License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine

License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.

For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139

and resulted in the first patch in this series.

If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930

and resulted in the second patch in this series.

- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1

and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).

- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

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Merge remote-tracking branch 'linusw-gpio/for-next' into devm_gpiochip

Base for demv_gpiochip_add_data() and devm_gpiochip_remove().

Merge tag 'v3.8-rc2' into next

Sync to Linus' tree.

Linux 3.8-rc2

Merge branches 'for-3.7/upstream-fixes', 'for-3.8/hidraw', 'for-3.8/i2c-hid', 'for-3.8/multitouch', 'for-3.8/roccat', 'for-3.8/sensors' and 'for-3.8/upstream' into for-linus

Conflicts:
drivers/hid/

Merge branches 'for-3.7/upstream-fixes', 'for-3.8/hidraw', 'for-3.8/i2c-hid', 'for-3.8/multitouch', 'for-3.8/roccat', 'for-3.8/sensors' and 'for-3.8/upstream' into for-linus

Conflicts:
drivers/hid/hid-core.c

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Merge branch 'for-3.7' of git://git.infradead.org/users/dedekind/l2-mtd

Conflicts:
drivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c

Merge commit 'origin/queue' into for-queue

Conflicts:
arch/powerpc/include/asm/Kbuild
arch/powerpc/include/uapi/asm/Kbuild

Merge tag 'v3.7-rc3' into next to sync up with recent USB and MFD changes

Merge tag 'v3.7-rc3' into for-linus to sync up with recent USB changes

Merge remote-tracking branch 'master' into queue

Merge reason: development work has dependency on kvm patches merged
upstream.

Conflicts:
arch/powerpc/include/asm/Kbuild
arch/powerpc/include/asm/

Merge remote-tracking branch 'master' into queue

Merge reason: development work has dependency on kvm patches merged
upstream.

Conflicts:
arch/powerpc/include/asm/Kbuild
arch/powerpc/include/asm/kvm_para.h

Signed-off-by: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>

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Merge branch 'master' into for-next

Sync up with Linus' tree to be able to apply Cesar's patch
against newer version of the code.

Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

Merge branch 'perf/urgent' into perf/core

Pick up v3.7-rc2 and fixes before applying more patches.

Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

Merge tag 'v3.7-rc2' into drm-intel-next-queued

Linux 3.7-rc2

Backmerge to solve two ugly conflicts:
- uapi. We've already added new ioctl definitions for -next. Do I need to say more?
- wc support

Merge tag 'v3.7-rc2' into drm-intel-next-queued

Linux 3.7-rc2

Backmerge to solve two ugly conflicts:
- uapi. We've already added new ioctl definitions for -next. Do I need to say more?
- wc support gtt ptes. We've had to revert this for snb+ for 3.7 and
also fix a few other things in the code. Now we know how to make it
work on snb+, but to avoid losing the other fixes do the backmerge
first before re-enabling wc gtt ptes on snb+.

And a few other minor things, among them git getting confused in
intel_dp.c and seemingly causing a conflict out of nothing ...

Conflicts:
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_reg.h
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_display.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_modes.c
include/drm/i915_drm.h

Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>

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Merge commit 'v3.7-rc1' into stable/for-linus-3.7

* commit 'v3.7-rc1': (10892 commits)
Linux 3.7-rc1
x86, boot: Explicitly include autoconf.h for hostprogs
perf: Fix UAPI fallout
ARM: config

Merge commit 'v3.7-rc1' into stable/for-linus-3.7

* commit 'v3.7-rc1': (10892 commits)
Linux 3.7-rc1
x86, boot: Explicitly include autoconf.h for hostprogs
perf: Fix UAPI fallout
ARM: config: make sure that platforms are ordered by option string
ARM: config: sort select statements alphanumerically
UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linux/byteorder
UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linux
UAPI: Unexport linux/blk_types.h
UAPI: Unexport part of linux/ppp-comp.h
perf: Handle new rbtree implementation
procfs: don't need a PATH_MAX allocation to hold a string representation of an int
vfs: embed struct filename inside of names_cache allocation if possible
audit: make audit_inode take struct filename
vfs: make path_openat take a struct filename pointer
vfs: turn do_path_lookup into wrapper around struct filename variant
audit: allow audit code to satisfy getname requests from its names_list
vfs: define struct filename and have getname() return it
btrfs: Fix compilation with user namespace support enabled
userns: Fix posix_acl_file_xattr_userns gid conversion
userns: Properly print bluetooth socket uids
...

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Merge commit '5bc66170dc486556a1e36fd384463536573f4b82' into x86/urgent

From Borislav Petkov <bp@amd64.org>:

Below is a RAS fix which reverts the addition of a sysfs attribute
which we agreed is no

Merge commit '5bc66170dc486556a1e36fd384463536573f4b82' into x86/urgent

From Borislav Petkov <bp@amd64.org>:

Below is a RAS fix which reverts the addition of a sysfs attribute
which we agreed is not needed, post-factum. And this should go in now
because that sysfs attribute is going to end up in 3.7 otherwise and
thus exposed to userspace; removing it then would be a lot harder.

This is done as a merge rather than a simple patch/cherry-pick since
the baseline for this patch was not in the previous x86/urgent.

Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>

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Merge tag 'v3.7-rc1' into staging/for_v3.8

Linux 3.7-rc1

* tag 'v3.7-rc1': (9579 commits)
Linux 3.7-rc1
x86, boot: Explicitly include autoconf.h for hostprogs
perf: Fix UAPI fallout
ARM: co

Merge tag 'v3.7-rc1' into staging/for_v3.8

Linux 3.7-rc1

* tag 'v3.7-rc1': (9579 commits)
Linux 3.7-rc1
x86, boot: Explicitly include autoconf.h for hostprogs
perf: Fix UAPI fallout
ARM: config: make sure that platforms are ordered by option string
ARM: config: sort select statements alphanumerically
UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linux/byteorder
UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linux
UAPI: Unexport linux/blk_types.h
UAPI: Unexport part of linux/ppp-comp.h
perf: Handle new rbtree implementation
procfs: don't need a PATH_MAX allocation to hold a string representation of an int
vfs: embed struct filename inside of names_cache allocation if possible
audit: make audit_inode take struct filename
vfs: make path_openat take a struct filename pointer
vfs: turn do_path_lookup into wrapper around struct filename variant
audit: allow audit code to satisfy getname requests from its names_list
vfs: define struct filename and have getname() return it
btrfs: Fix compilation with user namespace support enabled
userns: Fix posix_acl_file_xattr_userns gid conversion
userns: Properly print bluetooth socket uids
...

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Merge branch 'master' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net

To obtain new flag FLOWI_FLAG_KNOWN_NH to fix netfilter's xt_TEE target.

Merge tag 'v3.7-rc1'

Merge Linux 3.7-rc1 to get latest upstream changes.

Merge 3.7-rc1 into tty-linus

This syncs up the tty-linus branch to the latest in Linus's tree to get all of
the UAPI stuff needed for the next set of patches to merge.

Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Har

Merge 3.7-rc1 into tty-linus

This syncs up the tty-linus branch to the latest in Linus's tree to get all of
the UAPI stuff needed for the next set of patches to merge.

Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

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Merge tag 'regmap/range' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/regmap into asoc-wm2200

regmap: Range API changes

A bunch of updates to the regmap range support, the most importan

Merge tag 'regmap/range' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/regmap into asoc-wm2200

regmap: Range API changes

A bunch of updates to the regmap range support, the most important ones
being to rename "n_ranges" to "num_ranges" for consistency and to allow
block writes to cross page boundaries, making things more transparent.

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Merge tag 'disintegrate-main-20121013' of git://git.infradead.org/users/dhowells/linux-headers

Pull UAPI disintegration for include/linux/{,byteorder/}*.h from David Howells:
"The patches contained

Merge tag 'disintegrate-main-20121013' of git://git.infradead.org/users/dhowells/linux-headers

Pull UAPI disintegration for include/linux/{,byteorder/}*.h from David Howells:
"The patches contained herein do the following:

(1) Remove kernel-only stuff in linux/ppp-comp.h from the UAPI. I checked
this with Paul Mackerras before I created the patch and he suggested some
extra bits to unexport.

(2) Remove linux/blk_types.h entirely from the UAPI as none of it is userspace
applicable, and remove from the UAPI that part of linux/fs.h that was the
reason for linux/blk_types.h being exported in the first place. I
discussed this with Jens Axboe before creating the patch.

(3) The big patch of the series to disintegrate include/linux/*.h as a unit.
This could be split up, though there would be collisions in moving stuff
between the two Kbuild files when the parts are merged as that file is
sorted alphabetically rather than being grouped by subsystem.

Of this set of headers, 17 files have changed in the UAPI exported region
since the 4th and only 8 since the 9th so there isn't much change in this
area - as one might expect.

It should be pretty obvious and straightforward if it does come to fixing
up: stuff in __KERNEL__ guards stays where it is and stuff outside moves
to the same file in the include/uapi/linux/ directory.

If a new file appears then things get a bit more complicated as the
"headers +=" line has to move to include/uapi/linux/Kbuild. Only one new
file has appeared since the 9th and I judge this type of event relatively
unlikely.

(4) A patch to disintegrate include/linux/byteorder/*.h as a unit.

Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>"

* tag 'disintegrate-main-20121013' of git://git.infradead.org/users/dhowells/linux-headers:
UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linux/byteorder
UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linux
UAPI: Unexport linux/blk_types.h
UAPI: Unexport part of linux/ppp-comp.h

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UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linux

Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Michae

UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linux

Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>

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Merge branch 'next' into for-linus

Merge branch 'power-supply-scope' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeremy/xen

Merge branch 'master' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/linville/wireless-next into wl12xx-next

Merge commit 'v3.2-rc3' into next