selftests/bpf/veristat.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0-only OR BSD-2-Clause)
/* Copyright (c) 2022 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <argp.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/sysinfo.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <bpf/libbpf.h>
#include <bpf/btf.h>
#include <libelf.h>
#include <gelf.h>
#include <float.h>

#ifndef ARRAY_SIZE
#define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0]))
#endif

enum stat_id {
	VERDICT,
	DURATION,
	TOTAL_INSNS,
	TOTAL_STATES,
	PEAK_STATES,
	MAX_STATES_PER_INSN,
	MARK_READ_MAX_LEN,

	FILE_NAME,
	PROG_NAME,

	ALL_STATS_CNT,
	NUM_STATS_CNT = FILE_NAME - VERDICT,
};

/* In comparison mode each stat can specify up to four different values:
 *   - A side value;
 *   - B side value;
 *   - absolute diff value;
 *   - relative (percentage) diff value.
 *
 * When specifying stat specs in comparison mode, user can use one of the
 * following variant suffixes to specify which exact variant should be used for
 * ordering or filtering:
 *   - `_a` for A side value;
 *   - `_b` for B side value;
 *   - `_diff` for absolute diff value;
 *   - `_pct` for relative (percentage) diff value.
 *
 * If no variant suffix is provided, then `_b` (control data) is assumed.
 *
 * As an example, let's say instructions stat has the following output:
 *
 * Insns (A)  Insns (B)  Insns   (DIFF)
 * ---------  ---------  --------------
 * 21547      20920       -627 (-2.91%)
 *
 * Then:
 *   - 21547 is A side value (insns_a);
 *   - 20920 is B side value (insns_b);
 *   - -627 is absolute diff value (insns_diff);
 *   - -2.91% is relative diff value (insns_pct).
 *
 * For verdict there is no verdict_pct variant.
 * For file and program name, _a and _b variants are equivalent and there are
 * no _diff or _pct variants.
 */
enum stat_variant {
	VARIANT_A,
	VARIANT_B,
	VARIANT_DIFF,
	VARIANT_PCT,
};

struct verif_stats {
	char *file_name;
	char *prog_name;

	long stats[NUM_STATS_CNT];
};

/* joined comparison mode stats */
struct verif_stats_join {
	char *file_name;
	char *prog_name;

	const struct verif_stats *stats_a;
	const struct verif_stats *stats_b;
};

struct stat_specs {
	int spec_cnt;
	enum stat_id ids[ALL_STATS_CNT];
	enum stat_variant variants[ALL_STATS_CNT];
	bool asc[ALL_STATS_CNT];
	int lens[ALL_STATS_CNT * 3]; /* 3x for comparison mode */
};

enum resfmt {
	RESFMT_TABLE,
	RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN, /* fake format to pre-calculate table's column widths */
	RESFMT_CSV,
};

enum filter_kind {
	FILTER_NAME,
	FILTER_STAT,
};

enum operator_kind {
	OP_EQ,		/* == or = */
	OP_NEQ,		/* != or <> */
	OP_LT,		/* < */
	OP_LE,		/* <= */
	OP_GT,		/* > */
	OP_GE,		/* >= */
};

struct filter {
	enum filter_kind kind;
	/* FILTER_NAME */
	char *any_glob;
	char *file_glob;
	char *prog_glob;
	/* FILTER_STAT */
	enum operator_kind op;
	int stat_id;
	enum stat_variant stat_var;
	long value;
};

static struct env {
	char **filenames;
	int filename_cnt;
	bool verbose;
	bool debug;
	bool quiet;
	bool force_checkpoints;
	enum resfmt out_fmt;
	bool show_version;
	bool comparison_mode;
	bool replay_mode;

	int log_level;
	int log_size;
	bool log_fixed;

	struct verif_stats *prog_stats;
	int prog_stat_cnt;

	/* baseline_stats is allocated and used only in comparison mode */
	struct verif_stats *baseline_stats;
	int baseline_stat_cnt;

	struct verif_stats_join *join_stats;
	int join_stat_cnt;

	struct stat_specs output_spec;
	struct stat_specs sort_spec;

	struct filter *allow_filters;
	struct filter *deny_filters;
	int allow_filter_cnt;
	int deny_filter_cnt;

	int files_processed;
	int files_skipped;
	int progs_processed;
	int progs_skipped;
} env;

static int libbpf_print_fn(enum libbpf_print_level level, const char *format, va_list args)
{
	if (!env.verbose)
		return 0;
	if (level == LIBBPF_DEBUG  && !env.debug)
		return 0;
	return vfprintf(stderr, format, args);
}

#ifndef VERISTAT_VERSION
#define VERISTAT_VERSION "<kernel>"
#endif

const char *argp_program_version = "veristat v" VERISTAT_VERSION;
const char *argp_program_bug_address = "<bpf@vger.kernel.org>";
const char argp_program_doc[] =
"veristat    BPF verifier stats collection and comparison tool.\n"
"\n"
"USAGE: veristat <obj-file> [<obj-file>...]\n"
"   OR: veristat -C <baseline.csv> <comparison.csv>\n"
"   OR: veristat -R <results.csv>\n";

enum {
	OPT_LOG_FIXED = 1000,
	OPT_LOG_SIZE = 1001,
};

static const struct argp_option opts[] = {
	{ NULL, 'h', NULL, OPTION_HIDDEN, "Show the full help" },
	{ "version", 'V', NULL, 0, "Print version" },
	{ "verbose", 'v', NULL, 0, "Verbose mode" },
	{ "debug", 'd', NULL, 0, "Debug mode (turns on libbpf debug logging)" },
	{ "log-level", 'l', "LEVEL", 0, "Verifier log level (default 0 for normal mode, 1 for verbose mode)" },
	{ "log-fixed", OPT_LOG_FIXED, NULL, 0, "Disable verifier log rotation" },
	{ "log-size", OPT_LOG_SIZE, "BYTES", 0, "Customize verifier log size (default to 16MB)" },
	{ "test-states", 't', NULL, 0,
	  "Force frequent BPF verifier state checkpointing (set BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ program flag)" },
	{ "quiet", 'q', NULL, 0, "Quiet mode" },
	{ "emit", 'e', "SPEC", 0, "Specify stats to be emitted" },
	{ "sort", 's', "SPEC", 0, "Specify sort order" },
	{ "output-format", 'o', "FMT", 0, "Result output format (table, csv), default is table." },
	{ "compare", 'C', NULL, 0, "Comparison mode" },
	{ "replay", 'R', NULL, 0, "Replay mode" },
	{ "filter", 'f', "FILTER", 0, "Filter expressions (or @filename for file with expressions)." },
	{},
};

static int parse_stats(const char *stats_str, struct stat_specs *specs);
static int append_filter(struct filter **filters, int *cnt, const char *str);
static int append_filter_file(const char *path);

static error_t parse_arg(int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
{
	void *tmp;
	int err;

	switch (key) {
	case 'h':
		argp_state_help(state, stderr, ARGP_HELP_STD_HELP);
		break;
	case 'V':
		env.show_version = true;
		break;
	case 'v':
		env.verbose = true;
		break;
	case 'd':
		env.debug = true;
		env.verbose = true;
		break;
	case 'q':
		env.quiet = true;
		break;
	case 'e':
		err = parse_stats(arg, &env.output_spec);
		if (err)
			return err;
		break;
	case 's':
		err = parse_stats(arg, &env.sort_spec);
		if (err)
			return err;
		break;
	case 'o':
		if (strcmp(arg, "table") == 0) {
			env.out_fmt = RESFMT_TABLE;
		} else if (strcmp(arg, "csv") == 0) {
			env.out_fmt = RESFMT_CSV;
		} else {
			fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized output format '%s'\n", arg);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		break;
	case 'l':
		errno = 0;
		env.log_level = strtol(arg, NULL, 10);
		if (errno) {
			fprintf(stderr, "invalid log level: %s\n", arg);
			argp_usage(state);
		}
		break;
	case OPT_LOG_FIXED:
		env.log_fixed = true;
		break;
	case OPT_LOG_SIZE:
		errno = 0;
		env.log_size = strtol(arg, NULL, 10);
		if (errno) {
			fprintf(stderr, "invalid log size: %s\n", arg);
			argp_usage(state);
		}
		break;
	case 't':
		env.force_checkpoints = true;
		break;
	case 'C':
		env.comparison_mode = true;
		break;
	case 'R':
		env.replay_mode = true;
		break;
	case 'f':
		if (arg[0] == '@')
			err = append_filter_file(arg + 1);
		else if (arg[0] == '!')
			err = append_filter(&env.deny_filters, &env.deny_filter_cnt, arg + 1);
		else
			err = append_filter(&env.allow_filters, &env.allow_filter_cnt, arg);
		if (err) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to collect program filter expressions: %d\n", err);
			return err;
		}
		break;
	case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
		tmp = realloc(env.filenames, (env.filename_cnt + 1) * sizeof(*env.filenames));
		if (!tmp)
			return -ENOMEM;
		env.filenames = tmp;
		env.filenames[env.filename_cnt] = strdup(arg);
		if (!env.filenames[env.filename_cnt])
			return -ENOMEM;
		env.filename_cnt++;
		break;
	default:
		return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
	}
	return 0;
}

static const struct argp argp = {
	.options = opts,
	.parser = parse_arg,
	.doc = argp_program_doc,
};


/* Adapted from perf/util/string.c */
static bool glob_matches(const char *str, const char *pat)
{
	while (*str && *pat && *pat != '*') {
		if (*str != *pat)
			return false;
		str++;
		pat++;
	}
	/* Check wild card */
	if (*pat == '*') {
		while (*pat == '*')
			pat++;
		if (!*pat) /* Tail wild card matches all */
			return true;
		while (*str)
			if (glob_matches(str++, pat))
				return true;
	}
	return !*str && !*pat;
}

static bool is_bpf_obj_file(const char *path) {
	Elf64_Ehdr *ehdr;
	int fd, err = -EINVAL;
	Elf *elf = NULL;

	fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
	if (fd < 0)
		return true; /* we'll fail later and propagate error */

	/* ensure libelf is initialized */
	(void)elf_version(EV_CURRENT);

	elf = elf_begin(fd, ELF_C_READ, NULL);
	if (!elf)
		goto cleanup;

	if (elf_kind(elf) != ELF_K_ELF || gelf_getclass(elf) != ELFCLASS64)
		goto cleanup;

	ehdr = elf64_getehdr(elf);
	/* Old LLVM set e_machine to EM_NONE */
	if (!ehdr || ehdr->e_type != ET_REL || (ehdr->e_machine && ehdr->e_machine != EM_BPF))
		goto cleanup;

	err = 0;
cleanup:
	if (elf)
		elf_end(elf);
	close(fd);
	return err == 0;
}

static bool should_process_file_prog(const char *filename, const char *prog_name)
{
	struct filter *f;
	int i, allow_cnt = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < env.deny_filter_cnt; i++) {
		f = &env.deny_filters[i];
		if (f->kind != FILTER_NAME)
			continue;

		if (f->any_glob && glob_matches(filename, f->any_glob))
			return false;
		if (f->any_glob && prog_name && glob_matches(prog_name, f->any_glob))
			return false;
		if (f->file_glob && glob_matches(filename, f->file_glob))
			return false;
		if (f->prog_glob && prog_name && glob_matches(prog_name, f->prog_glob))
			return false;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < env.allow_filter_cnt; i++) {
		f = &env.allow_filters[i];
		if (f->kind != FILTER_NAME)
			continue;

		allow_cnt++;
		if (f->any_glob) {
			if (glob_matches(filename, f->any_glob))
				return true;
			/* If we don't know program name yet, any_glob filter
			 * has to assume that current BPF object file might be
			 * relevant; we'll check again later on after opening
			 * BPF object file, at which point program name will
			 * be known finally.
			 */
			if (!prog_name || glob_matches(prog_name, f->any_glob))
				return true;
		} else {
			if (f->file_glob && !glob_matches(filename, f->file_glob))
				continue;
			if (f->prog_glob && prog_name && !glob_matches(prog_name, f->prog_glob))
				continue;
			return true;
		}
	}

	/* if there are no file/prog name allow filters, allow all progs,
	 * unless they are denied earlier explicitly
	 */
	return allow_cnt == 0;
}

static struct {
	enum operator_kind op_kind;
	const char *op_str;
} operators[] = {
	/* Order of these definitions matter to avoid situations like '<'
	 * matching part of what is actually a '<>' operator. That is,
	 * substrings should go last.
	 */
	{ OP_EQ, "==" },
	{ OP_NEQ, "!=" },
	{ OP_NEQ, "<>" },
	{ OP_LE, "<=" },
	{ OP_LT, "<" },
	{ OP_GE, ">=" },
	{ OP_GT, ">" },
	{ OP_EQ, "=" },
};

static bool parse_stat_id_var(const char *name, size_t len, int *id, enum stat_variant *var);

static int append_filter(struct filter **filters, int *cnt, const char *str)
{
	struct filter *f;
	void *tmp;
	const char *p;
	int i;

	tmp = realloc(*filters, (*cnt + 1) * sizeof(**filters));
	if (!tmp)
		return -ENOMEM;
	*filters = tmp;

	f = &(*filters)[*cnt];
	memset(f, 0, sizeof(*f));

	/* First, let's check if it's a stats filter of the following form:
	 * <stat><op><value, where:
	 *   - <stat> is one of supported numerical stats (verdict is also
	 *     considered numerical, failure == 0, success == 1);
	 *   - <op> is comparison operator (see `operators` definitions);
	 *   - <value> is an integer (or failure/success, or false/true as
	 *     special aliases for 0 and 1, respectively).
	 * If the form doesn't match what user provided, we assume file/prog
	 * glob filter.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(operators); i++) {
		enum stat_variant var;
		int id;
		long val;
		const char *end = str;
		const char *op_str;

		op_str = operators[i].op_str;
		p = strstr(str, op_str);
		if (!p)
			continue;

		if (!parse_stat_id_var(str, p - str, &id, &var)) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized stat name in '%s'!\n", str);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		if (id >= FILE_NAME) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Non-integer stat is specified in '%s'!\n", str);
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		p += strlen(op_str);

		if (strcasecmp(p, "true") == 0 ||
		    strcasecmp(p, "t") == 0 ||
		    strcasecmp(p, "success") == 0 ||
		    strcasecmp(p, "succ") == 0 ||
		    strcasecmp(p, "s") == 0 ||
		    strcasecmp(p, "match") == 0 ||
		    strcasecmp(p, "m") == 0) {
			val = 1;
		} else if (strcasecmp(p, "false") == 0 ||
			   strcasecmp(p, "f") == 0 ||
			   strcasecmp(p, "failure") == 0 ||
			   strcasecmp(p, "fail") == 0 ||
			   strcasecmp(p, "mismatch") == 0 ||
			   strcasecmp(p, "mis") == 0) {
			val = 0;
		} else {
			errno = 0;
			val = strtol(p, (char **)&end, 10);
			if (errno || end == p || *end != '\0' ) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Invalid integer value in '%s'!\n", str);
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		}

		f->kind = FILTER_STAT;
		f->stat_id = id;
		f->stat_var = var;
		f->op = operators[i].op_kind;
		f->value = val;

		*cnt += 1;
		return 0;
	}

	/* File/prog filter can be specified either as '<glob>' or
	 * '<file-glob>/<prog-glob>'. In the former case <glob> is applied to
	 * both file and program names. This seems to be way more useful in
	 * practice. If user needs full control, they can use '/<prog-glob>'
	 * form to glob just program name, or '<file-glob>/' to glob only file
	 * name. But usually common <glob> seems to be the most useful and
	 * ergonomic way.
	 */
	f->kind = FILTER_NAME;
	p = strchr(str, '/');
	if (!p) {
		f->any_glob = strdup(str);
		if (!f->any_glob)
			return -ENOMEM;
	} else {
		if (str != p) {
			/* non-empty file glob */
			f->file_glob = strndup(str, p - str);
			if (!f->file_glob)
				return -ENOMEM;
		}
		if (strlen(p + 1) > 0) {
			/* non-empty prog glob */
			f->prog_glob = strdup(p + 1);
			if (!f->prog_glob) {
				free(f->file_glob);
				f->file_glob = NULL;
				return -ENOMEM;
			}
		}
	}

	*cnt += 1;
	return 0;
}

static int append_filter_file(const char *path)
{
	char buf[1024];
	FILE *f;
	int err = 0;

	f = fopen(path, "r");
	if (!f) {
		err = -errno;
		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open filters in '%s': %d\n", path, err);
		return err;
	}

	while (fscanf(f, " %1023[^\n]\n", buf) == 1) {
		/* lines starting with # are comments, skip them */
		if (buf[0] == '\0' || buf[0] == '#')
			continue;
		/* lines starting with ! are negative match filters */
		if (buf[0] == '!')
			err = append_filter(&env.deny_filters, &env.deny_filter_cnt, buf + 1);
		else
			err = append_filter(&env.allow_filters, &env.allow_filter_cnt, buf);
		if (err)
			goto cleanup;
	}

cleanup:
	fclose(f);
	return err;
}

static const struct stat_specs default_output_spec = {
	.spec_cnt = 7,
	.ids = {
		FILE_NAME, PROG_NAME, VERDICT, DURATION,
		TOTAL_INSNS, TOTAL_STATES, PEAK_STATES,
	},
};

static const struct stat_specs default_csv_output_spec = {
	.spec_cnt = 9,
	.ids = {
		FILE_NAME, PROG_NAME, VERDICT, DURATION,
		TOTAL_INSNS, TOTAL_STATES, PEAK_STATES,
		MAX_STATES_PER_INSN, MARK_READ_MAX_LEN,
	},
};

static const struct stat_specs default_sort_spec = {
	.spec_cnt = 2,
	.ids = {
		FILE_NAME, PROG_NAME,
	},
	.asc = { true, true, },
};

/* sorting for comparison mode to join two data sets */
static const struct stat_specs join_sort_spec = {
	.spec_cnt = 2,
	.ids = {
		FILE_NAME, PROG_NAME,
	},
	.asc = { true, true, },
};

static struct stat_def {
	const char *header;
	const char *names[4];
	bool asc_by_default;
	bool left_aligned;
} stat_defs[] = {
	[FILE_NAME] = { "File", {"file_name", "filename", "file"}, true /* asc */, true /* left */ },
	[PROG_NAME] = { "Program", {"prog_name", "progname", "prog"}, true /* asc */, true /* left */ },
	[VERDICT] = { "Verdict", {"verdict"}, true /* asc: failure, success */, true /* left */ },
	[DURATION] = { "Duration (us)", {"duration", "dur"}, },
	[TOTAL_INSNS] = { "Insns", {"total_insns", "insns"}, },
	[TOTAL_STATES] = { "States", {"total_states", "states"}, },
	[PEAK_STATES] = { "Peak states", {"peak_states"}, },
	[MAX_STATES_PER_INSN] = { "Max states per insn", {"max_states_per_insn"}, },
	[MARK_READ_MAX_LEN] = { "Max mark read length", {"max_mark_read_len", "mark_read"}, },
};

static bool parse_stat_id_var(const char *name, size_t len, int *id, enum stat_variant *var)
{
	static const char *var_sfxs[] = {
		[VARIANT_A] = "_a",
		[VARIANT_B] = "_b",
		[VARIANT_DIFF] = "_diff",
		[VARIANT_PCT] = "_pct",
	};
	int i, j, k;

	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(stat_defs); i++) {
		struct stat_def *def = &stat_defs[i];
		size_t alias_len, sfx_len;
		const char *alias;

		for (j = 0; j < ARRAY_SIZE(stat_defs[i].names); j++) {
			alias = def->names[j];
			if (!alias)
				continue;

			alias_len = strlen(alias);
			if (strncmp(name, alias, alias_len) != 0)
				continue;

			if (alias_len == len) {
				/* If no variant suffix is specified, we
				 * assume control group (just in case we are
				 * in comparison mode. Variant is ignored in
				 * non-comparison mode.
				 */
				*var = VARIANT_B;
				*id = i;
				return true;
			}

			for (k = 0; k < ARRAY_SIZE(var_sfxs); k++) {
				sfx_len = strlen(var_sfxs[k]);
				if (alias_len + sfx_len != len)
					continue;

				if (strncmp(name + alias_len, var_sfxs[k], sfx_len) == 0) {
					*var = (enum stat_variant)k;
					*id = i;
					return true;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return false;
}

static bool is_asc_sym(char c)
{
	return c == '^';
}

static bool is_desc_sym(char c)
{
	return c == 'v' || c == 'V' || c == '.' || c == '!' || c == '_';
}

static int parse_stat(const char *stat_name, struct stat_specs *specs)
{
	int id;
	bool has_order = false, is_asc = false;
	size_t len = strlen(stat_name);
	enum stat_variant var;

	if (specs->spec_cnt >= ARRAY_SIZE(specs->ids)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Can't specify more than %zd stats\n", ARRAY_SIZE(specs->ids));
		return -E2BIG;
	}

	if (len > 1 && (is_asc_sym(stat_name[len - 1]) || is_desc_sym(stat_name[len - 1]))) {
		has_order = true;
		is_asc = is_asc_sym(stat_name[len - 1]);
		len -= 1;
	}

	if (!parse_stat_id_var(stat_name, len, &id, &var)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized stat name '%s'\n", stat_name);
		return -ESRCH;
	}

	specs->ids[specs->spec_cnt] = id;
	specs->variants[specs->spec_cnt] = var;
	specs->asc[specs->spec_cnt] = has_order ? is_asc : stat_defs[id].asc_by_default;
	specs->spec_cnt++;

	return 0;
}

static int parse_stats(const char *stats_str, struct stat_specs *specs)
{
	char *input, *state = NULL, *next;
	int err, cnt = 0;

	input = strdup(stats_str);
	if (!input)
		return -ENOMEM;

	while ((next = strtok_r(cnt++ ? NULL : input, ",", &state))) {
		err = parse_stat(next, specs);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void free_verif_stats(struct verif_stats *stats, size_t stat_cnt)
{
	int i;

	if (!stats)
		return;

	for (i = 0; i < stat_cnt; i++) {
		free(stats[i].file_name);
		free(stats[i].prog_name);
	}
	free(stats);
}

static char verif_log_buf[64 * 1024];

#define MAX_PARSED_LOG_LINES 100

static int parse_verif_log(char * const buf, size_t buf_sz, struct verif_stats *s)
{
	const char *cur;
	int pos, lines;

	buf[buf_sz - 1] = '\0';

	for (pos = strlen(buf) - 1, lines = 0; pos >= 0 && lines < MAX_PARSED_LOG_LINES; lines++) {
		/* find previous endline or otherwise take the start of log buf */
		for (cur = &buf[pos]; cur > buf && cur[0] != '\n'; cur--, pos--) {
		}
		/* next time start from end of previous line (or pos goes to <0) */
		pos--;
		/* if we found endline, point right after endline symbol;
		 * otherwise, stay at the beginning of log buf
		 */
		if (cur[0] == '\n')
			cur++;

		if (1 == sscanf(cur, "verification time %ld usec\n", &s->stats[DURATION]))
			continue;
		if (6 == sscanf(cur, "processed %ld insns (limit %*d) max_states_per_insn %ld total_states %ld peak_states %ld mark_read %ld",
				&s->stats[TOTAL_INSNS],
				&s->stats[MAX_STATES_PER_INSN],
				&s->stats[TOTAL_STATES],
				&s->stats[PEAK_STATES],
				&s->stats[MARK_READ_MAX_LEN]))
			continue;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int guess_prog_type_by_ctx_name(const char *ctx_name,
				       enum bpf_prog_type *prog_type,
				       enum bpf_attach_type *attach_type)
{
	/* We need to guess program type based on its declared context type.
	 * This guess can't be perfect as many different program types might
	 * share the same context type.  So we can only hope to reasonably
	 * well guess this and get lucky.
	 *
	 * Just in case, we support both UAPI-side type names and
	 * kernel-internal names.
	 */
	static struct {
		const char *uapi_name;
		const char *kern_name;
		enum bpf_prog_type prog_type;
		enum bpf_attach_type attach_type;
	} ctx_map[] = {
		/* __sk_buff is most ambiguous, we assume TC program */
		{ "__sk_buff", "sk_buff", BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS },
		{ "bpf_sock", "sock", BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK, BPF_CGROUP_INET4_POST_BIND },
		{ "bpf_sock_addr", "bpf_sock_addr_kern",  BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK_ADDR, BPF_CGROUP_INET4_BIND },
		{ "bpf_sock_ops", "bpf_sock_ops_kern", BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCK_OPS, BPF_CGROUP_SOCK_OPS },
		{ "sk_msg_md", "sk_msg", BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_MSG, BPF_SK_MSG_VERDICT },
		{ "bpf_cgroup_dev_ctx", "bpf_cgroup_dev_ctx", BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_DEVICE, BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE },
		{ "bpf_sysctl", "bpf_sysctl_kern", BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SYSCTL, BPF_CGROUP_SYSCTL },
		{ "bpf_sockopt", "bpf_sockopt_kern", BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCKOPT, BPF_CGROUP_SETSOCKOPT },
		{ "sk_reuseport_md", "sk_reuseport_kern", BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_REUSEPORT, BPF_SK_REUSEPORT_SELECT_OR_MIGRATE },
		{ "bpf_sk_lookup", "bpf_sk_lookup_kern", BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_LOOKUP, BPF_SK_LOOKUP },
		{ "xdp_md", "xdp_buff", BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP, BPF_XDP },
		/* tracing types with no expected attach type */
		{ "bpf_user_pt_regs_t", "pt_regs", BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE },
		{ "bpf_perf_event_data", "bpf_perf_event_data_kern", BPF_PROG_TYPE_PERF_EVENT },
		/* raw_tp programs use u64[] from kernel side, we don't want
		 * to match on that, probably; so NULL for kern-side type
		 */
		{ "bpf_raw_tracepoint_args", NULL, BPF_PROG_TYPE_RAW_TRACEPOINT },
	};
	int i;

	if (!ctx_name)
		return -EINVAL;

	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(ctx_map); i++) {
		if (strcmp(ctx_map[i].uapi_name, ctx_name) == 0 ||
		    (ctx_map[i].kern_name && strcmp(ctx_map[i].kern_name, ctx_name) == 0)) {
			*prog_type = ctx_map[i].prog_type;
			*attach_type = ctx_map[i].attach_type;
			return 0;
		}
	}

	return -ESRCH;
}

static void fixup_obj(struct bpf_object *obj, struct bpf_program *prog, const char *filename)
{
	struct bpf_map *map;

	bpf_object__for_each_map(map, obj) {
		/* disable pinning */
		bpf_map__set_pin_path(map, NULL);

		/* fix up map size, if necessary */
		switch (bpf_map__type(map)) {
		case BPF_MAP_TYPE_SK_STORAGE:
		case BPF_MAP_TYPE_TASK_STORAGE:
		case BPF_MAP_TYPE_INODE_STORAGE:
		case BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_STORAGE:
			break;
		default:
			if (bpf_map__max_entries(map) == 0)
				bpf_map__set_max_entries(map, 1);
		}
	}

	/* SEC(freplace) programs can't be loaded with veristat as is,
	 * but we can try guessing their target program's expected type by
	 * looking at the type of program's first argument and substituting
	 * corresponding program type
	 */
	if (bpf_program__type(prog) == BPF_PROG_TYPE_EXT) {
		const struct btf *btf = bpf_object__btf(obj);
		const char *prog_name = bpf_program__name(prog);
		enum bpf_prog_type prog_type;
		enum bpf_attach_type attach_type;
		const struct btf_type *t;
		const char *ctx_name;
		int id;

		if (!btf)
			goto skip_freplace_fixup;

		id = btf__find_by_name_kind(btf, prog_name, BTF_KIND_FUNC);
		t = btf__type_by_id(btf, id);
		t = btf__type_by_id(btf, t->type);
		if (!btf_is_func_proto(t) || btf_vlen(t) != 1)
			goto skip_freplace_fixup;

		/* context argument is a pointer to a struct/typedef */
		t = btf__type_by_id(btf, btf_params(t)[0].type);
		while (t && btf_is_mod(t))
			t = btf__type_by_id(btf, t->type);
		if (!t || !btf_is_ptr(t))
			goto skip_freplace_fixup;
		t = btf__type_by_id(btf, t->type);
		while (t && btf_is_mod(t))
			t = btf__type_by_id(btf, t->type);
		if (!t)
			goto skip_freplace_fixup;

		ctx_name = btf__name_by_offset(btf, t->name_off);

		if (guess_prog_type_by_ctx_name(ctx_name, &prog_type, &attach_type) == 0) {
			bpf_program__set_type(prog, prog_type);
			bpf_program__set_expected_attach_type(prog, attach_type);

			if (!env.quiet) {
				printf("Using guessed program type '%s' for %s/%s...\n",
					libbpf_bpf_prog_type_str(prog_type),
					filename, prog_name);
			}
		} else {
			if (!env.quiet) {
				printf("Failed to guess program type for freplace program with context type name '%s' for %s/%s. Consider using canonical type names to help veristat...\n",
					ctx_name, filename, prog_name);
			}
		}
	}
skip_freplace_fixup:
	return;
}

static int process_prog(const char *filename, struct bpf_object *obj, struct bpf_program *prog)
{
	const char *prog_name = bpf_program__name(prog);
	const char *base_filename = basename(filename);
	char *buf;
	int buf_sz, log_level;
	struct verif_stats *stats;
	int err = 0;
	void *tmp;

	if (!should_process_file_prog(base_filename, bpf_program__name(prog))) {
		env.progs_skipped++;
		return 0;
	}

	tmp = realloc(env.prog_stats, (env.prog_stat_cnt + 1) * sizeof(*env.prog_stats));
	if (!tmp)
		return -ENOMEM;
	env.prog_stats = tmp;
	stats = &env.prog_stats[env.prog_stat_cnt++];
	memset(stats, 0, sizeof(*stats));

	if (env.verbose) {
		buf_sz = env.log_size ? env.log_size : 16 * 1024 * 1024;
		buf = malloc(buf_sz);
		if (!buf)
			return -ENOMEM;
		/* ensure we always request stats */
		log_level = env.log_level | 4 | (env.log_fixed ? 8 : 0);
	} else {
		buf = verif_log_buf;
		buf_sz = sizeof(verif_log_buf);
		/* request only verifier stats */
		log_level = 4 | (env.log_fixed ? 8 : 0);
	}
	verif_log_buf[0] = '\0';

	bpf_program__set_log_buf(prog, buf, buf_sz);
	bpf_program__set_log_level(prog, log_level);

	/* increase chances of successful BPF object loading */
	fixup_obj(obj, prog, base_filename);

	if (env.force_checkpoints)
		bpf_program__set_flags(prog, bpf_program__flags(prog) | BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ);

	err = bpf_object__load(obj);
	env.progs_processed++;

	stats->file_name = strdup(base_filename);
	stats->prog_name = strdup(bpf_program__name(prog));
	stats->stats[VERDICT] = err == 0; /* 1 - success, 0 - failure */
	parse_verif_log(buf, buf_sz, stats);

	if (env.verbose) {
		printf("PROCESSING %s/%s, DURATION US: %ld, VERDICT: %s, VERIFIER LOG:\n%s\n",
		       filename, prog_name, stats->stats[DURATION],
		       err ? "failure" : "success", buf);
	}

	if (verif_log_buf != buf)
		free(buf);

	return 0;
};

static int process_obj(const char *filename)
{
	struct bpf_object *obj = NULL, *tobj;
	struct bpf_program *prog, *tprog, *lprog;
	libbpf_print_fn_t old_libbpf_print_fn;
	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, opts);
	int err = 0, prog_cnt = 0;

	if (!should_process_file_prog(basename(filename), NULL)) {
		if (env.verbose)
			printf("Skipping '%s' due to filters...\n", filename);
		env.files_skipped++;
		return 0;
	}
	if (!is_bpf_obj_file(filename)) {
		if (env.verbose)
			printf("Skipping '%s' as it's not a BPF object file...\n", filename);
		env.files_skipped++;
		return 0;
	}

	if (!env.quiet && env.out_fmt == RESFMT_TABLE)
		printf("Processing '%s'...\n", basename(filename));

	old_libbpf_print_fn = libbpf_set_print(libbpf_print_fn);
	obj = bpf_object__open_file(filename, &opts);
	if (!obj) {
		/* if libbpf can't open BPF object file, it could be because
		 * that BPF object file is incomplete and has to be statically
		 * linked into a final BPF object file; instead of bailing
		 * out, report it into stderr, mark it as skipped, and
		 * proceed
		 */
		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open '%s': %d\n", filename, -errno);
		env.files_skipped++;
		err = 0;
		goto cleanup;
	}

	env.files_processed++;

	bpf_object__for_each_program(prog, obj) {
		prog_cnt++;
	}

	if (prog_cnt == 1) {
		prog = bpf_object__next_program(obj, NULL);
		bpf_program__set_autoload(prog, true);
		process_prog(filename, obj, prog);
		goto cleanup;
	}

	bpf_object__for_each_program(prog, obj) {
		const char *prog_name = bpf_program__name(prog);

		tobj = bpf_object__open_file(filename, &opts);
		if (!tobj) {
			err = -errno;
			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open '%s': %d\n", filename, err);
			goto cleanup;
		}

		lprog = NULL;
		bpf_object__for_each_program(tprog, tobj) {
			const char *tprog_name = bpf_program__name(tprog);

			if (strcmp(prog_name, tprog_name) == 0) {
				bpf_program__set_autoload(tprog, true);
				lprog = tprog;
			} else {
				bpf_program__set_autoload(tprog, false);
			}
		}

		process_prog(filename, tobj, lprog);
		bpf_object__close(tobj);
	}

cleanup:
	bpf_object__close(obj);
	libbpf_set_print(old_libbpf_print_fn);
	return err;
}

static int cmp_stat(const struct verif_stats *s1, const struct verif_stats *s2,
		    enum stat_id id, bool asc)
{
	int cmp = 0;

	switch (id) {
	case FILE_NAME:
		cmp = strcmp(s1->file_name, s2->file_name);
		break;
	case PROG_NAME:
		cmp = strcmp(s1->prog_name, s2->prog_name);
		break;
	case VERDICT:
	case DURATION:
	case TOTAL_INSNS:
	case TOTAL_STATES:
	case PEAK_STATES:
	case MAX_STATES_PER_INSN:
	case MARK_READ_MAX_LEN: {
		long v1 = s1->stats[id];
		long v2 = s2->stats[id];

		if (v1 != v2)
			cmp = v1 < v2 ? -1 : 1;
		break;
	}
	default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized stat #%d\n", id);
		exit(1);
	}

	return asc ? cmp : -cmp;
}

static int cmp_prog_stats(const void *v1, const void *v2)
{
	const struct verif_stats *s1 = v1, *s2 = v2;
	int i, cmp;

	for (i = 0; i < env.sort_spec.spec_cnt; i++) {
		cmp = cmp_stat(s1, s2, env.sort_spec.ids[i], env.sort_spec.asc[i]);
		if (cmp != 0)
			return cmp;
	}

	/* always disambiguate with file+prog, which are unique */
	cmp = strcmp(s1->file_name, s2->file_name);
	if (cmp != 0)
		return cmp;
	return strcmp(s1->prog_name, s2->prog_name);
}

static void fetch_join_stat_value(const struct verif_stats_join *s,
				  enum stat_id id, enum stat_variant var,
				  const char **str_val,
				  double *num_val)
{
	long v1, v2;

	if (id == FILE_NAME) {
		*str_val = s->file_name;
		return;
	}
	if (id == PROG_NAME) {
		*str_val = s->prog_name;
		return;
	}

	v1 = s->stats_a ? s->stats_a->stats[id] : 0;
	v2 = s->stats_b ? s->stats_b->stats[id] : 0;

	switch (var) {
	case VARIANT_A:
		if (!s->stats_a)
			*num_val = -DBL_MAX;
		else
			*num_val = s->stats_a->stats[id];
		return;
	case VARIANT_B:
		if (!s->stats_b)
			*num_val = -DBL_MAX;
		else
			*num_val = s->stats_b->stats[id];
		return;
	case VARIANT_DIFF:
		if (!s->stats_a || !s->stats_b)
			*num_val = -DBL_MAX;
		else if (id == VERDICT)
			*num_val = v1 == v2 ? 1.0 /* MATCH */ : 0.0 /* MISMATCH */;
		else
			*num_val = (double)(v2 - v1);
		return;
	case VARIANT_PCT:
		if (!s->stats_a || !s->stats_b) {
			*num_val = -DBL_MAX;
		} else if (v1 == 0) {
			if (v1 == v2)
				*num_val = 0.0;
			else
				*num_val = v2 < v1 ? -100.0 : 100.0;
		} else {
			 *num_val = (v2 - v1) * 100.0 / v1;
		}
		return;
	}
}

static int cmp_join_stat(const struct verif_stats_join *s1,
			 const struct verif_stats_join *s2,
			 enum stat_id id, enum stat_variant var, bool asc)
{
	const char *str1 = NULL, *str2 = NULL;
	double v1 = 0.0, v2 = 0.0;
	int cmp = 0;

	fetch_join_stat_value(s1, id, var, &str1, &v1);
	fetch_join_stat_value(s2, id, var, &str2, &v2);

	if (str1)
		cmp = strcmp(str1, str2);
	else if (v1 != v2)
		cmp = v1 < v2 ? -1 : 1;

	return asc ? cmp : -cmp;
}

static int cmp_join_stats(const void *v1, const void *v2)
{
	const struct verif_stats_join *s1 = v1, *s2 = v2;
	int i, cmp;

	for (i = 0; i < env.sort_spec.spec_cnt; i++) {
		cmp = cmp_join_stat(s1, s2,
				    env.sort_spec.ids[i],
				    env.sort_spec.variants[i],
				    env.sort_spec.asc[i]);
		if (cmp != 0)
			return cmp;
	}

	/* always disambiguate with file+prog, which are unique */
	cmp = strcmp(s1->file_name, s2->file_name);
	if (cmp != 0)
		return cmp;
	return strcmp(s1->prog_name, s2->prog_name);
}

#define HEADER_CHAR '-'
#define COLUMN_SEP "  "

static void output_header_underlines(void)
{
	int i, j, len;

	for (i = 0; i < env.output_spec.spec_cnt; i++) {
		len = env.output_spec.lens[i];

		printf("%s", i == 0 ? "" : COLUMN_SEP);
		for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
			printf("%c", HEADER_CHAR);
	}
	printf("\n");
}

static void output_headers(enum resfmt fmt)
{
	const char *fmt_str;
	int i, len;

	for (i = 0; i < env.output_spec.spec_cnt; i++) {
		int id = env.output_spec.ids[i];
		int *max_len = &env.output_spec.lens[i];

		switch (fmt) {
		case RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN:
			len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s", stat_defs[id].header);
			if (len > *max_len)
				*max_len = len;
			break;
		case RESFMT_TABLE:
			fmt_str = stat_defs[id].left_aligned ? "%s%-*s" : "%s%*s";
			printf(fmt_str, i == 0 ? "" : COLUMN_SEP,  *max_len, stat_defs[id].header);
			if (i == env.output_spec.spec_cnt - 1)
				printf("\n");
			break;
		case RESFMT_CSV:
			printf("%s%s", i == 0 ? "" : ",", stat_defs[id].names[0]);
			if (i == env.output_spec.spec_cnt - 1)
				printf("\n");
			break;
		}
	}

	if (fmt == RESFMT_TABLE)
		output_header_underlines();
}

static void prepare_value(const struct verif_stats *s, enum stat_id id,
			  const char **str, long *val)
{
	switch (id) {
	case FILE_NAME:
		*str = s ? s->file_name : "N/A";
		break;
	case PROG_NAME:
		*str = s ? s->prog_name : "N/A";
		break;
	case VERDICT:
		if (!s)
			*str = "N/A";
		else
			*str = s->stats[VERDICT] ? "success" : "failure";
		break;
	case DURATION:
	case TOTAL_INSNS:
	case TOTAL_STATES:
	case PEAK_STATES:
	case MAX_STATES_PER_INSN:
	case MARK_READ_MAX_LEN:
		*val = s ? s->stats[id] : 0;
		break;
	default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized stat #%d\n", id);
		exit(1);
	}
}

static void output_stats(const struct verif_stats *s, enum resfmt fmt, bool last)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < env.output_spec.spec_cnt; i++) {
		int id = env.output_spec.ids[i];
		int *max_len = &env.output_spec.lens[i], len;
		const char *str = NULL;
		long val = 0;

		prepare_value(s, id, &str, &val);

		switch (fmt) {
		case RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN:
			if (str)
				len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s", str);
			else
				len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%ld", val);
			if (len > *max_len)
				*max_len = len;
			break;
		case RESFMT_TABLE:
			if (str)
				printf("%s%-*s", i == 0 ? "" : COLUMN_SEP, *max_len, str);
			else
				printf("%s%*ld", i == 0 ? "" : COLUMN_SEP,  *max_len, val);
			if (i == env.output_spec.spec_cnt - 1)
				printf("\n");
			break;
		case RESFMT_CSV:
			if (str)
				printf("%s%s", i == 0 ? "" : ",", str);
			else
				printf("%s%ld", i == 0 ? "" : ",", val);
			if (i == env.output_spec.spec_cnt - 1)
				printf("\n");
			break;
		}
	}

	if (last && fmt == RESFMT_TABLE) {
		output_header_underlines();
		printf("Done. Processed %d files, %d programs. Skipped %d files, %d programs.\n",
		       env.files_processed, env.files_skipped, env.progs_processed, env.progs_skipped);
	}
}

static int parse_stat_value(const char *str, enum stat_id id, struct verif_stats *st)
{
	switch (id) {
	case FILE_NAME:
		st->file_name = strdup(str);
		if (!st->file_name)
			return -ENOMEM;
		break;
	case PROG_NAME:
		st->prog_name = strdup(str);
		if (!st->prog_name)
			return -ENOMEM;
		break;
	case VERDICT:
		if (strcmp(str, "success") == 0) {
			st->stats[VERDICT] = true;
		} else if (strcmp(str, "failure") == 0) {
			st->stats[VERDICT] = false;
		} else {
			fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized verification verdict '%s'\n", str);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		break;
	case DURATION:
	case TOTAL_INSNS:
	case TOTAL_STATES:
	case PEAK_STATES:
	case MAX_STATES_PER_INSN:
	case MARK_READ_MAX_LEN: {
		long val;
		int err, n;

		if (sscanf(str, "%ld %n", &val, &n) != 1 || n != strlen(str)) {
			err = -errno;
			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to parse '%s' as integer\n", str);
			return err;
		}

		st->stats[id] = val;
		break;
	}
	default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized stat #%d\n", id);
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int parse_stats_csv(const char *filename, struct stat_specs *specs,
			   struct verif_stats **statsp, int *stat_cntp)
{
	char line[4096];
	FILE *f;
	int err = 0;
	bool header = true;

	f = fopen(filename, "r");
	if (!f) {
		err = -errno;
		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open '%s': %d\n", filename, err);
		return err;
	}

	*stat_cntp = 0;

	while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
		char *input = line, *state = NULL, *next;
		struct verif_stats *st = NULL;
		int col = 0, cnt = 0;

		if (!header) {
			void *tmp;

			tmp = realloc(*statsp, (*stat_cntp + 1) * sizeof(**statsp));
			if (!tmp) {
				err = -ENOMEM;
				goto cleanup;
			}
			*statsp = tmp;

			st = &(*statsp)[*stat_cntp];
			memset(st, 0, sizeof(*st));

			*stat_cntp += 1;
		}

		while ((next = strtok_r(cnt++ ? NULL : input, ",\n", &state))) {
			if (header) {
				/* for the first line, set up spec stats */
				err = parse_stat(next, specs);
				if (err)
					goto cleanup;
				continue;
			}

			/* for all other lines, parse values based on spec */
			if (col >= specs->spec_cnt) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Found extraneous column #%d in row #%d of '%s'\n",
					col, *stat_cntp, filename);
				err = -EINVAL;
				goto cleanup;
			}
			err = parse_stat_value(next, specs->ids[col], st);
			if (err)
				goto cleanup;
			col++;
		}

		if (header) {
			header = false;
			continue;
		}

		if (col < specs->spec_cnt) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Not enough columns in row #%d in '%s'\n",
				*stat_cntp, filename);
			err = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup;
		}

		if (!st->file_name || !st->prog_name) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Row #%d in '%s' is missing file and/or program name\n",
				*stat_cntp, filename);
			err = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup;
		}

		/* in comparison mode we can only check filters after we
		 * parsed entire line; if row should be ignored we pretend we
		 * never parsed it
		 */
		if (!should_process_file_prog(st->file_name, st->prog_name)) {
			free(st->file_name);
			free(st->prog_name);
			*stat_cntp -= 1;
		}
	}

	if (!feof(f)) {
		err = -errno;
		fprintf(stderr, "Failed I/O for '%s': %d\n", filename, err);
	}

cleanup:
	fclose(f);
	return err;
}

/* empty/zero stats for mismatched rows */
static const struct verif_stats fallback_stats = { .file_name = "", .prog_name = "" };

static bool is_key_stat(enum stat_id id)
{
	return id == FILE_NAME || id == PROG_NAME;
}

static void output_comp_header_underlines(void)
{
	int i, j, k;

	for (i = 0; i < env.output_spec.spec_cnt; i++) {
		int id = env.output_spec.ids[i];
		int max_j = is_key_stat(id) ? 1 : 3;

		for (j = 0; j < max_j; j++) {
			int len = env.output_spec.lens[3 * i + j];

			printf("%s", i + j == 0 ? "" : COLUMN_SEP);

			for (k = 0; k < len; k++)
				printf("%c", HEADER_CHAR);
		}
	}
	printf("\n");
}

static void output_comp_headers(enum resfmt fmt)
{
	static const char *table_sfxs[3] = {" (A)", " (B)", " (DIFF)"};
	static const char *name_sfxs[3] = {"_base", "_comp", "_diff"};
	int i, j, len;

	for (i = 0; i < env.output_spec.spec_cnt; i++) {
		int id = env.output_spec.ids[i];
		/* key stats don't have A/B/DIFF columns, they are common for both data sets */
		int max_j = is_key_stat(id) ? 1 : 3;

		for (j = 0; j < max_j; j++) {
			int *max_len = &env.output_spec.lens[3 * i + j];
			bool last = (i == env.output_spec.spec_cnt - 1) && (j == max_j - 1);
			const char *sfx;

			switch (fmt) {
			case RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN:
				sfx = is_key_stat(id) ? "" : table_sfxs[j];
				len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s%s", stat_defs[id].header, sfx);
				if (len > *max_len)
					*max_len = len;
				break;
			case RESFMT_TABLE:
				sfx = is_key_stat(id) ? "" : table_sfxs[j];
				printf("%s%-*s%s", i + j == 0 ? "" : COLUMN_SEP,
				       *max_len - (int)strlen(sfx), stat_defs[id].header, sfx);
				if (last)
					printf("\n");
				break;
			case RESFMT_CSV:
				sfx = is_key_stat(id) ? "" : name_sfxs[j];
				printf("%s%s%s", i + j == 0 ? "" : ",", stat_defs[id].names[0], sfx);
				if (last)
					printf("\n");
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	if (fmt == RESFMT_TABLE)
		output_comp_header_underlines();
}

static void output_comp_stats(const struct verif_stats_join *join_stats,
			      enum resfmt fmt, bool last)
{
	const struct verif_stats *base = join_stats->stats_a;
	const struct verif_stats *comp = join_stats->stats_b;
	char base_buf[1024] = {}, comp_buf[1024] = {}, diff_buf[1024] = {};
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < env.output_spec.spec_cnt; i++) {
		int id = env.output_spec.ids[i], len;
		int *max_len_base = &env.output_spec.lens[3 * i + 0];
		int *max_len_comp = &env.output_spec.lens[3 * i + 1];
		int *max_len_diff = &env.output_spec.lens[3 * i + 2];
		const char *base_str = NULL, *comp_str = NULL;
		long base_val = 0, comp_val = 0, diff_val = 0;

		prepare_value(base, id, &base_str, &base_val);
		prepare_value(comp, id, &comp_str, &comp_val);

		/* normalize all the outputs to be in string buffers for simplicity */
		if (is_key_stat(id)) {
			/* key stats (file and program name) are always strings */
			if (base)
				snprintf(base_buf, sizeof(base_buf), "%s", base_str);
			else
				snprintf(base_buf, sizeof(base_buf), "%s", comp_str);
		} else if (base_str) {
			snprintf(base_buf, sizeof(base_buf), "%s", base_str);
			snprintf(comp_buf, sizeof(comp_buf), "%s", comp_str);
			if (!base || !comp)
				snprintf(diff_buf, sizeof(diff_buf), "%s", "N/A");
			else if (strcmp(base_str, comp_str) == 0)
				snprintf(diff_buf, sizeof(diff_buf), "%s", "MATCH");
			else
				snprintf(diff_buf, sizeof(diff_buf), "%s", "MISMATCH");
		} else {
			double p = 0.0;

			if (base)
				snprintf(base_buf, sizeof(base_buf), "%ld", base_val);
			else
				snprintf(base_buf, sizeof(base_buf), "%s", "N/A");
			if (comp)
				snprintf(comp_buf, sizeof(comp_buf), "%ld", comp_val);
			else
				snprintf(comp_buf, sizeof(comp_buf), "%s", "N/A");

			diff_val = comp_val - base_val;
			if (!base || !comp) {
				snprintf(diff_buf, sizeof(diff_buf), "%s", "N/A");
			} else {
				if (base_val == 0) {
					if (comp_val == base_val)
						p = 0.0; /* avoid +0 (+100%) case */
					else
						p = comp_val < base_val ? -100.0 : 100.0;
				} else {
					 p = diff_val * 100.0 / base_val;
				}
				snprintf(diff_buf, sizeof(diff_buf), "%+ld (%+.2lf%%)", diff_val, p);
			}
		}

		switch (fmt) {
		case RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN:
			len = strlen(base_buf);
			if (len > *max_len_base)
				*max_len_base = len;
			if (!is_key_stat(id)) {
				len = strlen(comp_buf);
				if (len > *max_len_comp)
					*max_len_comp = len;
				len = strlen(diff_buf);
				if (len > *max_len_diff)
					*max_len_diff = len;
			}
			break;
		case RESFMT_TABLE: {
			/* string outputs are left-aligned, number outputs are right-aligned */
			const char *fmt = base_str ? "%s%-*s" : "%s%*s";

			printf(fmt, i == 0 ? "" : COLUMN_SEP, *max_len_base, base_buf);
			if (!is_key_stat(id)) {
				printf(fmt, COLUMN_SEP, *max_len_comp, comp_buf);
				printf(fmt, COLUMN_SEP, *max_len_diff, diff_buf);
			}
			if (i == env.output_spec.spec_cnt - 1)
				printf("\n");
			break;
		}
		case RESFMT_CSV:
			printf("%s%s", i == 0 ? "" : ",", base_buf);
			if (!is_key_stat(id)) {
				printf("%s%s", i == 0 ? "" : ",", comp_buf);
				printf("%s%s", i == 0 ? "" : ",", diff_buf);
			}
			if (i == env.output_spec.spec_cnt - 1)
				printf("\n");
			break;
		}
	}

	if (last && fmt == RESFMT_TABLE)
		output_comp_header_underlines();
}

static int cmp_stats_key(const struct verif_stats *base, const struct verif_stats *comp)
{
	int r;

	r = strcmp(base->file_name, comp->file_name);
	if (r != 0)
		return r;
	return strcmp(base->prog_name, comp->prog_name);
}

static bool is_join_stat_filter_matched(struct filter *f, const struct verif_stats_join *stats)
{
	static const double eps = 1e-9;
	const char *str = NULL;
	double value = 0.0;

	fetch_join_stat_value(stats, f->stat_id, f->stat_var, &str, &value);

	switch (f->op) {
	case OP_EQ: return value > f->value - eps && value < f->value + eps;
	case OP_NEQ: return value < f->value - eps || value > f->value + eps;
	case OP_LT: return value < f->value - eps;
	case OP_LE: return value <= f->value + eps;
	case OP_GT: return value > f->value + eps;
	case OP_GE: return value >= f->value - eps;
	}

	fprintf(stderr, "BUG: unknown filter op %d!\n", f->op);
	return false;
}

static bool should_output_join_stats(const struct verif_stats_join *stats)
{
	struct filter *f;
	int i, allow_cnt = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < env.deny_filter_cnt; i++) {
		f = &env.deny_filters[i];
		if (f->kind != FILTER_STAT)
			continue;

		if (is_join_stat_filter_matched(f, stats))
			return false;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < env.allow_filter_cnt; i++) {
		f = &env.allow_filters[i];
		if (f->kind != FILTER_STAT)
			continue;
		allow_cnt++;

		if (is_join_stat_filter_matched(f, stats))
			return true;
	}

	/* if there are no stat allowed filters, pass everything through */
	return allow_cnt == 0;
}

static int handle_comparison_mode(void)
{
	struct stat_specs base_specs = {}, comp_specs = {};
	struct stat_specs tmp_sort_spec;
	enum resfmt cur_fmt;
	int err, i, j, last_idx;

	if (env.filename_cnt != 2) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Comparison mode expects exactly two input CSV files!\n\n");
		argp_help(&argp, stderr, ARGP_HELP_USAGE, "veristat");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	err = parse_stats_csv(env.filenames[0], &base_specs,
			      &env.baseline_stats, &env.baseline_stat_cnt);
	if (err) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to parse stats from '%s': %d\n", env.filenames[0], err);
		return err;
	}
	err = parse_stats_csv(env.filenames[1], &comp_specs,
			      &env.prog_stats, &env.prog_stat_cnt);
	if (err) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to parse stats from '%s': %d\n", env.filenames[1], err);
		return err;
	}

	/* To keep it simple we validate that the set and order of stats in
	 * both CSVs are exactly the same. This can be lifted with a bit more
	 * pre-processing later.
	 */
	if (base_specs.spec_cnt != comp_specs.spec_cnt) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Number of stats in '%s' and '%s' differs (%d != %d)!\n",
			env.filenames[0], env.filenames[1],
			base_specs.spec_cnt, comp_specs.spec_cnt);
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < base_specs.spec_cnt; i++) {
		if (base_specs.ids[i] != comp_specs.ids[i]) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Stats composition differs between '%s' and '%s' (%s != %s)!\n",
				env.filenames[0], env.filenames[1],
				stat_defs[base_specs.ids[i]].names[0],
				stat_defs[comp_specs.ids[i]].names[0]);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	}

	/* Replace user-specified sorting spec with file+prog sorting rule to
	 * be able to join two datasets correctly. Once we are done, we will
	 * restore the original sort spec.
	 */
	tmp_sort_spec = env.sort_spec;
	env.sort_spec = join_sort_spec;
	qsort(env.prog_stats, env.prog_stat_cnt, sizeof(*env.prog_stats), cmp_prog_stats);
	qsort(env.baseline_stats, env.baseline_stat_cnt, sizeof(*env.baseline_stats), cmp_prog_stats);
	env.sort_spec = tmp_sort_spec;

	/* Join two datasets together. If baseline and comparison datasets
	 * have different subset of rows (we match by 'object + prog' as
	 * a unique key) then assume empty/missing/zero value for rows that
	 * are missing in the opposite data set.
	 */
	i = j = 0;
	while (i < env.baseline_stat_cnt || j < env.prog_stat_cnt) {
		const struct verif_stats *base, *comp;
		struct verif_stats_join *join;
		void *tmp;
		int r;

		base = i < env.baseline_stat_cnt ? &env.baseline_stats[i] : &fallback_stats;
		comp = j < env.prog_stat_cnt ? &env.prog_stats[j] : &fallback_stats;

		if (!base->file_name || !base->prog_name) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Entry #%d in '%s' doesn't have file and/or program name specified!\n",
				i, env.filenames[0]);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		if (!comp->file_name || !comp->prog_name) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Entry #%d in '%s' doesn't have file and/or program name specified!\n",
				j, env.filenames[1]);
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		tmp = realloc(env.join_stats, (env.join_stat_cnt + 1) * sizeof(*env.join_stats));
		if (!tmp)
			return -ENOMEM;
		env.join_stats = tmp;

		join = &env.join_stats[env.join_stat_cnt];
		memset(join, 0, sizeof(*join));

		r = cmp_stats_key(base, comp);
		if (r == 0) {
			join->file_name = base->file_name;
			join->prog_name = base->prog_name;
			join->stats_a = base;
			join->stats_b = comp;
			i++;
			j++;
		} else if (base != &fallback_stats && (comp == &fallback_stats || r < 0)) {
			join->file_name = base->file_name;
			join->prog_name = base->prog_name;
			join->stats_a = base;
			join->stats_b = NULL;
			i++;
		} else if (comp != &fallback_stats && (base == &fallback_stats || r > 0)) {
			join->file_name = comp->file_name;
			join->prog_name = comp->prog_name;
			join->stats_a = NULL;
			join->stats_b = comp;
			j++;
		} else {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: should never reach here i=%i, j=%i",
				__FILE__, __LINE__, i, j);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		env.join_stat_cnt += 1;
	}

	/* now sort joined results accorsing to sort spec */
	qsort(env.join_stats, env.join_stat_cnt, sizeof(*env.join_stats), cmp_join_stats);

	/* for human-readable table output we need to do extra pass to
	 * calculate column widths, so we substitute current output format
	 * with RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN and later revert it back to RESFMT_TABLE
	 * and do everything again.
	 */
	if (env.out_fmt == RESFMT_TABLE)
		cur_fmt = RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN;
	else
		cur_fmt = env.out_fmt;

one_more_time:
	output_comp_headers(cur_fmt);

	last_idx = -1;
	for (i = 0; i < env.join_stat_cnt; i++) {
		const struct verif_stats_join *join = &env.join_stats[i];

		if (!should_output_join_stats(join))
			continue;

		if (cur_fmt == RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN)
			last_idx = i;

		output_comp_stats(join, cur_fmt, i == last_idx);
	}

	if (cur_fmt == RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN) {
		cur_fmt = RESFMT_TABLE;
		goto one_more_time; /* ... this time with feeling */
	}

	return 0;
}

static bool is_stat_filter_matched(struct filter *f, const struct verif_stats *stats)
{
	long value = stats->stats[f->stat_id];

	switch (f->op) {
	case OP_EQ: return value == f->value;
	case OP_NEQ: return value != f->value;
	case OP_LT: return value < f->value;
	case OP_LE: return value <= f->value;
	case OP_GT: return value > f->value;
	case OP_GE: return value >= f->value;
	}

	fprintf(stderr, "BUG: unknown filter op %d!\n", f->op);
	return false;
}

static bool should_output_stats(const struct verif_stats *stats)
{
	struct filter *f;
	int i, allow_cnt = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < env.deny_filter_cnt; i++) {
		f = &env.deny_filters[i];
		if (f->kind != FILTER_STAT)
			continue;

		if (is_stat_filter_matched(f, stats))
			return false;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < env.allow_filter_cnt; i++) {
		f = &env.allow_filters[i];
		if (f->kind != FILTER_STAT)
			continue;
		allow_cnt++;

		if (is_stat_filter_matched(f, stats))
			return true;
	}

	/* if there are no stat allowed filters, pass everything through */
	return allow_cnt == 0;
}

static void output_prog_stats(void)
{
	const struct verif_stats *stats;
	int i, last_stat_idx = 0;

	if (env.out_fmt == RESFMT_TABLE) {
		/* calculate column widths */
		output_headers(RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN);
		for (i = 0; i < env.prog_stat_cnt; i++) {
			stats = &env.prog_stats[i];
			if (!should_output_stats(stats))
				continue;
			output_stats(stats, RESFMT_TABLE_CALCLEN, false);
			last_stat_idx = i;
		}
	}

	/* actually output the table */
	output_headers(env.out_fmt);
	for (i = 0; i < env.prog_stat_cnt; i++) {
		stats = &env.prog_stats[i];
		if (!should_output_stats(stats))
			continue;
		output_stats(stats, env.out_fmt, i == last_stat_idx);
	}
}

static int handle_verif_mode(void)
{
	int i, err;

	if (env.filename_cnt == 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Please provide path to BPF object file!\n\n");
		argp_help(&argp, stderr, ARGP_HELP_USAGE, "veristat");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < env.filename_cnt; i++) {
		err = process_obj(env.filenames[i]);
		if (err) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to process '%s': %d\n", env.filenames[i], err);
			return err;
		}
	}

	qsort(env.prog_stats, env.prog_stat_cnt, sizeof(*env.prog_stats), cmp_prog_stats);

	output_prog_stats();

	return 0;
}

static int handle_replay_mode(void)
{
	struct stat_specs specs = {};
	int err;

	if (env.filename_cnt != 1) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Replay mode expects exactly one input CSV file!\n\n");
		argp_help(&argp, stderr, ARGP_HELP_USAGE, "veristat");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	err = parse_stats_csv(env.filenames[0], &specs,
			      &env.prog_stats, &env.prog_stat_cnt);
	if (err) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to parse stats from '%s': %d\n", env.filenames[0], err);
		return err;
	}

	qsort(env.prog_stats, env.prog_stat_cnt, sizeof(*env.prog_stats), cmp_prog_stats);

	output_prog_stats();

	return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int err = 0, i;

	if (argp_parse(&argp, argc, argv, 0, NULL, NULL))
		return 1;

	if (env.show_version) {
		printf("%s\n", argp_program_version);
		return 0;
	}

	if (env.verbose && env.quiet) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Verbose and quiet modes are incompatible, please specify just one or neither!\n\n");
		argp_help(&argp, stderr, ARGP_HELP_USAGE, "veristat");
		return 1;
	}
	if (env.verbose && env.log_level == 0)
		env.log_level = 1;

	if (env.output_spec.spec_cnt == 0) {
		if (env.out_fmt == RESFMT_CSV)
			env.output_spec = default_csv_output_spec;
		else
			env.output_spec = default_output_spec;
	}
	if (env.sort_spec.spec_cnt == 0)
		env.sort_spec = default_sort_spec;

	if (env.comparison_mode && env.replay_mode) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Can't specify replay and comparison mode at the same time!\n\n");
		argp_help(&argp, stderr, ARGP_HELP_USAGE, "veristat");
		return 1;
	}

	if (env.comparison_mode)
		err = handle_comparison_mode();
	else if (env.replay_mode)
		err = handle_replay_mode();
	else
		err = handle_verif_mode();

	free_verif_stats(env.prog_stats, env.prog_stat_cnt);
	free_verif_stats(env.baseline_stats, env.baseline_stat_cnt);
	free(env.join_stats);
	for (i = 0; i < env.filename_cnt; i++)
		free(env.filenames[i]);
	free(env.filenames);
	for (i = 0; i < env.allow_filter_cnt; i++) {
		free(env.allow_filters[i].any_glob);
		free(env.allow_filters[i].file_glob);
		free(env.allow_filters[i].prog_glob);
	}
	free(env.allow_filters);
	for (i = 0; i < env.deny_filter_cnt; i++) {
		free(env.deny_filters[i].any_glob);
		free(env.deny_filters[i].file_glob);
		free(env.deny_filters[i].prog_glob);
	}
	free(env.deny_filters);
	return -err;
}