License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine

License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.

For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139

and resulted in the first patch in this series.

If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930

and resulted in the second patch in this series.

- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1

and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).

- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

show more ...

Merge branch 'master' into for-next

Sync with Linus' tree so that patches against newer codebase can be applied.

Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

Merge tag 'v4.5' into next

Merge with Linux 4.5 to get PROPERTY_ENTRY_INTEGER() that is needed to
fix pxa/raumfeld rotary encoder properties.

Orangefs: merge to v4.5

Merge tag 'v4.5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux into current

Linux 4.5

Merge branch 'topic/update-bits' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/regmap into asoc-rcar

Merge remote-tracking branch 'linusw-gpio/for-next' into devm_gpiochip

Base for demv_gpiochip_add_data() and devm_gpiochip_remove().

Merge tag 'v4.5-rc5' into asoc-mtk

Linux 4.5-rc5

Merge tag 'topic/drm-misc-2016-02-12' into drm-intel-next-queued

Backmerge to get at the new encoder_mask support in atomic helpers.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@intel.com>

Merge branch 'topic/acpi' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/spi into spi-pxa2xx

Merge branch 'x86/urgent' into x86/mm, to pick up dependent fix

Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

Merge branch 'linus' into efi/core, to refresh the branch and to pick up recent fixes

Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

Merge tag 'v4.5-rc1' into x86/asm, to refresh the branch before merging new changes

Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

Merge branch 'enable-devices' into omap-for-v4.5/fixes

Merge tag 'v4.5-rc1' into patchwork

Linux 4.5-rc1

* tag 'v4.5-rc1': (11309 commits)
Linux 4.5-rc1
ideapad-laptop: Add Lenovo Yoga 700 to no_hw_rfkill dmi list
MAINTAINERS: Combine multiple te

Merge tag 'v4.5-rc1' into patchwork

Linux 4.5-rc1

* tag 'v4.5-rc1': (11309 commits)
Linux 4.5-rc1
ideapad-laptop: Add Lenovo Yoga 700 to no_hw_rfkill dmi list
MAINTAINERS: Combine multiple telemetry entries
intel_telemetry_debugfs: Fix unused warnings in telemetry debugfs
vmstat: Remove BUG_ON from vmstat_update
MIPS: zboot: Add support for serial debug using the PROM
MIPS: zboot: Avoid useless rebuilds
MIPS: BMIPS: Enable ARCH_WANT_OPTIONAL_GPIOLIB
MIPS: bcm63xx: nvram: Remove unused bcm63xx_nvram_get_psi_size() function
MIPS: bcm963xx: Update bcm_tag field image_sequence
MIPS: bcm963xx: Move extended flash address to bcm_tag header file
MIPS: bcm963xx: Move Broadcom BCM963xx image tag data structure
MIPS: bcm63xx: nvram: Use nvram structure definition from header file
MIPS: bcm963xx: Add Broadcom BCM963xx board nvram data structure
MAINTAINERS: Add KVM for MIPS entry
MIPS: KVM: Add missing newline to kvm_err()
MIPS: Move KVM specific opcodes into asm/inst.h
MIPS: KVM: Use cacheops.h definitions
MIPS: Break down cacheops.h definitions
MIPS: Use EXCCODE_ constants with set_except_vector()
...

show more ...

Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net

Merge tag 'nfsd-4.5' of git://linux-nfs.org/~bfields/linux

Pull nfsd updates from Bruce Fields:
"Smaller bugfixes and cleanup, including a fix for a failures of
kerberized NFSv4.1 mounts, and Sco

Merge tag 'nfsd-4.5' of git://linux-nfs.org/~bfields/linux

Pull nfsd updates from Bruce Fields:
"Smaller bugfixes and cleanup, including a fix for a failures of
kerberized NFSv4.1 mounts, and Scott Mayhew's work addressing ACK
storms that can affect some high-availability NFS setups"

* tag 'nfsd-4.5' of git://linux-nfs.org/~bfields/linux:
nfsd: add new io class tracepoint
nfsd: give up on CB_LAYOUTRECALLs after two lease periods
nfsd: Fix nfsd leaks sunrpc module references
lockd: constify nlmsvc_binding structure
lockd: use to_delayed_work
nfsd: use to_delayed_work
Revert "svcrdma: Do not send XDR roundup bytes for a write chunk"
lockd: Register callbacks on the inetaddr_chain and inet6addr_chain
nfsd: Register callbacks on the inetaddr_chain and inet6addr_chain
sunrpc: Add a function to close temporary transports immediately
nfsd: don't base cl_cb_status on stale information
nfsd4: fix gss-proxy 4.1 mounts for some AD principals
nfsd: fix unlikely NULL deref in mach_creds_match
nfsd: minor consolidation of mach_cred handling code
nfsd: helper for dup of possibly NULL string
svcrpc: move some initialization to common code
nfsd: fix a warning message
nfsd: constify nfsd4_callback_ops structure
nfsd: recover: constify nfsd4_client_tracking_ops structures
svcrdma: Do not send XDR roundup bytes for a write chunk

show more ...

lockd: constify nlmsvc_binding structure

The nlmsvc_binding structure is never modified, so declare it as const.

Done with the help of Coccinelle.

Signed-off-by: Julia Lawall <Julia.Lawall@lip6.fr

lockd: constify nlmsvc_binding structure

The nlmsvc_binding structure is never modified, so declare it as const.

Done with the help of Coccinelle.

Signed-off-by: Julia Lawall <Julia.Lawall@lip6.fr>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>

show more ...

Merge branch 'master' into x86/memblock

Conflicts & resolutions:

* arch/x86/xen/setup.c

dc91c728fd "xen: allow extra memory to be in multiple regions"
24aa07882b "memblock, x86: Replace memblock

Merge branch 'master' into x86/memblock

Conflicts & resolutions:

* arch/x86/xen/setup.c

dc91c728fd "xen: allow extra memory to be in multiple regions"
24aa07882b "memblock, x86: Replace memblock_x86_reserve/free..."

conflicted on xen_add_extra_mem() updates. The resolution is
trivial as the latter just want to replace
memblock_x86_reserve_range() with memblock_reserve().

* drivers/pci/intel-iommu.c

166e9278a3f "x86/ia64: intel-iommu: move to drivers/iommu/"
5dfe8660a3d "bootmem: Replace work_with_active_regions() with..."

conflicted as the former moved the file under drivers/iommu/.
Resolved by applying the chnages from the latter on the moved
file.

* mm/Kconfig

6661672053a "memblock: add NO_BOOTMEM config symbol"
c378ddd53f9 "memblock, x86: Make ARCH_DISCARD_MEMBLOCK a config option"

conflicted trivially. Both added config options. Just
letting both add their own options resolves the conflict.

* mm/memblock.c

d1f0ece6cdc "mm/memblock.c: small function definition fixes"
ed7b56a799c "memblock: Remove memblock_memory_can_coalesce()"

confliected. The former updates function removed by the
latter. Resolution is trivial.

Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>

show more ...

Merge branch 'next' into for-linus

Merge commit 'v3.1-rc4' into next

Merge commit 'v3.1-rc2' into HEAD

Merge branch 'fix/hda' into topic/hda

Merge branch 'fix/kconfig' into for-linus

Merge branch 'master' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux

Merge branch 'wm8996-rename' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/sound-2.6 into fix/asoc