The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the 378GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions 379will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in 380detail to address new problems or concerns. See 381http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. 382 383Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 384If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 385License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of 386following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 387of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 388Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version 389number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 390as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document 391specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this 392License can be used, that proxy`s public statement of acceptance of a 393version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the 394Document. 395 39611. RELICENSING 397 398"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any 399World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also 400provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A 401public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A 402"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site 403means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. 404 405"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 406license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 407corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 408California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 409published by that same organization. 410 411"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in 412part, as part of another Document. 413 414An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this 415License, and if all works that were first published under this License 416somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or 417in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and 418(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. 419 420The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site 421under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, 422provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. 423 424 425ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents 426 427To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 428the License in the document and put the following copyright and 429license notices just after the title page: 430 431 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. 432 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 433 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 434 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 435 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. 436 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU 437 Free Documentation License". 438 439If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, 440replace the "with...Texts." line with this: 441 442 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the 443 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. 444 445If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 446combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 447situation. 448 449If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 450recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 451free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 452to permit their use in free software. 453 454