1Tainted kernels
2---------------
3
4The kernel will mark itself as 'tainted' when something occurs that might be
5relevant later when investigating problems. Don't worry too much about this,
6most of the time it's not a problem to run a tainted kernel; the information is
7mainly of interest once someone wants to investigate some problem, as its real
8cause might be the event that got the kernel tainted. That's why bug reports
9from tainted kernels will often be ignored by developers, hence try to reproduce
10problems with an untainted kernel.
11
12Note the kernel will remain tainted even after you undo what caused the taint
13(i.e. unload a proprietary kernel module), to indicate the kernel remains not
14trustworthy. That's also why the kernel will print the tainted state when it
15notices an internal problem (a 'kernel bug'), a recoverable error
16('kernel oops') or a non-recoverable error ('kernel panic') and writes debug
17information about this to the logs ``dmesg`` outputs. It's also possible to
18check the tainted state at runtime through a file in ``/proc/``.
19
20
21Tainted flag in bugs, oops or panics messages
22~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
23
24You find the tainted state near the top in a line starting with 'CPU:'; if or
25why the kernel was tainted is shown after the Process ID ('PID:') and a shortened
26name of the command ('Comm:') that triggered the event::
27
28	BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000000
29	Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP PTI
30	CPU: 0 PID: 4424 Comm: insmod Tainted: P        W  O      4.20.0-0.rc6.fc30 #1
31	Hardware name: Red Hat KVM, BIOS 0.5.1 01/01/2011
32	RIP: 0010:my_oops_init+0x13/0x1000 [kpanic]
33	[...]
34
35You'll find a 'Not tainted: ' there if the kernel was not tainted at the
36time of the event; if it was, then it will print 'Tainted: ' and characters
37either letters or blanks. In above example it looks like this::
38
39	Tainted: P        W  O
40
41The meaning of those characters is explained in the table below. In this case
42the kernel got tainted earlier because a proprietary Module (``P``) was loaded,
43a warning occurred (``W``), and an externally-built module was loaded (``O``).
44To decode other letters use the table below.
45
46
47Decoding tainted state at runtime
48~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
49
50At runtime, you can query the tainted state by reading
51``cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted``. If that returns ``0``, the kernel is not
52tainted; any other number indicates the reasons why it is. The easiest way to
53decode that number is the script ``tools/debugging/kernel-chktaint``, which your
54distribution might ship as part of a package called ``linux-tools`` or
55``kernel-tools``; if it doesn't you can download the script from
56`git.kernel.org <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/plain/tools/debugging/kernel-chktaint>`_
57and execute it with ``sh kernel-chktaint``, which would print something like
58this on the machine that had the statements in the logs that were quoted earlier::
59
60	Kernel is Tainted for following reasons:
61	 * Proprietary module was loaded (#0)
62	 * Kernel issued warning (#9)
63	 * Externally-built ('out-of-tree') module was loaded  (#12)
64	See Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst in the Linux kernel or
65	 https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.html for
66	 a more details explanation of the various taint flags.
67	Raw taint value as int/string: 4609/'P        W  O     '
68
69You can try to decode the number yourself. That's easy if there was only one
70reason that got your kernel tainted, as in this case you can find the number
71with the table below. If there were multiple reasons you need to decode the
72number, as it is a bitfield, where each bit indicates the absence or presence of
73a particular type of taint. It's best to leave that to the aforementioned
74script, but if you need something quick you can use this shell command to check
75which bits are set::
76
77	$ for i in $(seq 18); do echo $(($i-1)) $(($(cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted)>>($i-1)&1));done
78
79Table for decoding tainted state
80~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
81
82===  ===  ======  ========================================================
83Bit  Log  Number  Reason that got the kernel tainted
84===  ===  ======  ========================================================
85  0  G/P       1  proprietary module was loaded
86  1  _/F       2  module was force loaded
87  2  _/S       4  SMP kernel oops on an officially SMP incapable processor
88  3  _/R       8  module was force unloaded
89  4  _/M      16  processor reported a Machine Check Exception (MCE)
90  5  _/B      32  bad page referenced or some unexpected page flags
91  6  _/U      64  taint requested by userspace application
92  7  _/D     128  kernel died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG
93  8  _/A     256  ACPI table overridden by user
94  9  _/W     512  kernel issued warning
95 10  _/C    1024  staging driver was loaded
96 11  _/I    2048  workaround for bug in platform firmware applied
97 12  _/O    4096  externally-built ("out-of-tree") module was loaded
98 13  _/E    8192  unsigned module was loaded
99 14  _/L   16384  soft lockup occurred
100 15  _/K   32768  kernel has been live patched
101 16  _/X   65536  auxiliary taint, defined for and used by distros
102 17  _/T  131072  kernel was built with the struct randomization plugin
103===  ===  ======  ========================================================
104
105Note: The character ``_`` is representing a blank in this table to make reading
106easier.
107
108More detailed explanation for tainting
109~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
110
111 0)  ``G`` if all modules loaded have a GPL or compatible license, ``P`` if
112     any proprietary module has been loaded.  Modules without a
113     MODULE_LICENSE or with a MODULE_LICENSE that is not recognised by
114     insmod as GPL compatible are assumed to be proprietary.
115
116 1)  ``F`` if any module was force loaded by ``insmod -f``, ``' '`` if all
117     modules were loaded normally.
118
119 2)  ``S`` if the oops occurred on an SMP kernel running on hardware that
120     hasn't been certified as safe to run multiprocessor.
121     Currently this occurs only on various Athlons that are not
122     SMP capable.
123
124 3)  ``R`` if a module was force unloaded by ``rmmod -f``, ``' '`` if all
125     modules were unloaded normally.
126
127 4)  ``M`` if any processor has reported a Machine Check Exception,
128     ``' '`` if no Machine Check Exceptions have occurred.
129
130 5)  ``B`` If a page-release function has found a bad page reference or some
131     unexpected page flags. This indicates a hardware problem or a kernel bug;
132     there should be other information in the log indicating why this tainting
133     occured.
134
135 6)  ``U`` if a user or user application specifically requested that the
136     Tainted flag be set, ``' '`` otherwise.
137
138 7)  ``D`` if the kernel has died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG.
139
140 8)  ``A`` if an ACPI table has been overridden.
141
142 9)  ``W`` if a warning has previously been issued by the kernel.
143     (Though some warnings may set more specific taint flags.)
144
145 10) ``C`` if a staging driver has been loaded.
146
147 11) ``I`` if the kernel is working around a severe bug in the platform
148     firmware (BIOS or similar).
149
150 12) ``O`` if an externally-built ("out-of-tree") module has been loaded.
151
152 13) ``E`` if an unsigned module has been loaded in a kernel supporting
153     module signature.
154
155 14) ``L`` if a soft lockup has previously occurred on the system.
156
157 15) ``K`` if the kernel has been live patched.
158
159 16) ``X`` Auxiliary taint, defined for and used by Linux distributors.
160
161 17) ``T`` Kernel was build with the randstruct plugin, which can intentionally
162     produce extremely unusual kernel structure layouts (even performance
163     pathological ones), which is important to know when debugging. Set at
164     build time.
165