selftests/mm/khugepaged.c

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
#include <sys/vfs.h>

#include "linux/magic.h"

#include "vm_util.h"

#define BASE_ADDR ((void *)(1UL << 30))
static unsigned long hpage_pmd_size;
static unsigned long page_size;
static int hpage_pmd_nr;

#define THP_SYSFS "/sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/"
#define PID_SMAPS "/proc/self/smaps"
#define TEST_FILE "collapse_test_file"

#define MAX_LINE_LENGTH 500

enum vma_type {
	VMA_ANON,
	VMA_FILE,
	VMA_SHMEM,
};

struct mem_ops {
	void *(*setup_area)(int nr_hpages);
	void (*cleanup_area)(void *p, unsigned long size);
	void (*fault)(void *p, unsigned long start, unsigned long end);
	bool (*check_huge)(void *addr, int nr_hpages);
	const char *name;
};

static struct mem_ops *file_ops;
static struct mem_ops *anon_ops;
static struct mem_ops *shmem_ops;

struct collapse_context {
	void (*collapse)(const char *msg, char *p, int nr_hpages,
			 struct mem_ops *ops, bool expect);
	bool enforce_pte_scan_limits;
	const char *name;
};

static struct collapse_context *khugepaged_context;
static struct collapse_context *madvise_context;

struct file_info {
	const char *dir;
	char path[PATH_MAX];
	enum vma_type type;
	int fd;
	char dev_queue_read_ahead_path[PATH_MAX];
};

static struct file_info finfo;

enum thp_enabled {
	THP_ALWAYS,
	THP_MADVISE,
	THP_NEVER,
};

static const char *thp_enabled_strings[] = {
	"always",
	"madvise",
	"never",
	NULL
};

enum thp_defrag {
	THP_DEFRAG_ALWAYS,
	THP_DEFRAG_DEFER,
	THP_DEFRAG_DEFER_MADVISE,
	THP_DEFRAG_MADVISE,
	THP_DEFRAG_NEVER,
};

static const char *thp_defrag_strings[] = {
	"always",
	"defer",
	"defer+madvise",
	"madvise",
	"never",
	NULL
};

enum shmem_enabled {
	SHMEM_ALWAYS,
	SHMEM_WITHIN_SIZE,
	SHMEM_ADVISE,
	SHMEM_NEVER,
	SHMEM_DENY,
	SHMEM_FORCE,
};

static const char *shmem_enabled_strings[] = {
	"always",
	"within_size",
	"advise",
	"never",
	"deny",
	"force",
	NULL
};

struct khugepaged_settings {
	bool defrag;
	unsigned int alloc_sleep_millisecs;
	unsigned int scan_sleep_millisecs;
	unsigned int max_ptes_none;
	unsigned int max_ptes_swap;
	unsigned int max_ptes_shared;
	unsigned long pages_to_scan;
};

struct settings {
	enum thp_enabled thp_enabled;
	enum thp_defrag thp_defrag;
	enum shmem_enabled shmem_enabled;
	bool use_zero_page;
	struct khugepaged_settings khugepaged;
	unsigned long read_ahead_kb;
};

static struct settings saved_settings;
static bool skip_settings_restore;

static int exit_status;

static void success(const char *msg)
{
	printf(" \e[32m%s\e[0m\n", msg);
}

static void fail(const char *msg)
{
	printf(" \e[31m%s\e[0m\n", msg);
	exit_status++;
}

static void skip(const char *msg)
{
	printf(" \e[33m%s\e[0m\n", msg);
}

static int read_file(const char *path, char *buf, size_t buflen)
{
	int fd;
	ssize_t numread;

	fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
	if (fd == -1)
		return 0;

	numread = read(fd, buf, buflen - 1);
	if (numread < 1) {
		close(fd);
		return 0;
	}

	buf[numread] = '\0';
	close(fd);

	return (unsigned int) numread;
}

static int write_file(const char *path, const char *buf, size_t buflen)
{
	int fd;
	ssize_t numwritten;

	fd = open(path, O_WRONLY);
	if (fd == -1) {
		printf("open(%s)\n", path);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		return 0;
	}

	numwritten = write(fd, buf, buflen - 1);
	close(fd);
	if (numwritten < 1) {
		printf("write(%s)\n", buf);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		return 0;
	}

	return (unsigned int) numwritten;
}

static int read_string(const char *name, const char *strings[])
{
	char path[PATH_MAX];
	char buf[256];
	char *c;
	int ret;

	ret = snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, THP_SYSFS "%s", name);
	if (ret >= PATH_MAX) {
		printf("%s: Pathname is too long\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (!read_file(path, buf, sizeof(buf))) {
		perror(path);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	c = strchr(buf, '[');
	if (!c) {
		printf("%s: Parse failure\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	c++;
	memmove(buf, c, sizeof(buf) - (c - buf));

	c = strchr(buf, ']');
	if (!c) {
		printf("%s: Parse failure\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	*c = '\0';

	ret = 0;
	while (strings[ret]) {
		if (!strcmp(strings[ret], buf))
			return ret;
		ret++;
	}

	printf("Failed to parse %s\n", name);
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static void write_string(const char *name, const char *val)
{
	char path[PATH_MAX];
	int ret;

	ret = snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, THP_SYSFS "%s", name);
	if (ret >= PATH_MAX) {
		printf("%s: Pathname is too long\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (!write_file(path, val, strlen(val) + 1)) {
		perror(path);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
}

static const unsigned long _read_num(const char *path)
{
	char buf[21];

	if (read_file(path, buf, sizeof(buf)) < 0) {
		perror("read_file(read_num)");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	return strtoul(buf, NULL, 10);
}

static const unsigned long read_num(const char *name)
{
	char path[PATH_MAX];
	int ret;

	ret = snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, THP_SYSFS "%s", name);
	if (ret >= PATH_MAX) {
		printf("%s: Pathname is too long\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	return _read_num(path);
}

static void _write_num(const char *path, unsigned long num)
{
	char buf[21];

	sprintf(buf, "%ld", num);
	if (!write_file(path, buf, strlen(buf) + 1)) {
		perror(path);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
}

static void write_num(const char *name, unsigned long num)
{
	char path[PATH_MAX];
	int ret;

	ret = snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, THP_SYSFS "%s", name);
	if (ret >= PATH_MAX) {
		printf("%s: Pathname is too long\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	_write_num(path, num);
}

static void write_settings(struct settings *settings)
{
	struct khugepaged_settings *khugepaged = &settings->khugepaged;

	write_string("enabled", thp_enabled_strings[settings->thp_enabled]);
	write_string("defrag", thp_defrag_strings[settings->thp_defrag]);
	write_string("shmem_enabled",
			shmem_enabled_strings[settings->shmem_enabled]);
	write_num("use_zero_page", settings->use_zero_page);

	write_num("khugepaged/defrag", khugepaged->defrag);
	write_num("khugepaged/alloc_sleep_millisecs",
			khugepaged->alloc_sleep_millisecs);
	write_num("khugepaged/scan_sleep_millisecs",
			khugepaged->scan_sleep_millisecs);
	write_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_none", khugepaged->max_ptes_none);
	write_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_swap", khugepaged->max_ptes_swap);
	write_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_shared", khugepaged->max_ptes_shared);
	write_num("khugepaged/pages_to_scan", khugepaged->pages_to_scan);

	if (file_ops && finfo.type == VMA_FILE)
		_write_num(finfo.dev_queue_read_ahead_path,
			   settings->read_ahead_kb);
}

#define MAX_SETTINGS_DEPTH 4
static struct settings settings_stack[MAX_SETTINGS_DEPTH];
static int settings_index;

static struct settings *current_settings(void)
{
	if (!settings_index) {
		printf("Fail: No settings set");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	return settings_stack + settings_index - 1;
}

static void push_settings(struct settings *settings)
{
	if (settings_index >= MAX_SETTINGS_DEPTH) {
		printf("Fail: Settings stack exceeded");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	settings_stack[settings_index++] = *settings;
	write_settings(current_settings());
}

static void pop_settings(void)
{
	if (settings_index <= 0) {
		printf("Fail: Settings stack empty");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	--settings_index;
	write_settings(current_settings());
}

static void restore_settings(int sig)
{
	if (skip_settings_restore)
		goto out;

	printf("Restore THP and khugepaged settings...");
	write_settings(&saved_settings);
	success("OK");
	if (sig)
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
out:
	exit(exit_status);
}

static void save_settings(void)
{
	printf("Save THP and khugepaged settings...");
	saved_settings = (struct settings) {
		.thp_enabled = read_string("enabled", thp_enabled_strings),
		.thp_defrag = read_string("defrag", thp_defrag_strings),
		.shmem_enabled =
			read_string("shmem_enabled", shmem_enabled_strings),
		.use_zero_page = read_num("use_zero_page"),
	};
	saved_settings.khugepaged = (struct khugepaged_settings) {
		.defrag = read_num("khugepaged/defrag"),
		.alloc_sleep_millisecs =
			read_num("khugepaged/alloc_sleep_millisecs"),
		.scan_sleep_millisecs =
			read_num("khugepaged/scan_sleep_millisecs"),
		.max_ptes_none = read_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_none"),
		.max_ptes_swap = read_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_swap"),
		.max_ptes_shared = read_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_shared"),
		.pages_to_scan = read_num("khugepaged/pages_to_scan"),
	};
	if (file_ops && finfo.type == VMA_FILE)
		saved_settings.read_ahead_kb =
				_read_num(finfo.dev_queue_read_ahead_path);

	success("OK");

	signal(SIGTERM, restore_settings);
	signal(SIGINT, restore_settings);
	signal(SIGHUP, restore_settings);
	signal(SIGQUIT, restore_settings);
}

static void get_finfo(const char *dir)
{
	struct stat path_stat;
	struct statfs fs;
	char buf[1 << 10];
	char path[PATH_MAX];
	char *str, *end;

	finfo.dir = dir;
	stat(finfo.dir, &path_stat);
	if (!S_ISDIR(path_stat.st_mode)) {
		printf("%s: Not a directory (%s)\n", __func__, finfo.dir);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (snprintf(finfo.path, sizeof(finfo.path), "%s/" TEST_FILE,
		     finfo.dir) >= sizeof(finfo.path)) {
		printf("%s: Pathname is too long\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (statfs(finfo.dir, &fs)) {
		perror("statfs()");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	finfo.type = fs.f_type == TMPFS_MAGIC ? VMA_SHMEM : VMA_FILE;
	if (finfo.type == VMA_SHMEM)
		return;

	/* Find owning device's queue/read_ahead_kb control */
	if (snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/sys/dev/block/%d:%d/uevent",
		     major(path_stat.st_dev), minor(path_stat.st_dev))
	    >= sizeof(path)) {
		printf("%s: Pathname is too long\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (read_file(path, buf, sizeof(buf)) < 0) {
		perror("read_file(read_num)");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (strstr(buf, "DEVTYPE=disk")) {
		/* Found it */
		if (snprintf(finfo.dev_queue_read_ahead_path,
			     sizeof(finfo.dev_queue_read_ahead_path),
			     "/sys/dev/block/%d:%d/queue/read_ahead_kb",
			     major(path_stat.st_dev), minor(path_stat.st_dev))
		    >= sizeof(finfo.dev_queue_read_ahead_path)) {
			printf("%s: Pathname is too long\n", __func__);
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
		return;
	}
	if (!strstr(buf, "DEVTYPE=partition")) {
		printf("%s: Unknown device type: %s\n", __func__, path);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*
	 * Partition of block device - need to find actual device.
	 * Using naming convention that devnameN is partition of
	 * device devname.
	 */
	str = strstr(buf, "DEVNAME=");
	if (!str) {
		printf("%s: Could not read: %s", __func__, path);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	str += 8;
	end = str;
	while (*end) {
		if (isdigit(*end)) {
			*end = '\0';
			if (snprintf(finfo.dev_queue_read_ahead_path,
				     sizeof(finfo.dev_queue_read_ahead_path),
				     "/sys/block/%s/queue/read_ahead_kb",
				     str) >= sizeof(finfo.dev_queue_read_ahead_path)) {
				printf("%s: Pathname is too long\n", __func__);
				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
			}
			return;
		}
		++end;
	}
	printf("%s: Could not read: %s\n", __func__, path);
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static bool check_swap(void *addr, unsigned long size)
{
	bool swap = false;
	int ret;
	FILE *fp;
	char buffer[MAX_LINE_LENGTH];
	char addr_pattern[MAX_LINE_LENGTH];

	ret = snprintf(addr_pattern, MAX_LINE_LENGTH, "%08lx-",
		       (unsigned long) addr);
	if (ret >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
		printf("%s: Pattern is too long\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}


	fp = fopen(PID_SMAPS, "r");
	if (!fp) {
		printf("%s: Failed to open file %s\n", __func__, PID_SMAPS);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (!check_for_pattern(fp, addr_pattern, buffer, sizeof(buffer)))
		goto err_out;

	ret = snprintf(addr_pattern, MAX_LINE_LENGTH, "Swap:%19ld kB",
		       size >> 10);
	if (ret >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
		printf("%s: Pattern is too long\n", __func__);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*
	 * Fetch the Swap: in the same block and check whether it got
	 * the expected number of hugeepages next.
	 */
	if (!check_for_pattern(fp, "Swap:", buffer, sizeof(buffer)))
		goto err_out;

	if (strncmp(buffer, addr_pattern, strlen(addr_pattern)))
		goto err_out;

	swap = true;
err_out:
	fclose(fp);
	return swap;
}

static void *alloc_mapping(int nr)
{
	void *p;

	p = mmap(BASE_ADDR, nr * hpage_pmd_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
		 MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
	if (p != BASE_ADDR) {
		printf("Failed to allocate VMA at %p\n", BASE_ADDR);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	return p;
}

static void fill_memory(int *p, unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
	int i;

	for (i = start / page_size; i < end / page_size; i++)
		p[i * page_size / sizeof(*p)] = i + 0xdead0000;
}

/*
 * MADV_COLLAPSE is a best-effort request and may fail if an internal
 * resource is temporarily unavailable, in which case it will set errno to
 * EAGAIN.  In such a case, immediately reattempt the operation one more
 * time.
 */
static int madvise_collapse_retry(void *p, unsigned long size)
{
	bool retry = true;
	int ret;

retry:
	ret = madvise(p, size, MADV_COLLAPSE);
	if (ret && errno == EAGAIN && retry) {
		retry = false;
		goto retry;
	}
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Returns pmd-mapped hugepage in VMA marked VM_HUGEPAGE, filled with
 * validate_memory()'able contents.
 */
static void *alloc_hpage(struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p = ops->setup_area(1);

	ops->fault(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);

	/*
	 * VMA should be neither VM_HUGEPAGE nor VM_NOHUGEPAGE.
	 * The latter is ineligible for collapse by MADV_COLLAPSE
	 * while the former might cause MADV_COLLAPSE to race with
	 * khugepaged on low-load system (like a test machine), which
	 * would cause MADV_COLLAPSE to fail with EAGAIN.
	 */
	printf("Allocate huge page...");
	if (madvise_collapse_retry(p, hpage_pmd_size)) {
		perror("madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE)");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (!ops->check_huge(p, 1)) {
		perror("madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE)");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (madvise(p, hpage_pmd_size, MADV_HUGEPAGE)) {
		perror("madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE)");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	success("OK");
	return p;
}

static void validate_memory(int *p, unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
	int i;

	for (i = start / page_size; i < end / page_size; i++) {
		if (p[i * page_size / sizeof(*p)] != i + 0xdead0000) {
			printf("Page %d is corrupted: %#x\n",
					i, p[i * page_size / sizeof(*p)]);
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
	}
}

static void *anon_setup_area(int nr_hpages)
{
	return alloc_mapping(nr_hpages);
}

static void anon_cleanup_area(void *p, unsigned long size)
{
	munmap(p, size);
}

static void anon_fault(void *p, unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
	fill_memory(p, start, end);
}

static bool anon_check_huge(void *addr, int nr_hpages)
{
	return check_huge_anon(addr, nr_hpages, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void *file_setup_area(int nr_hpages)
{
	int fd;
	void *p;
	unsigned long size;

	unlink(finfo.path);  /* Cleanup from previous failed tests */
	printf("Creating %s for collapse%s...", finfo.path,
	       finfo.type == VMA_SHMEM ? " (tmpfs)" : "");
	fd = open(finfo.path, O_DSYNC | O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC | O_EXCL,
		  777);
	if (fd < 0) {
		perror("open()");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	size = nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size;
	p = alloc_mapping(nr_hpages);
	fill_memory(p, 0, size);
	write(fd, p, size);
	close(fd);
	munmap(p, size);
	success("OK");

	printf("Opening %s read only for collapse...", finfo.path);
	finfo.fd = open(finfo.path, O_RDONLY, 777);
	if (finfo.fd < 0) {
		perror("open()");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	p = mmap(BASE_ADDR, size, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC,
		 MAP_PRIVATE, finfo.fd, 0);
	if (p == MAP_FAILED || p != BASE_ADDR) {
		perror("mmap()");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	/* Drop page cache */
	write_file("/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches", "3", 2);
	success("OK");
	return p;
}

static void file_cleanup_area(void *p, unsigned long size)
{
	munmap(p, size);
	close(finfo.fd);
	unlink(finfo.path);
}

static void file_fault(void *p, unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
	if (madvise(((char *)p) + start, end - start, MADV_POPULATE_READ)) {
		perror("madvise(MADV_POPULATE_READ");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
}

static bool file_check_huge(void *addr, int nr_hpages)
{
	switch (finfo.type) {
	case VMA_FILE:
		return check_huge_file(addr, nr_hpages, hpage_pmd_size);
	case VMA_SHMEM:
		return check_huge_shmem(addr, nr_hpages, hpage_pmd_size);
	default:
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		return false;
	}
}

static void *shmem_setup_area(int nr_hpages)
{
	void *p;
	unsigned long size = nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size;

	finfo.fd = memfd_create("khugepaged-selftest-collapse-shmem", 0);
	if (finfo.fd < 0)  {
		perror("memfd_create()");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (ftruncate(finfo.fd, size)) {
		perror("ftruncate()");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	p = mmap(BASE_ADDR, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, finfo.fd,
		 0);
	if (p != BASE_ADDR) {
		perror("mmap()");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	return p;
}

static void shmem_cleanup_area(void *p, unsigned long size)
{
	munmap(p, size);
	close(finfo.fd);
}

static bool shmem_check_huge(void *addr, int nr_hpages)
{
	return check_huge_shmem(addr, nr_hpages, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static struct mem_ops __anon_ops = {
	.setup_area = &anon_setup_area,
	.cleanup_area = &anon_cleanup_area,
	.fault = &anon_fault,
	.check_huge = &anon_check_huge,
	.name = "anon",
};

static struct mem_ops __file_ops = {
	.setup_area = &file_setup_area,
	.cleanup_area = &file_cleanup_area,
	.fault = &file_fault,
	.check_huge = &file_check_huge,
	.name = "file",
};

static struct mem_ops __shmem_ops = {
	.setup_area = &shmem_setup_area,
	.cleanup_area = &shmem_cleanup_area,
	.fault = &anon_fault,
	.check_huge = &shmem_check_huge,
	.name = "shmem",
};

static void __madvise_collapse(const char *msg, char *p, int nr_hpages,
			       struct mem_ops *ops, bool expect)
{
	int ret;
	struct settings settings = *current_settings();

	printf("%s...", msg);

	/*
	 * Prevent khugepaged interference and tests that MADV_COLLAPSE
	 * ignores /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
	 */
	settings.thp_enabled = THP_NEVER;
	settings.shmem_enabled = SHMEM_NEVER;
	push_settings(&settings);

	/* Clear VM_NOHUGEPAGE */
	madvise(p, nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size, MADV_HUGEPAGE);
	ret = madvise_collapse_retry(p, nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size);
	if (((bool)ret) == expect)
		fail("Fail: Bad return value");
	else if (!ops->check_huge(p, expect ? nr_hpages : 0))
		fail("Fail: check_huge()");
	else
		success("OK");

	pop_settings();
}

static void madvise_collapse(const char *msg, char *p, int nr_hpages,
			     struct mem_ops *ops, bool expect)
{
	/* Sanity check */
	if (!ops->check_huge(p, 0)) {
		printf("Unexpected huge page\n");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	__madvise_collapse(msg, p, nr_hpages, ops, expect);
}

#define TICK 500000
static bool wait_for_scan(const char *msg, char *p, int nr_hpages,
			  struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	int full_scans;
	int timeout = 6; /* 3 seconds */

	/* Sanity check */
	if (!ops->check_huge(p, 0)) {
		printf("Unexpected huge page\n");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	madvise(p, nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size, MADV_HUGEPAGE);

	/* Wait until the second full_scan completed */
	full_scans = read_num("khugepaged/full_scans") + 2;

	printf("%s...", msg);
	while (timeout--) {
		if (ops->check_huge(p, nr_hpages))
			break;
		if (read_num("khugepaged/full_scans") >= full_scans)
			break;
		printf(".");
		usleep(TICK);
	}

	madvise(p, nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size, MADV_NOHUGEPAGE);

	return timeout == -1;
}

static void khugepaged_collapse(const char *msg, char *p, int nr_hpages,
				struct mem_ops *ops, bool expect)
{
	if (wait_for_scan(msg, p, nr_hpages, ops)) {
		if (expect)
			fail("Timeout");
		else
			success("OK");
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * For file and shmem memory, khugepaged only retracts pte entries after
	 * putting the new hugepage in the page cache. The hugepage must be
	 * subsequently refaulted to install the pmd mapping for the mm.
	 */
	if (ops != &__anon_ops)
		ops->fault(p, 0, nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size);

	if (ops->check_huge(p, expect ? nr_hpages : 0))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");
}

static struct collapse_context __khugepaged_context = {
	.collapse = &khugepaged_collapse,
	.enforce_pte_scan_limits = true,
	.name = "khugepaged",
};

static struct collapse_context __madvise_context = {
	.collapse = &madvise_collapse,
	.enforce_pte_scan_limits = false,
	.name = "madvise",
};

static bool is_tmpfs(struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	return ops == &__file_ops && finfo.type == VMA_SHMEM;
}

static void alloc_at_fault(void)
{
	struct settings settings = *current_settings();
	char *p;

	settings.thp_enabled = THP_ALWAYS;
	push_settings(&settings);

	p = alloc_mapping(1);
	*p = 1;
	printf("Allocate huge page on fault...");
	if (check_huge_anon(p, 1, hpage_pmd_size))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");

	pop_settings();

	madvise(p, page_size, MADV_DONTNEED);
	printf("Split huge PMD on MADV_DONTNEED...");
	if (check_huge_anon(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");
	munmap(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_full(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;
	int nr_hpages = 4;
	unsigned long size = nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size;

	p = ops->setup_area(nr_hpages);
	ops->fault(p, 0, size);
	c->collapse("Collapse multiple fully populated PTE table", p, nr_hpages,
		    ops, true);
	validate_memory(p, 0, size);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, size);
}

static void collapse_empty(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;

	p = ops->setup_area(1);
	c->collapse("Do not collapse empty PTE table", p, 1, ops, false);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_single_pte_entry(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;

	p = ops->setup_area(1);
	ops->fault(p, 0, page_size);
	c->collapse("Collapse PTE table with single PTE entry present", p,
		    1, ops, true);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_max_ptes_none(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	int max_ptes_none = hpage_pmd_nr / 2;
	struct settings settings = *current_settings();
	void *p;

	settings.khugepaged.max_ptes_none = max_ptes_none;
	push_settings(&settings);

	p = ops->setup_area(1);

	if (is_tmpfs(ops)) {
		/* shmem pages always in the page cache */
		printf("tmpfs...");
		skip("Skip");
		goto skip;
	}

	ops->fault(p, 0, (hpage_pmd_nr - max_ptes_none - 1) * page_size);
	c->collapse("Maybe collapse with max_ptes_none exceeded", p, 1,
		    ops, !c->enforce_pte_scan_limits);
	validate_memory(p, 0, (hpage_pmd_nr - max_ptes_none - 1) * page_size);

	if (c->enforce_pte_scan_limits) {
		ops->fault(p, 0, (hpage_pmd_nr - max_ptes_none) * page_size);
		c->collapse("Collapse with max_ptes_none PTEs empty", p, 1, ops,
			    true);
		validate_memory(p, 0,
				(hpage_pmd_nr - max_ptes_none) * page_size);
	}
skip:
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
	pop_settings();
}

static void collapse_swapin_single_pte(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;

	p = ops->setup_area(1);
	ops->fault(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);

	printf("Swapout one page...");
	if (madvise(p, page_size, MADV_PAGEOUT)) {
		perror("madvise(MADV_PAGEOUT)");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (check_swap(p, page_size)) {
		success("OK");
	} else {
		fail("Fail");
		goto out;
	}

	c->collapse("Collapse with swapping in single PTE entry", p, 1, ops,
		    true);
	validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
out:
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_max_ptes_swap(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	int max_ptes_swap = read_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_swap");
	void *p;

	p = ops->setup_area(1);
	ops->fault(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);

	printf("Swapout %d of %d pages...", max_ptes_swap + 1, hpage_pmd_nr);
	if (madvise(p, (max_ptes_swap + 1) * page_size, MADV_PAGEOUT)) {
		perror("madvise(MADV_PAGEOUT)");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (check_swap(p, (max_ptes_swap + 1) * page_size)) {
		success("OK");
	} else {
		fail("Fail");
		goto out;
	}

	c->collapse("Maybe collapse with max_ptes_swap exceeded", p, 1, ops,
		    !c->enforce_pte_scan_limits);
	validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);

	if (c->enforce_pte_scan_limits) {
		ops->fault(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
		printf("Swapout %d of %d pages...", max_ptes_swap,
		       hpage_pmd_nr);
		if (madvise(p, max_ptes_swap * page_size, MADV_PAGEOUT)) {
			perror("madvise(MADV_PAGEOUT)");
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
		if (check_swap(p, max_ptes_swap * page_size)) {
			success("OK");
		} else {
			fail("Fail");
			goto out;
		}

		c->collapse("Collapse with max_ptes_swap pages swapped out", p,
			    1, ops, true);
		validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
	}
out:
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_single_pte_entry_compound(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;

	p = alloc_hpage(ops);

	if (is_tmpfs(ops)) {
		/* MADV_DONTNEED won't evict tmpfs pages */
		printf("tmpfs...");
		skip("Skip");
		goto skip;
	}

	madvise(p, hpage_pmd_size, MADV_NOHUGEPAGE);
	printf("Split huge page leaving single PTE mapping compound page...");
	madvise(p + page_size, hpage_pmd_size - page_size, MADV_DONTNEED);
	if (ops->check_huge(p, 0))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");

	c->collapse("Collapse PTE table with single PTE mapping compound page",
		    p, 1, ops, true);
	validate_memory(p, 0, page_size);
skip:
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_full_of_compound(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;

	p = alloc_hpage(ops);
	printf("Split huge page leaving single PTE page table full of compound pages...");
	madvise(p, page_size, MADV_NOHUGEPAGE);
	madvise(p, hpage_pmd_size, MADV_NOHUGEPAGE);
	if (ops->check_huge(p, 0))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");

	c->collapse("Collapse PTE table full of compound pages", p, 1, ops,
		    true);
	validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_compound_extreme(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;
	int i;

	p = ops->setup_area(1);
	for (i = 0; i < hpage_pmd_nr; i++) {
		printf("\rConstruct PTE page table full of different PTE-mapped compound pages %3d/%d...",
				i + 1, hpage_pmd_nr);

		madvise(BASE_ADDR, hpage_pmd_size, MADV_HUGEPAGE);
		ops->fault(BASE_ADDR, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
		if (!ops->check_huge(BASE_ADDR, 1)) {
			printf("Failed to allocate huge page\n");
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
		madvise(BASE_ADDR, hpage_pmd_size, MADV_NOHUGEPAGE);

		p = mremap(BASE_ADDR - i * page_size,
				i * page_size + hpage_pmd_size,
				(i + 1) * page_size,
				MREMAP_MAYMOVE | MREMAP_FIXED,
				BASE_ADDR + 2 * hpage_pmd_size);
		if (p == MAP_FAILED) {
			perror("mremap+unmap");
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}

		p = mremap(BASE_ADDR + 2 * hpage_pmd_size,
				(i + 1) * page_size,
				(i + 1) * page_size + hpage_pmd_size,
				MREMAP_MAYMOVE | MREMAP_FIXED,
				BASE_ADDR - (i + 1) * page_size);
		if (p == MAP_FAILED) {
			perror("mremap+alloc");
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
	}

	ops->cleanup_area(BASE_ADDR, hpage_pmd_size);
	ops->fault(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
	if (!ops->check_huge(p, 1))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");

	c->collapse("Collapse PTE table full of different compound pages", p, 1,
		    ops, true);

	validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_fork(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	int wstatus;
	void *p;

	p = ops->setup_area(1);

	printf("Allocate small page...");
	ops->fault(p, 0, page_size);
	if (ops->check_huge(p, 0))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");

	printf("Share small page over fork()...");
	if (!fork()) {
		/* Do not touch settings on child exit */
		skip_settings_restore = true;
		exit_status = 0;

		if (ops->check_huge(p, 0))
			success("OK");
		else
			fail("Fail");

		ops->fault(p, page_size, 2 * page_size);
		c->collapse("Collapse PTE table with single page shared with parent process",
			    p, 1, ops, true);

		validate_memory(p, 0, page_size);
		ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
		exit(exit_status);
	}

	wait(&wstatus);
	exit_status += WEXITSTATUS(wstatus);

	printf("Check if parent still has small page...");
	if (ops->check_huge(p, 0))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");
	validate_memory(p, 0, page_size);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_fork_compound(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	int wstatus;
	void *p;

	p = alloc_hpage(ops);
	printf("Share huge page over fork()...");
	if (!fork()) {
		/* Do not touch settings on child exit */
		skip_settings_restore = true;
		exit_status = 0;

		if (ops->check_huge(p, 1))
			success("OK");
		else
			fail("Fail");

		printf("Split huge page PMD in child process...");
		madvise(p, page_size, MADV_NOHUGEPAGE);
		madvise(p, hpage_pmd_size, MADV_NOHUGEPAGE);
		if (ops->check_huge(p, 0))
			success("OK");
		else
			fail("Fail");
		ops->fault(p, 0, page_size);

		write_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_shared", hpage_pmd_nr - 1);
		c->collapse("Collapse PTE table full of compound pages in child",
			    p, 1, ops, true);
		write_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_shared",
			  current_settings()->khugepaged.max_ptes_shared);

		validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
		ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
		exit(exit_status);
	}

	wait(&wstatus);
	exit_status += WEXITSTATUS(wstatus);

	printf("Check if parent still has huge page...");
	if (ops->check_huge(p, 1))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");
	validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void collapse_max_ptes_shared(struct collapse_context *c, struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	int max_ptes_shared = read_num("khugepaged/max_ptes_shared");
	int wstatus;
	void *p;

	p = alloc_hpage(ops);
	printf("Share huge page over fork()...");
	if (!fork()) {
		/* Do not touch settings on child exit */
		skip_settings_restore = true;
		exit_status = 0;

		if (ops->check_huge(p, 1))
			success("OK");
		else
			fail("Fail");

		printf("Trigger CoW on page %d of %d...",
				hpage_pmd_nr - max_ptes_shared - 1, hpage_pmd_nr);
		ops->fault(p, 0, (hpage_pmd_nr - max_ptes_shared - 1) * page_size);
		if (ops->check_huge(p, 0))
			success("OK");
		else
			fail("Fail");

		c->collapse("Maybe collapse with max_ptes_shared exceeded", p,
			    1, ops, !c->enforce_pte_scan_limits);

		if (c->enforce_pte_scan_limits) {
			printf("Trigger CoW on page %d of %d...",
			       hpage_pmd_nr - max_ptes_shared, hpage_pmd_nr);
			ops->fault(p, 0, (hpage_pmd_nr - max_ptes_shared) *
				    page_size);
			if (ops->check_huge(p, 0))
				success("OK");
			else
				fail("Fail");

			c->collapse("Collapse with max_ptes_shared PTEs shared",
				    p, 1, ops, true);
		}

		validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
		ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
		exit(exit_status);
	}

	wait(&wstatus);
	exit_status += WEXITSTATUS(wstatus);

	printf("Check if parent still has huge page...");
	if (ops->check_huge(p, 1))
		success("OK");
	else
		fail("Fail");
	validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

static void madvise_collapse_existing_thps(struct collapse_context *c,
					   struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;

	p = ops->setup_area(1);
	ops->fault(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
	c->collapse("Collapse fully populated PTE table...", p, 1, ops, true);
	validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);

	/* c->collapse() will find a hugepage and complain - call directly. */
	__madvise_collapse("Re-collapse PMD-mapped hugepage", p, 1, ops, true);
	validate_memory(p, 0, hpage_pmd_size);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, hpage_pmd_size);
}

/*
 * Test race with khugepaged where page tables have been retracted and
 * pmd cleared.
 */
static void madvise_retracted_page_tables(struct collapse_context *c,
					  struct mem_ops *ops)
{
	void *p;
	int nr_hpages = 1;
	unsigned long size = nr_hpages * hpage_pmd_size;

	p = ops->setup_area(nr_hpages);
	ops->fault(p, 0, size);

	/* Let khugepaged collapse and leave pmd cleared */
	if (wait_for_scan("Collapse and leave PMD cleared", p, nr_hpages,
			  ops)) {
		fail("Timeout");
		return;
	}
	success("OK");
	c->collapse("Install huge PMD from page cache", p, nr_hpages, ops,
		    true);
	validate_memory(p, 0, size);
	ops->cleanup_area(p, size);
}

static void usage(void)
{
	fprintf(stderr, "\nUsage: ./khugepaged <test type> [dir]\n\n");
	fprintf(stderr, "\t<test type>\t: <context>:<mem_type>\n");
	fprintf(stderr, "\t<context>\t: [all|khugepaged|madvise]\n");
	fprintf(stderr, "\t<mem_type>\t: [all|anon|file|shmem]\n");
	fprintf(stderr, "\n\t\"file,all\" mem_type requires [dir] argument\n");
	fprintf(stderr, "\n\t\"file,all\" mem_type requires kernel built with\n");
	fprintf(stderr,	"\tCONFIG_READ_ONLY_THP_FOR_FS=y\n");
	fprintf(stderr, "\n\tif [dir] is a (sub)directory of a tmpfs mount, tmpfs must be\n");
	fprintf(stderr,	"\tmounted with huge=madvise option for khugepaged tests to work\n");
	exit(1);
}

static void parse_test_type(int argc, const char **argv)
{
	char *buf;
	const char *token;

	if (argc == 1) {
		/* Backwards compatibility */
		khugepaged_context =  &__khugepaged_context;
		madvise_context =  &__madvise_context;
		anon_ops = &__anon_ops;
		return;
	}

	buf = strdup(argv[1]);
	token = strsep(&buf, ":");

	if (!strcmp(token, "all")) {
		khugepaged_context =  &__khugepaged_context;
		madvise_context =  &__madvise_context;
	} else if (!strcmp(token, "khugepaged")) {
		khugepaged_context =  &__khugepaged_context;
	} else if (!strcmp(token, "madvise")) {
		madvise_context =  &__madvise_context;
	} else {
		usage();
	}

	if (!buf)
		usage();

	if (!strcmp(buf, "all")) {
		file_ops =  &__file_ops;
		anon_ops = &__anon_ops;
		shmem_ops = &__shmem_ops;
	} else if (!strcmp(buf, "anon")) {
		anon_ops = &__anon_ops;
	} else if (!strcmp(buf, "file")) {
		file_ops =  &__file_ops;
	} else if (!strcmp(buf, "shmem")) {
		shmem_ops = &__shmem_ops;
	} else {
		usage();
	}

	if (!file_ops)
		return;

	if (argc != 3)
		usage();
}

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
	struct settings default_settings = {
		.thp_enabled = THP_MADVISE,
		.thp_defrag = THP_DEFRAG_ALWAYS,
		.shmem_enabled = SHMEM_ADVISE,
		.use_zero_page = 0,
		.khugepaged = {
			.defrag = 1,
			.alloc_sleep_millisecs = 10,
			.scan_sleep_millisecs = 10,
		},
		/*
		 * When testing file-backed memory, the collapse path
		 * looks at how many pages are found in the page cache, not
		 * what pages are mapped. Disable read ahead optimization so
		 * pages don't find their way into the page cache unless
		 * we mem_ops->fault() them in.
		 */
		.read_ahead_kb = 0,
	};

	parse_test_type(argc, argv);

	if (file_ops)
		get_finfo(argv[2]);

	setbuf(stdout, NULL);

	page_size = getpagesize();
	hpage_pmd_size = read_pmd_pagesize();
	if (!hpage_pmd_size) {
		printf("Reading PMD pagesize failed");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	hpage_pmd_nr = hpage_pmd_size / page_size;

	default_settings.khugepaged.max_ptes_none = hpage_pmd_nr - 1;
	default_settings.khugepaged.max_ptes_swap = hpage_pmd_nr / 8;
	default_settings.khugepaged.max_ptes_shared = hpage_pmd_nr / 2;
	default_settings.khugepaged.pages_to_scan = hpage_pmd_nr * 8;

	save_settings();
	push_settings(&default_settings);

	alloc_at_fault();

#define TEST(t, c, o) do { \
	if (c && o) { \
		printf("\nRun test: " #t " (%s:%s)\n", c->name, o->name); \
		t(c, o); \
	} \
	} while (0)

	TEST(collapse_full, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full, khugepaged_context, file_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full, khugepaged_context, shmem_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full, madvise_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full, madvise_context, file_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full, madvise_context, shmem_ops);

	TEST(collapse_empty, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_empty, madvise_context, anon_ops);

	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry, khugepaged_context, file_ops);
	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry, khugepaged_context, shmem_ops);
	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry, madvise_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry, madvise_context, file_ops);
	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry, madvise_context, shmem_ops);

	TEST(collapse_max_ptes_none, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_max_ptes_none, khugepaged_context, file_ops);
	TEST(collapse_max_ptes_none, madvise_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_max_ptes_none, madvise_context, file_ops);

	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry_compound, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry_compound, khugepaged_context, file_ops);
	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry_compound, madvise_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_single_pte_entry_compound, madvise_context, file_ops);

	TEST(collapse_full_of_compound, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full_of_compound, khugepaged_context, file_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full_of_compound, khugepaged_context, shmem_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full_of_compound, madvise_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full_of_compound, madvise_context, file_ops);
	TEST(collapse_full_of_compound, madvise_context, shmem_ops);

	TEST(collapse_compound_extreme, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_compound_extreme, madvise_context, anon_ops);

	TEST(collapse_swapin_single_pte, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_swapin_single_pte, madvise_context, anon_ops);

	TEST(collapse_max_ptes_swap, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_max_ptes_swap, madvise_context, anon_ops);

	TEST(collapse_fork, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_fork, madvise_context, anon_ops);

	TEST(collapse_fork_compound, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_fork_compound, madvise_context, anon_ops);

	TEST(collapse_max_ptes_shared, khugepaged_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(collapse_max_ptes_shared, madvise_context, anon_ops);

	TEST(madvise_collapse_existing_thps, madvise_context, anon_ops);
	TEST(madvise_collapse_existing_thps, madvise_context, file_ops);
	TEST(madvise_collapse_existing_thps, madvise_context, shmem_ops);

	TEST(madvise_retracted_page_tables, madvise_context, file_ops);
	TEST(madvise_retracted_page_tables, madvise_context, shmem_ops);

	restore_settings(0);
}