1.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2
3Journal (jbd2)
4--------------
5
6Introduced in ext3, the ext4 filesystem employs a journal to protect the
7filesystem against metadata inconsistencies in the case of a system crash. Up
8to 10,240,000 file system blocks (see man mke2fs(8) for more details on journal
9size limits) can be reserved inside the filesystem as a place to land
10“important” data writes on-disk as quickly as possible. Once the important
11data transaction is fully written to the disk and flushed from the disk write
12cache, a record of the data being committed is also written to the journal. At
13some later point in time, the journal code writes the transactions to their
14final locations on disk (this could involve a lot of seeking or a lot of small
15read-write-erases) before erasing the commit record. Should the system
16crash during the second slow write, the journal can be replayed all the
17way to the latest commit record, guaranteeing the atomicity of whatever
18gets written through the journal to the disk. The effect of this is to
19guarantee that the filesystem does not become stuck midway through a
20metadata update.
21
22For performance reasons, ext4 by default only writes filesystem metadata
23through the journal. This means that file data blocks are /not/
24guaranteed to be in any consistent state after a crash. If this default
25guarantee level (``data=ordered``) is not satisfactory, there is a mount
26option to control journal behavior. If ``data=journal``, all data and
27metadata are written to disk through the journal. This is slower but
28safest. If ``data=writeback``, dirty data blocks are not flushed to the
29disk before the metadata are written to disk through the journal.
30
31In case of ``data=ordered`` mode, Ext4 also supports fast commits which
32help reduce commit latency significantly. The default ``data=ordered``
33mode works by logging metadata blocks to the journal. In fast commit
34mode, Ext4 only stores the minimal delta needed to recreate the
35affected metadata in fast commit space that is shared with JBD2.
36Once the fast commit area fills in or if fast commit is not possible
37or if JBD2 commit timer goes off, Ext4 performs a traditional full commit.
38A full commit invalidates all the fast commits that happened before
39it and thus it makes the fast commit area empty for further fast
40commits. This feature needs to be enabled at mkfs time.
41
42The journal inode is typically inode 8. The first 68 bytes of the
43journal inode are replicated in the ext4 superblock. The journal itself
44is normal (but hidden) file within the filesystem. The file usually
45consumes an entire block group, though mke2fs tries to put it in the
46middle of the disk.
47
48All fields in jbd2 are written to disk in big-endian order. This is the
49opposite of ext4.
50
51NOTE: Both ext4 and ocfs2 use jbd2.
52
53The maximum size of a journal embedded in an ext4 filesystem is 2^32
54blocks. jbd2 itself does not seem to care.
55
56Layout
57~~~~~~
58
59Generally speaking, the journal has this format:
60
61.. list-table::
62   :widths: 16 48 16
63   :header-rows: 1
64
65   * - Superblock
66     - descriptor\_block (data\_blocks or revocation\_block) [more data or
67       revocations] commmit\_block
68     - [more transactions...]
69   * -
70     - One transaction
71     -
72
73Notice that a transaction begins with either a descriptor and some data,
74or a block revocation list. A finished transaction always ends with a
75commit. If there is no commit record (or the checksums don't match), the
76transaction will be discarded during replay.
77
78External Journal
79~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
80
81Optionally, an ext4 filesystem can be created with an external journal
82device (as opposed to an internal journal, which uses a reserved inode).
83In this case, on the filesystem device, ``s_journal_inum`` should be
84zero and ``s_journal_uuid`` should be set. On the journal device there
85will be an ext4 super block in the usual place, with a matching UUID.
86The journal superblock will be in the next full block after the
87superblock.
88
89.. list-table::
90   :widths: 12 12 12 32 12
91   :header-rows: 1
92
93   * - 1024 bytes of padding
94     - ext4 Superblock
95     - Journal Superblock
96     - descriptor\_block (data\_blocks or revocation\_block) [more data or
97       revocations] commmit\_block
98     - [more transactions...]
99   * -
100     -
101     -
102     - One transaction
103     -
104
105Block Header
106~~~~~~~~~~~~
107
108Every block in the journal starts with a common 12-byte header
109``struct journal_header_s``:
110
111.. list-table::
112   :widths: 8 8 24 40
113   :header-rows: 1
114
115   * - Offset
116     - Type
117     - Name
118     - Description
119   * - 0x0
120     - \_\_be32
121     - h\_magic
122     - jbd2 magic number, 0xC03B3998.
123   * - 0x4
124     - \_\_be32
125     - h\_blocktype
126     - Description of what this block contains. See the jbd2_blocktype_ table
127       below.
128   * - 0x8
129     - \_\_be32
130     - h\_sequence
131     - The transaction ID that goes with this block.
132
133.. _jbd2_blocktype:
134
135The journal block type can be any one of:
136
137.. list-table::
138   :widths: 16 64
139   :header-rows: 1
140
141   * - Value
142     - Description
143   * - 1
144     - Descriptor. This block precedes a series of data blocks that were
145       written through the journal during a transaction.
146   * - 2
147     - Block commit record. This block signifies the completion of a
148       transaction.
149   * - 3
150     - Journal superblock, v1.
151   * - 4
152     - Journal superblock, v2.
153   * - 5
154     - Block revocation records. This speeds up recovery by enabling the
155       journal to skip writing blocks that were subsequently rewritten.
156
157Super Block
158~~~~~~~~~~~
159
160The super block for the journal is much simpler as compared to ext4's.
161The key data kept within are size of the journal, and where to find the
162start of the log of transactions.
163
164The journal superblock is recorded as ``struct journal_superblock_s``,
165which is 1024 bytes long:
166
167.. list-table::
168   :widths: 8 8 24 40
169   :header-rows: 1
170
171   * - Offset
172     - Type
173     - Name
174     - Description
175   * -
176     -
177     -
178     - Static information describing the journal.
179   * - 0x0
180     - journal\_header\_t (12 bytes)
181     - s\_header
182     - Common header identifying this as a superblock.
183   * - 0xC
184     - \_\_be32
185     - s\_blocksize
186     - Journal device block size.
187   * - 0x10
188     - \_\_be32
189     - s\_maxlen
190     - Total number of blocks in this journal.
191   * - 0x14
192     - \_\_be32
193     - s\_first
194     - First block of log information.
195   * -
196     -
197     -
198     - Dynamic information describing the current state of the log.
199   * - 0x18
200     - \_\_be32
201     - s\_sequence
202     - First commit ID expected in log.
203   * - 0x1C
204     - \_\_be32
205     - s\_start
206     - Block number of the start of log. Contrary to the comments, this field
207       being zero does not imply that the journal is clean!
208   * - 0x20
209     - \_\_be32
210     - s\_errno
211     - Error value, as set by jbd2\_journal\_abort().
212   * -
213     -
214     -
215     - The remaining fields are only valid in a v2 superblock.
216   * - 0x24
217     - \_\_be32
218     - s\_feature\_compat;
219     - Compatible feature set. See the table jbd2_compat_ below.
220   * - 0x28
221     - \_\_be32
222     - s\_feature\_incompat
223     - Incompatible feature set. See the table jbd2_incompat_ below.
224   * - 0x2C
225     - \_\_be32
226     - s\_feature\_ro\_compat
227     - Read-only compatible feature set. There aren't any of these currently.
228   * - 0x30
229     - \_\_u8
230     - s\_uuid[16]
231     - 128-bit uuid for journal. This is compared against the copy in the ext4
232       super block at mount time.
233   * - 0x40
234     - \_\_be32
235     - s\_nr\_users
236     - Number of file systems sharing this journal.
237   * - 0x44
238     - \_\_be32
239     - s\_dynsuper
240     - Location of dynamic super block copy. (Not used?)
241   * - 0x48
242     - \_\_be32
243     - s\_max\_transaction
244     - Limit of journal blocks per transaction. (Not used?)
245   * - 0x4C
246     - \_\_be32
247     - s\_max\_trans\_data
248     - Limit of data blocks per transaction. (Not used?)
249   * - 0x50
250     - \_\_u8
251     - s\_checksum\_type
252     - Checksum algorithm used for the journal.  See jbd2_checksum_type_ for
253       more info.
254   * - 0x51
255     - \_\_u8[3]
256     - s\_padding2
257     -
258   * - 0x54
259     - \_\_be32
260     - s\_num\_fc\_blocks
261     - Number of fast commit blocks in the journal.
262   * - 0x58
263     - \_\_u32
264     - s\_padding[42]
265     -
266   * - 0xFC
267     - \_\_be32
268     - s\_checksum
269     - Checksum of the entire superblock, with this field set to zero.
270   * - 0x100
271     - \_\_u8
272     - s\_users[16\*48]
273     - ids of all file systems sharing the log. e2fsprogs/Linux don't allow
274       shared external journals, but I imagine Lustre (or ocfs2?), which use
275       the jbd2 code, might.
276
277.. _jbd2_compat:
278
279The journal compat features are any combination of the following:
280
281.. list-table::
282   :widths: 16 64
283   :header-rows: 1
284
285   * - Value
286     - Description
287   * - 0x1
288     - Journal maintains checksums on the data blocks.
289       (JBD2\_FEATURE\_COMPAT\_CHECKSUM)
290
291.. _jbd2_incompat:
292
293The journal incompat features are any combination of the following:
294
295.. list-table::
296   :widths: 16 64
297   :header-rows: 1
298
299   * - Value
300     - Description
301   * - 0x1
302     - Journal has block revocation records. (JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_REVOKE)
303   * - 0x2
304     - Journal can deal with 64-bit block numbers.
305       (JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_64BIT)
306   * - 0x4
307     - Journal commits asynchronously. (JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_ASYNC\_COMMIT)
308   * - 0x8
309     - This journal uses v2 of the checksum on-disk format. Each journal
310       metadata block gets its own checksum, and the block tags in the
311       descriptor table contain checksums for each of the data blocks in the
312       journal. (JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V2)
313   * - 0x10
314     - This journal uses v3 of the checksum on-disk format. This is the same as
315       v2, but the journal block tag size is fixed regardless of the size of
316       block numbers. (JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V3)
317   * - 0x20
318     - Journal has fast commit blocks. (JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_FAST\_COMMIT)
319
320.. _jbd2_checksum_type:
321
322Journal checksum type codes are one of the following.  crc32 or crc32c are the
323most likely choices.
324
325.. list-table::
326   :widths: 16 64
327   :header-rows: 1
328
329   * - Value
330     - Description
331   * - 1
332     - CRC32
333   * - 2
334     - MD5
335   * - 3
336     - SHA1
337   * - 4
338     - CRC32C
339
340Descriptor Block
341~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
342
343The descriptor block contains an array of journal block tags that
344describe the final locations of the data blocks that follow in the
345journal. Descriptor blocks are open-coded instead of being completely
346described by a data structure, but here is the block structure anyway.
347Descriptor blocks consume at least 36 bytes, but use a full block:
348
349.. list-table::
350   :widths: 8 8 24 40
351   :header-rows: 1
352
353   * - Offset
354     - Type
355     - Name
356     - Descriptor
357   * - 0x0
358     - journal\_header\_t
359     - (open coded)
360     - Common block header.
361   * - 0xC
362     - struct journal\_block\_tag\_s
363     - open coded array[]
364     - Enough tags either to fill up the block or to describe all the data
365       blocks that follow this descriptor block.
366
367Journal block tags have any of the following formats, depending on which
368journal feature and block tag flags are set.
369
370If JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V3 is set, the journal block tag is
371defined as ``struct journal_block_tag3_s``, which looks like the
372following. The size is 16 or 32 bytes.
373
374.. list-table::
375   :widths: 8 8 24 40
376   :header-rows: 1
377
378   * - Offset
379     - Type
380     - Name
381     - Descriptor
382   * - 0x0
383     - \_\_be32
384     - t\_blocknr
385     - Lower 32-bits of the location of where the corresponding data block
386       should end up on disk.
387   * - 0x4
388     - \_\_be32
389     - t\_flags
390     - Flags that go with the descriptor. See the table jbd2_tag_flags_ for
391       more info.
392   * - 0x8
393     - \_\_be32
394     - t\_blocknr\_high
395     - Upper 32-bits of the location of where the corresponding data block
396       should end up on disk. This is zero if JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_64BIT is
397       not enabled.
398   * - 0xC
399     - \_\_be32
400     - t\_checksum
401     - Checksum of the journal UUID, the sequence number, and the data block.
402   * -
403     -
404     -
405     - This field appears to be open coded. It always comes at the end of the
406       tag, after t_checksum. This field is not present if the "same UUID" flag
407       is set.
408   * - 0x8 or 0xC
409     - char
410     - uuid[16]
411     - A UUID to go with this tag. This field appears to be copied from the
412       ``j_uuid`` field in ``struct journal_s``, but only tune2fs touches that
413       field.
414
415.. _jbd2_tag_flags:
416
417The journal tag flags are any combination of the following:
418
419.. list-table::
420   :widths: 16 64
421   :header-rows: 1
422
423   * - Value
424     - Description
425   * - 0x1
426     - On-disk block is escaped. The first four bytes of the data block just
427       happened to match the jbd2 magic number.
428   * - 0x2
429     - This block has the same UUID as previous, therefore the UUID field is
430       omitted.
431   * - 0x4
432     - The data block was deleted by the transaction. (Not used?)
433   * - 0x8
434     - This is the last tag in this descriptor block.
435
436If JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V3 is NOT set, the journal block tag
437is defined as ``struct journal_block_tag_s``, which looks like the
438following. The size is 8, 12, 24, or 28 bytes:
439
440.. list-table::
441   :widths: 8 8 24 40
442   :header-rows: 1
443
444   * - Offset
445     - Type
446     - Name
447     - Descriptor
448   * - 0x0
449     - \_\_be32
450     - t\_blocknr
451     - Lower 32-bits of the location of where the corresponding data block
452       should end up on disk.
453   * - 0x4
454     - \_\_be16
455     - t\_checksum
456     - Checksum of the journal UUID, the sequence number, and the data block.
457       Note that only the lower 16 bits are stored.
458   * - 0x6
459     - \_\_be16
460     - t\_flags
461     - Flags that go with the descriptor. See the table jbd2_tag_flags_ for
462       more info.
463   * -
464     -
465     -
466     - This next field is only present if the super block indicates support for
467       64-bit block numbers.
468   * - 0x8
469     - \_\_be32
470     - t\_blocknr\_high
471     - Upper 32-bits of the location of where the corresponding data block
472       should end up on disk.
473   * -
474     -
475     -
476     - This field appears to be open coded. It always comes at the end of the
477       tag, after t_flags or t_blocknr_high. This field is not present if the
478       "same UUID" flag is set.
479   * - 0x8 or 0xC
480     - char
481     - uuid[16]
482     - A UUID to go with this tag. This field appears to be copied from the
483       ``j_uuid`` field in ``struct journal_s``, but only tune2fs touches that
484       field.
485
486If JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V2 or
487JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V3 are set, the end of the block is a
488``struct jbd2_journal_block_tail``, which looks like this:
489
490.. list-table::
491   :widths: 8 8 24 40
492   :header-rows: 1
493
494   * - Offset
495     - Type
496     - Name
497     - Descriptor
498   * - 0x0
499     - \_\_be32
500     - t\_checksum
501     - Checksum of the journal UUID + the descriptor block, with this field set
502       to zero.
503
504Data Block
505~~~~~~~~~~
506
507In general, the data blocks being written to disk through the journal
508are written verbatim into the journal file after the descriptor block.
509However, if the first four bytes of the block match the jbd2 magic
510number then those four bytes are replaced with zeroes and the “escaped”
511flag is set in the descriptor block tag.
512
513Revocation Block
514~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
515
516A revocation block is used to prevent replay of a block in an earlier
517transaction. This is used to mark blocks that were journalled at one
518time but are no longer journalled. Typically this happens if a metadata
519block is freed and re-allocated as a file data block; in this case, a
520journal replay after the file block was written to disk will cause
521corruption.
522
523**NOTE**: This mechanism is NOT used to express “this journal block is
524superseded by this other journal block”, as the author (djwong)
525mistakenly thought. Any block being added to a transaction will cause
526the removal of all existing revocation records for that block.
527
528Revocation blocks are described in
529``struct jbd2_journal_revoke_header_s``, are at least 16 bytes in
530length, but use a full block:
531
532.. list-table::
533   :widths: 8 8 24 40
534   :header-rows: 1
535
536   * - Offset
537     - Type
538     - Name
539     - Description
540   * - 0x0
541     - journal\_header\_t
542     - r\_header
543     - Common block header.
544   * - 0xC
545     - \_\_be32
546     - r\_count
547     - Number of bytes used in this block.
548   * - 0x10
549     - \_\_be32 or \_\_be64
550     - blocks[0]
551     - Blocks to revoke.
552
553After r\_count is a linear array of block numbers that are effectively
554revoked by this transaction. The size of each block number is 8 bytes if
555the superblock advertises 64-bit block number support, or 4 bytes
556otherwise.
557
558If JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V2 or
559JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V3 are set, the end of the revocation
560block is a ``struct jbd2_journal_revoke_tail``, which has this format:
561
562.. list-table::
563   :widths: 8 8 24 40
564   :header-rows: 1
565
566   * - Offset
567     - Type
568     - Name
569     - Description
570   * - 0x0
571     - \_\_be32
572     - r\_checksum
573     - Checksum of the journal UUID + revocation block
574
575Commit Block
576~~~~~~~~~~~~
577
578The commit block is a sentry that indicates that a transaction has been
579completely written to the journal. Once this commit block reaches the
580journal, the data stored with this transaction can be written to their
581final locations on disk.
582
583The commit block is described by ``struct commit_header``, which is 32
584bytes long (but uses a full block):
585
586.. list-table::
587   :widths: 8 8 24 40
588   :header-rows: 1
589
590   * - Offset
591     - Type
592     - Name
593     - Descriptor
594   * - 0x0
595     - journal\_header\_s
596     - (open coded)
597     - Common block header.
598   * - 0xC
599     - unsigned char
600     - h\_chksum\_type
601     - The type of checksum to use to verify the integrity of the data blocks
602       in the transaction. See jbd2_checksum_type_ for more info.
603   * - 0xD
604     - unsigned char
605     - h\_chksum\_size
606     - The number of bytes used by the checksum. Most likely 4.
607   * - 0xE
608     - unsigned char
609     - h\_padding[2]
610     -
611   * - 0x10
612     - \_\_be32
613     - h\_chksum[JBD2\_CHECKSUM\_BYTES]
614     - 32 bytes of space to store checksums. If
615       JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V2 or JBD2\_FEATURE\_INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_V3
616       are set, the first ``__be32`` is the checksum of the journal UUID and
617       the entire commit block, with this field zeroed. If
618       JBD2\_FEATURE\_COMPAT\_CHECKSUM is set, the first ``__be32`` is the
619       crc32 of all the blocks already written to the transaction.
620   * - 0x30
621     - \_\_be64
622     - h\_commit\_sec
623     - The time that the transaction was committed, in seconds since the epoch.
624   * - 0x38
625     - \_\_be32
626     - h\_commit\_nsec
627     - Nanoseconds component of the above timestamp.
628
629Fast commits
630~~~~~~~~~~~~
631
632Fast commit area is organized as a log of tag length values. Each TLV has
633a ``struct ext4_fc_tl`` in the beginning which stores the tag and the length
634of the entire field. It is followed by variable length tag specific value.
635Here is the list of supported tags and their meanings:
636
637.. list-table::
638   :widths: 8 20 20 32
639   :header-rows: 1
640
641   * - Tag
642     - Meaning
643     - Value struct
644     - Description
645   * - EXT4_FC_TAG_HEAD
646     - Fast commit area header
647     - ``struct ext4_fc_head``
648     - Stores the TID of the transaction after which these fast commits should
649       be applied.
650   * - EXT4_FC_TAG_ADD_RANGE
651     - Add extent to inode
652     - ``struct ext4_fc_add_range``
653     - Stores the inode number and extent to be added in this inode
654   * - EXT4_FC_TAG_DEL_RANGE
655     - Remove logical offsets to inode
656     - ``struct ext4_fc_del_range``
657     - Stores the inode number and the logical offset range that needs to be
658       removed
659   * - EXT4_FC_TAG_CREAT
660     - Create directory entry for a newly created file
661     - ``struct ext4_fc_dentry_info``
662     - Stores the parent inode number, inode number and directory entry of the
663       newly created file
664   * - EXT4_FC_TAG_LINK
665     - Link a directory entry to an inode
666     - ``struct ext4_fc_dentry_info``
667     - Stores the parent inode number, inode number and directory entry
668   * - EXT4_FC_TAG_UNLINK
669     - Unlink a directory entry of an inode
670     - ``struct ext4_fc_dentry_info``
671     - Stores the parent inode number, inode number and directory entry
672
673   * - EXT4_FC_TAG_PAD
674     - Padding (unused area)
675     - None
676     - Unused bytes in the fast commit area.
677
678   * - EXT4_FC_TAG_TAIL
679     - Mark the end of a fast commit
680     - ``struct ext4_fc_tail``
681     - Stores the TID of the commit, CRC of the fast commit of which this tag
682       represents the end of
683
684Fast Commit Replay Idempotence
685~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
686
687Fast commits tags are idempotent in nature provided the recovery code follows
688certain rules. The guiding principle that the commit path follows while
689committing is that it stores the result of a particular operation instead of
690storing the procedure.
691
692Let's consider this rename operation: 'mv /a /b'. Let's assume dirent '/a'
693was associated with inode 10. During fast commit, instead of storing this
694operation as a procedure "rename a to b", we store the resulting file system
695state as a "series" of outcomes:
696
697- Link dirent b to inode 10
698- Unlink dirent a
699- Inode 10 with valid refcount
700
701Now when recovery code runs, it needs "enforce" this state on the file
702system. This is what guarantees idempotence of fast commit replay.
703
704Let's take an example of a procedure that is not idempotent and see how fast
705commits make it idempotent. Consider following sequence of operations:
706
7071) rm A
7082) mv B A
7093) read A
710
711If we store this sequence of operations as is then the replay is not idempotent.
712Let's say while in replay, we crash after (2). During the second replay,
713file A (which was actually created as a result of "mv B A" operation) would get
714deleted. Thus, file named A would be absent when we try to read A. So, this
715sequence of operations is not idempotent. However, as mentioned above, instead
716of storing the procedure fast commits store the outcome of each procedure. Thus
717the fast commit log for above procedure would be as follows:
718
719(Let's assume dirent A was linked to inode 10 and dirent B was linked to
720inode 11 before the replay)
721
7221) Unlink A
7232) Link A to inode 11
7243) Unlink B
7254) Inode 11
726
727If we crash after (3) we will have file A linked to inode 11. During the second
728replay, we will remove file A (inode 11). But we will create it back and make
729it point to inode 11. We won't find B, so we'll just skip that step. At this
730point, the refcount for inode 11 is not reliable, but that gets fixed by the
731replay of last inode 11 tag. Thus, by converting a non-idempotent procedure
732into a series of idempotent outcomes, fast commits ensured idempotence during
733the replay.
734
735Journal Checkpoint
736~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
737
738Checkpointing the journal ensures all transactions and their associated buffers
739are submitted to the disk. In-progress transactions are waited upon and included
740in the checkpoint. Checkpointing is used internally during critical updates to
741the filesystem including journal recovery, filesystem resizing, and freeing of
742the journal_t structure.
743
744A journal checkpoint can be triggered from userspace via the ioctl
745EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT. This ioctl takes a single, u64 argument for flags.
746Currently, three flags are supported. First, EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_DRY_RUN
747can be used to verify input to the ioctl. It returns error if there is any
748invalid input, otherwise it returns success without performing
749any checkpointing. This can be used to check whether the ioctl exists on a
750system and to verify there are no issues with arguments or flags. The
751other two flags are EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_DISCARD and
752EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_ZEROOUT. These flags cause the journal blocks to be
753discarded or zero-filled, respectively, after the journal checkpoint is
754complete. EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_DISCARD and EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_ZEROOUT
755cannot both be set. The ioctl may be useful when snapshotting a system or for
756complying with content deletion SLOs.
757